Bergen
Bergen | |
---|---|
| |
Coordinates:60°23′22″N5°19′48″E/ 60.38944°N 5.33000°E | |
Country | ![]() |
Region | Western Norway |
County | Vestland |
District | Midhordland |
Municipality | Bergen |
Established | before 1070 |
Government | |
•Mayor | Marit Warncke (H) |
• Governing mayor | Christine B. Meyer(H) |
Area | |
•Cityandmunicipality | 464.71 km2(179.43 sq mi) |
• Land | 444.99 km2(171.81 sq mi) |
• Water | 19.72 km2(7.61 sq mi) 4.2% |
• Urban | 94.03 km2(36.31 sq mi) |
• Metro | 2,755 km2(1,064 sq mi) |
Highest elevation | 987 m (3,238 ft) |
Lowest elevation | 0 m (0 ft) |
Population (1 January 2024) | |
•Cityandmunicipality | 291,940![]() |
•Metro | 469,238![]() |
Demonym | Bergenser/Bergensar |
GDP | |
•Cityandmunicipality | €36.569 billion (2021) |
Postal code | 5003–5268 (P.O.box 5802–5899) |
Area code | (+47) 5556 |
Website | www |
Bergen kommune | |
![]() Vestland within Norway | |
Country | Norway |
County | Vestland |
District | Midhordland |
Established | 1 January 1838 |
•Created as | Formannskapsdistrikt |
Administrative centre | Bergen |
Official language | |
•Norwegian form | Neutral |
ISO 3166 code | NO-4601[3] |
Bergen(Norwegian pronunciation:[ˈbæ̀rɡən] ), historicallyBjørgvin,is a city andmunicipalityinVestlandcounty on thewest coastofNorway.As of 2022[update],its population was roughly 289,330.[4]Bergen is thesecond-largestcity in Norway after the national capitalOslo.The municipality covers 465 square kilometres (180 sq mi) and is located on the peninsula ofBergenshalvøyen.The city centre and northern neighbourhoods are onByfjorden,'the city fjord'. The city is surrounded by mountains, causing Bergen to be called the "city ofseven mountains".Many of the extra-municipal suburbs are on islands. Bergen is the administrative centre of Vestland county. The city consists of eight boroughs:Arna,Bergenhus,Fana,Fyllingsdalen,Laksevåg,Ytrebygda,Årstad,andÅsane.
Trading in Bergen may have started as early as the 1020s. According to tradition, the city was founded in 1070 by KingOlav Kyrreand was named Bjørgvin, 'the green meadow among the mountains'. It served as Norway's capital in the 13th century, and from the end of the 13th century became abureau cityof theHanseatic League.Until 1789, Bergen enjoyed exclusive rights to mediate trade betweenNorthern Norwayand abroad, and it was the largest city in Norway until the 1830s when it was overtaken by the capital, Christiania (now known asOslo). What remains of the quays,Bryggen,is a World Heritage Site. The city was hit by numerous fires over the years. TheBergen School of Meteorologywas developed at theGeophysical Institutestarting in 1917, theNorwegian School of Economicswas founded in 1936, and theUniversity of Bergenin 1946. From 1831 to 1972, Bergen was its owncounty.In 1972 the municipality absorbed four surrounding municipalities and became a part of Hordaland county.
The city is an international centre for aquaculture, shipping, the offshore petroleum industry and subsea technology, and a national centre for higher education, media, tourism and finance.Bergen Portis Norway's busiest in terms of both freight and passengers, with over 300 cruise ship calls a year bringing nearly a half a million passengers to Bergen,[5]a number that has doubled in 10 years.[6]Almost half of the passengers are German or British.[6]The city's main football team isSK Brannand a unique tradition of the city is thebuekorps,which are traditional marching neighbourhood youth organisations. Natives speak a distinct dialect, known asBergensk.The city featuresBergen Airport, FleslandandBergen Light Rail,and is the terminus of theBergen Line.Four large bridges connect Bergen to its suburban municipalities.
Bergen has a mild winter climate, though with significant precipitation. From December to March, Bergen can, in rare cases, be up to 20 °C (36 °F) warmer than Oslo, even though both cities are at about 60° North. In summer however, Bergen is several degrees cooler than Oslo due to the same maritime effects. The Gulf Stream keeps the sea relatively warm, considering the latitude, and the mountains protect the city from cold winds from the north, north-east and east.
History
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Scoleus.jpg/220px-Scoleus.jpg)
The city of Bergen was traditionally thought to have been founded by kingOlav Kyrre,son ofHarald Hardrådein 1070AD,[8]four years after the Viking Age in England ended with theBattle of Stamford Bridge.Modern research has, however, discovered that a trading settlement had already been established in the 1020s or 1030s.[9]
Bergen gradually assumed the function of capital of Norway in the early 13th century, as the first city where a rudimentary central administration was established. The city's cathedral was the site of the first royal coronation in Norway in the 1150s, and continued to host royal coronations throughout the 13th century.Bergenhus fortressdates from the 1240s and guards the entrance to the harbour in Bergen. The functions of the capital city were lost toOsloduring the reign of KingHaakon V(1299–1319).
In the middle of the 14th century, North German merchants, who had already been present in substantial numbers since the 13th century, founded one of the fourKontoreof theHanseatic LeagueatBryggenin Bergen. The principal export traded from Bergen was dried cod from the northern Norwegian coast,[10]which startedc. 1100.The city was granted a monopoly for trade from the north of Norway by KingHåkon Håkonsson(1217–1263).[11]Stockfishwas the main reason that the city became one of North Europe's largest centres for trade.[11]By the late 14th century, Bergen had established itself as the centre of the trade in Norway.[12]TheHanseaticmerchants lived in their own separate quarter of the town, whereMiddle Low Germanwas used, enjoyingexclusive rightsto trade with the northern fishermen who each summer sailed to Bergen.[13]The Hansa community resented Scottish merchants who settled in Bergen, and on 9 November 1523 several Scottish households were targeted by German residents.[14]Today, Bergen's old quayside,Bryggen,is onUNESCO's list ofWorld Heritage Sites.[15]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/BergenHordalandNorwayVagen.jpg/220px-BergenHordalandNorwayVagen.jpg)
In 1349, theBlack Deathwas brought to Norway by an English ship arriving in Bergen.[16]Later outbreaks occurred in 1618, 1629 and 1637, on each occasion taking about 3,000 lives.[17]In the 15th century, the city was attacked several times by theVictual Brothers,[18]and in 1429 they succeeded in burning the royal castle and much of the city. In 1665, the city's harbour was the site of theBattle of Vågen,when an English naval flotilla attacked a Dutch merchant and treasure fleet supported by the city's garrison. Accidental fires sometimes got out of control, and one in 1702 reduced most of the town to ashes.[19]
Throughout the 15th and 16th centuries, Bergen remained one of the largest cities inScandinavia,and it was Norway's biggest city until the 1830s,[20]being overtaken by the capital city ofOslo.From around 1600, the Hanseatic dominance of the city's trade gradually declined in favour of Norwegian merchants (often of Hanseatic ancestry), and in the 1750s, theKontor,or major trading post of the Hanseatic League, finally closed. During the 17th and 18th centuries, Bergen was involved in theAtlantic slave trade.Bergen-based slave traderJørgen Thormøhlen,the largest shipowner in Norway, was the main owner of theslave shipCornelia,which made two slave-trading voyages in 1673 and 1674 respectively; he also developed the city's industrial sector, particularly in the neighbourhood ofMøhlenpris,which is named after him.[21]Bergen retained its monopoly of trade with northern Norway until 1789.[22]The Bergen stock exchange, theBergen børs,was established in 1813.
Modern history
[edit]Bergen was separated from Hordaland as a county of its own in 1831.[23]It was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 (seeformannskapsdistrikt). Therural municipalityofBergen landdistriktwas merged with Bergen on 1 January 1877. The rural municipality ofÅrstadwas merged with Bergen on 1 July 1915.[24]
During World War II, Bergen was occupied on the first day of the German invasion on 9 April 1940, after a brief fight between German ships and the Norwegiancoastal artillery.TheNorwegian resistance movementgroups in Bergen wereSaborg,Milorg,"Theta-gruppen",Sivorg,Stein-organisasjonenand the Communist Party.[25]On 20 April 1944, during the German occupation, the Dutch cargo shipVoorbodeanchored off theBergenhus Fortress,loaded with over 120 tons of explosives, and blew up, killing at least 150 people and damaging historic buildings. The city was subject to some Alliedbombing raids,aimed at German naval installations in the harbour. Some of these caused Norwegian civilian casualties numbering about 100.
Bergen is also well known in Norway for theIsdal Woman(Norwegian:Isdalskvinnen), an unidentified person who was found dead at Isdalen ( "Ice Valley" ) on 29 November 1970.[26]The unsolved case encouraged international speculation over the years and it remains one of the most profound mysteries in recent Norwegian history.[27][28]
The rural municipalities ofArna,Fana,Laksevåg,andÅsanewere merged with Bergen on 1 January 1972. The city lost its status as a separate county on the same date,[29]and Bergen is now amunicipality,in the county ofVestland.
Fires
[edit]The city's history is marked by numerous great fires. In 1198, theBaglerfaction set fire to the city in connection with a battle against theBirkebeinerfaction during the civil war. In 1248,HolmenandSverresborgburned, and 11 churches were destroyed. In 1413 another fire struck the city, and 14 churches were destroyed. In 1428 the city was plundered by theVictual Brothers,and in 1455,Hanseaticmerchants were responsible for burning downMunkeliv Abbey.In 1476,Bryggenburned down in a fire started by a drunk trader. In 1582, another fire hit the city centre andStrandsiden.In 1675, 105 buildings burned down inØvregaten.In 1686 another great fire hitStrandsiden,destroying 231 city blocks and 218 boathouses. The greatest fire in history was in 1702, when 90% of the city was burned to ashes. In 1751, there was a great fire atVågsbunnen.In 1756, yet another fire atStrandsidenburned down 1,500 buildings, and further great fires hitStrandsidenin 1771 and 1901. In 1916, 300 buildingsburned downin the city centre including theSwan pharmacy,the oldest pharmacy in Norway, and in 1955 parts ofBryggenburned down.
Toponymy
[edit]Bergen is pronounced in English/ˈbɜːrɡən/or/ˈbɛərɡən/and inNorwegian[ˈbæ̀rɡn̩] (inthe local dialect[ˈbæ̂ʁɡɛn]). TheOld Norseforms of the name wereBergvin[ˈberɡˌwin]andBjǫrgvin[ˈbjɔrɡˌwin](and inIcelandicandFaroesethe city is still calledBjörgvin). The first element isberg(n.) orbjǫrg(n.), which translates as 'mountain(s)'. The last element isvin(f.), which means a new settlement where there used to be a pasture or meadow. The full meaning is then "the meadow among the mountains".[30]This is a suitable name: Bergen is often called "the city among the seven mountains". It was the playwrightLudvig Holbergwho felt so inspired by theseven hills of Rome,that he decided that his home town must be blessed with a corresponding seven mountains – and locals still argue which seven they are.
In 1918, there was a campaign to reintroduce the Norse formBjørgvinas the name of the city. This was turned down – but as a compromise, the name of thediocesewas changed toBjørgvin bispedømme.[31]
Geography
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/TettstedetBergen.jpg/220px-TettstedetBergen.jpg)
Bergen occupies most of the peninsula ofBergenshalvøyenin thedistrictofMidthordlandin mid-western Hordaland. The municipality covers an area of 465 square kilometres (180 square miles). Most of the urban area is on or close to a fjord or bay, although the urban area has several mountains. The city centre is surrounded by theSeven Mountains,although there is disagreement as to which of the nine mountains constitute these.Ulriken,Fløyen,LøvstakkenandDamsgårdsfjelletare always included as well as three ofLyderhorn,Sandviksfjellet,Blåmanen,RundemanenandKolbeinsvarden.[32]Gullfjelletis Bergen's highest mountain, at 987 metres (3,238 ft)above mean sea level.[33]Bergen is far enough north that during clear nights at the solstice, there is borderline civil daylight in spite of the sun having set.[34]
Bergen is sheltered from the North Sea by the islandsAskøy,Holsnøy(the municipality ofMeland) andSotra(the municipalities ofFjellandSund). Bergen borders the municipalitiesAlverandOsterøyto the north,VaksdalandSamnangerto the east,Os(Bjørnafjorden) andAustevollto the south, andØygardenandAskøyto the west.
Climate
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Bergen_v%C3%A5gsallmenningen_rain.jpg/220px-Bergen_v%C3%A5gsallmenningen_rain.jpg)
Bergen has anoceanic climate(Köppen:Cfb), with mild summers and cool winters. Rainfall is plentiful in all seasons, along with intermittent snowfall during winter, which often melts quickly. The exceptionally plentiful precipitation that defines the city is caused byorographic lift,sometimes causing more than two months of consecutive rainy days.[35]The city is therefore considered the rainiest city in Europe, although it is not the wettest "place" on the continent.[36][37][38]
Bergen's weather is much warmer than the city's latitude (60.4° N) might suggest. Temperatures below −10 °C (14 °F) are rare. Summer temperatures sometimes reach the upper 20s, although temperatures over 30°C were previously only seen a few days each decade. The growing season in Bergen is exceptionally long for its latitude, more than 200 days. Its mild winters and proximity to the Gulf Stream provide the city with aplant hardiness zoneof 8b and 9a depending on location; this zone is much more common below 50°N even in Europe, with cities as far south asBordeaux,ThessalonikiandIstanbulfalling into this category. The average date for the last overnight freeze (low below 0 °C (32.0 °F)) in spring is April 4[39]and average date for first freeze in autumn is November 7[40]giving a frost-free season of 216 days.
Extreme temperatures are also quite rare in the city. The highest temperature ever recorded was 33.4 °C (92.1 °F) on 26 July 2019,[41]beating the previous record from 2018 at 32.6 °C (90.7 °F) degrees, and the lowest was −16.3 °C (2.7 °F) in January 1987.[42]
The city is quite cloudy year round, although old sunshine hours data might have caused an underestimate of sunshine hours, due to the city's mountainside location.[43]A new sun recorder was established atBergen Airport, Flesland(a location with less terrain obscuring the sun) in December 2015, and this recorded an average of 1,596 hours of sun annually during 2016–2022.[44]
Climate data for Florida, Bergen (1991-2020 normals, extremes 1957-present, sun 2016-2023) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 16.2 (61.2) |
13.5 (56.3) |
17.2 (63.0) |
25.5 (77.9) |
31.2 (88.2) |
30.3 (86.5) |
33.4 (92.1) |
30.7 (87.3) |
27.6 (81.7) |
23.8 (74.8) |
17.9 (64.2) |
14.2 (57.6) |
33.4 (92.1) |
Mean maximum °C (°F) | 9.6 (49.3) |
9.2 (48.6) |
12.1 (53.8) |
18 (64) |
23.1 (73.6) |
25.1 (77.2) |
27.2 (81.0) |
26.2 (79.2) |
22 (72) |
17.5 (63.5) |
13 (55) |
10.4 (50.7) |
27.2 (81.0) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 4.7 (40.5) |
4.9 (40.8) |
6.9 (44.4) |
11.1 (52.0) |
15.0 (59.0) |
17.7 (63.9) |
19.7 (67.5) |
19.4 (66.9) |
16.1 (61.0) |
11.7 (53.1) |
7.6 (45.7) |
5.3 (41.5) |
11.7 (53.0) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 2.6 (36.7) |
2.4 (36.3) |
3.8 (38.8) |
7.1 (44.8) |
10.6 (51.1) |
13.5 (56.3) |
15.5 (59.9) |
15.4 (59.7) |
12.7 (54.9) |
8.7 (47.7) |
5.3 (41.5) |
3.1 (37.6) |
8.4 (47.1) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 0.6 (33.1) |
0.1 (32.2) |
1.3 (34.3) |
3.9 (39.0) |
6.9 (44.4) |
10.1 (50.2) |
12.4 (54.3) |
12.4 (54.3) |
9.9 (49.8) |
6.1 (43.0) |
3.1 (37.6) |
1.0 (33.8) |
5.6 (42.2) |
Mean minimum °C (°F) | −6.1 (21.0) |
−6.1 (21.0) |
−4.5 (23.9) |
−1.2 (29.8) |
1.8 (35.2) |
5.6 (42.1) |
8.2 (46.8) |
8.0 (46.4) |
4.4 (39.9) |
0.1 (32.2) |
−3.2 (26.2) |
−5.7 (21.7) |
−8.7 (16.3) |
Record low °C (°F) | −16.3 (2.7) |
−13.4 (7.9) |
−12.0 (10.4) |
−5.4 (22.3) |
−0.1 (31.8) |
1.7 (35.1) |
5.6 (42.1) |
5.3 (41.5) |
−0.1 (31.8) |
−4.7 (23.5) |
−9.5 (14.9) |
−13.7 (7.3) |
−16.3 (2.7) |
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) | 256.3 (10.09) |
209.5 (8.25) |
201.7 (7.94) |
140.6 (5.54) |
108.5 (4.27) |
132.3 (5.21) |
157.5 (6.20) |
207.9 (8.19) |
248.1 (9.77) |
268.1 (10.56) |
275.1 (10.83) |
289.9 (11.41) |
2,495.5 (98.26) |
Average precipitation days(≥ 1.0 mm) | 19.2 | 17.4 | 17.6 | 14.1 | 13.0 | 13.3 | 15.2 | 16.6 | 18.1 | 18.5 | 18.5 | 19.3 | 200.8 |
Averagerelative humidity(%) | 79.1 | 77.7 | 74.1 | 69.4 | 68.7 | 72.5 | 75.6 | 76.8 | 77.9 | 78.5 | 79.2 | 80.7 | 75.9 |
Mean monthlysunshine hours | 31.8 | 64.4 | 121.9 | 222.0 | 248.4 | 236.4 | 204.0 | 183.3 | 129.8 | 85.7 | 47.9 | 13.5 | 1,589.1 |
Percentpossible sunshine | 15 | 25 | 33 | 51 | 47 | 42 | 37 | 38 | 34 | 27 | 21 | 7 | 31 |
Source: Seklima[45] |
Climate data for Bergen Airport Flesland; average temperatures and precipitation 1981–2010; sunshine 1961–1990 | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 16.9 (62.4) |
13.5 (56.3) |
17.2 (63.0) |
22.5 (72.5) |
31.2 (88.2) |
29.9 (85.8) |
33.4 (92.1) |
31.0 (87.8) |
27.1 (80.8) |
23.8 (74.8) |
17.9 (64.2) |
13.9 (57.0) |
33.4 (92.1) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 3.9 (39.0) |
3.9 (39.0) |
5.6 (42.1) |
9.4 (48.9) |
13.3 (55.9) |
16.1 (61.0) |
17.8 (64.0) |
17.8 (64.0) |
14.4 (57.9) |
10.6 (51.1) |
6.7 (44.1) |
4.4 (39.9) |
10.3 (50.6) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 1.4 (34.5) |
1.4 (34.5) |
2.8 (37.0) |
5.8 (42.4) |
9.5 (49.1) |
12.5 (54.5) |
14.5 (58.1) |
14.5 (58.1) |
11.4 (52.5) |
8.1 (46.6) |
4.2 (39.6) |
1.9 (35.4) |
7.3 (45.2) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −1.1 (30.0) |
−1.1 (30.0) |
0.0 (32.0) |
2.2 (36.0) |
5.6 (42.1) |
8.9 (48.0) |
11.1 (52.0) |
11.1 (52.0) |
8.3 (46.9) |
5.6 (42.1) |
1.7 (35.1) |
−0.6 (30.9) |
4.3 (39.8) |
Record low °C (°F) | −16.3 (2.7) |
−13.4 (7.9) |
−12.0 (10.4) |
−5.5 (22.1) |
−0.1 (31.8) |
0.8 (33.4) |
2.5 (36.5) |
2.5 (36.5) |
0.0 (32.0) |
−5.5 (22.1) |
−10.0 (14.0) |
−13.0 (8.6) |
−16.3 (2.7) |
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) | 225.5 (8.88) |
169.4 (6.67) |
188.8 (7.43) |
144.5 (5.69) |
110.8 (4.36) |
111.6 (4.39) |
157.0 (6.18) |
189.7 (7.47) |
272.7 (10.74) |
257.5 (10.14) |
296.1 (11.66) |
223.9 (8.81) |
2,347.6 (92.43) |
Average precipitation days(≥ 1.0 mm) | 19.1 | 16.4 | 17.3 | 14.0 | 12.8 | 12.7 | 14.5 | 15.9 | 17.0 | 19.1 | 18.1 | 18.5 | 195.4 |
Averagerelative humidity(%) | 78 | 76 | 73 | 72 | 72 | 76 | 77 | 78 | 79 | 79 | 78 | 79 | 76 |
Mean monthlysunshine hours | 19 | 56 | 94 | 147 | 186 | 189 | 167 | 144 | 86 | 60 | 27 | 12 | 1,187 |
Percentpossible sunshine | 9 | 22 | 25 | 34 | 35 | 34 | 30 | 30 | 22 | 19 | 12 | 6 | 23 |
Source 1: NOAA (temperatures)[46]NOAA (humidity and sunshine)[47] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Voodoo Skies for extremes[48]Naturen[49] |
Demographics
[edit]Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1500 | 5,500 | — |
1769 | 18,827 | +242.3% |
1855 | 37,015 | +96.6% |
1900 | 94,485 | +155.3% |
1910 | 104,224 | +10.3% |
1920 | 118,490 | +13.7% |
1930 | 129,118 | +9.0% |
1940 | — | |
1950 | 162,381 | — |
1960 | 185,822 | +14.4% |
1970 | 209,066 | +12.5% |
1980 | 207,674 | −0.7% |
1990 | 212,944 | +2.5% |
2000 | 229,496 | +7.8% |
2010 | 256,580 | +11.8% |
2014 | 271,949 | +6.0% |
2016 | 278,121 | +2.3% |
2022 | 289,330 | +4.0% |
Source:Statistics Norway.[50][51]Note:The municipalities ofArna,Fana,LaksevågandÅsanewere merged with Bergen 1 January 1972. |
As of the start of 2022[update],the municipality had a population of 286,930,[4]making the population density 599 people per km2.Urban areas outside the city limits, as defined byStatistics Norway,consist ofIndre Arna(6,536 residents on 1 January 2012),Fanahammeren(3,690),Ytre Arna(2,626),Hylkje(2,277) andEspeland(2,182).[52]
Ancestry | Number |
---|---|
Total | 58175 |
![]() |
6755 |
![]() |
2384 |
![]() |
2151 |
![]() |
2064 |
![]() |
2010 |
![]() |
1904 |
![]() |
1769 |
![]() |
1691 |
![]() |
1509 |
![]() |
1415 |
As of 2007, people ofNorwegianorigin (those who have two parents born in Norway) make up 84.5% of Bergen's residents. In addition, 8.1% werefirstor second generation immigrants of Western background and 7.4% were first or second generation immigrants of non-Western background.[54]The population grew by 4,549 people in 2009, a growth rate of 1.8%. Ninety-six percent of the population lives in urban areas. As of 2002, the averagegross incomefor men above the age of 17 is 426,000Norwegian krone(NOK), the average gross income for women above the age of 17 is NOK238,000, with the total average gross income being NOK330,000.[54]In 2007, there were 104.6 men for every 100 women in the age group of 20–39.[54]22.8% of the population were under 17years of age, while 4.5% were 80 and above.
The immigrant population (those with two foreign-born parents) in Bergen, includes 42,169 individuals with backgrounds from more than 200 countries representing 15.5% of the city's population (2014). Of these, 50.2% have background from Europe, 28.9% from Asia, 13.1% from Africa, 5.5% from Latin America, 1.9% from North America, and 0.4% from Oceania. The immigrant population in Bergen in the period 1993–2008 increased by 119.7%, while the ethnic Norwegian population grew by 8.1% during the same period. The national average is 138.0% and 4.2%. The immigrant population has thus accounted for 43.6% of Bergen's population growth and 60.8% of Norway's population growth during the period 1993–2008, compared with 84.5% in Oslo.[55]
The immigrant population in Bergen has changed a lot since 1970. As of 1 January 1986, there were 2,870 people with a non-Western immigrant background in Bergen. In 2006, this figure had increased to 14,630, so the non-Western immigrant population in Bergen was five times higher than in 1986. This is a slightly slower growth than the national average, which has sextupled during the same period. Also in relation to the total population in Bergen, the proportion of non-Westerns increased significantly. In 1986, the proportion of the total population in the municipality of non-Western background was 3.6%. In January 2006, people with a non-Western immigrant background accounted for 6 percent of the population in Bergen. The share of Western immigrants has remained stable at around 2% in the period. The number ofPolesin Bergen rose from 697 in 2006 to 3,128 in 2010.[56]
As of 2022, immigrants of non-Western origin and their children enumerated 30,540, and made up an estimated 11% of Bergen's population. Immigrants of Western origin and their children enumerated 22,954, and made up an estimated 9% of Bergen's population.[57][58]
TheChurch of Norwayis the largest denomination in Bergen, with 201,006 (79.74%) registered adherents in 2012. Bergen is the seat of theDiocese of BjørgvinwithBergen Cathedralas its centrepiece, whileSt John's Churchis the city's most prominent. As of 2012, the state church is followed by 52,059 irreligious,[59]4,947 members of variousProtestantfree churches,3,873 actively registered Catholics,[60][61]2,707 registered Muslims, 816 registered Hindus, 255 registeredRussian Orthodoxand 147 registeredOriental Orthodox.
Cityscape
[edit]UNESCO World Heritage Site | |
---|---|
![]() Bryggen in Bergen, built after 1702 | |
Location | Bergen Municipality, Bergen, Norway |
Criteria | Cultural: (iii) |
Reference | 59 |
Inscription | 1979 (3rdSession) |
Area | 1.196 ha (128,700 sq ft) |
Website | www |
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Night_view_from_Mount_Floyen_-_Bergen%2C_Norway.jpg/220px-Night_view_from_Mount_Floyen_-_Bergen%2C_Norway.jpg)
The city centre of Bergen lies in the west of the municipality, facing the fjord ofByfjorden.It is among a group of mountains known as theSeven Mountains,although the number is a matter of definition. From here, the urban area of Bergen extends to the north, west and south, and to its east is a large mountain massif. Outside the city centre and the surrounding neighbourhoods (i.e.Årstad,innerLaksevågandSandviken), the majority of the population lives in relatively sparsely populated residential areas built after 1950. While some are dominated byapartment buildingsand modernterraced houses(e.g.Fyllingsdalen), others are dominated bysingle-family homes.[62]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/SkansenSeptember2007_2.jpg/170px-SkansenSeptember2007_2.jpg)
The oldest part of Bergen is the area around the bay of Vågen in the city centre. Originally centred on the bay's eastern side, Bergen eventually expanded west and southwards. Few buildings from the oldest period remain, the most significant beingSt Mary's Churchfrom the 12th century. For several hundred years, the extent of the city remained almost constant. The population was stagnant, and the city limits were narrow.[63]In 1702, seven-eighths of the city burned. Most of the old buildings of Bergen, including Bryggen (which was rebuilt in a mediaeval style), were built after the fire. The fire marked a transition fromtarcovered houses, as well as the remaininglog houses,to painted and some brick-covered wooden buildings.[64]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Marienkirche_in_Bergen_01.jpg/170px-Marienkirche_in_Bergen_01.jpg)
The last half of the 19th century saw a period of rapid expansion and modernisation. The fire of 1855 west ofTorgallmenningenled to the development of regularly sized city blocks in this area of the city centre. The city limits were expanded in 1876, andNygård,MøhlenprisandSandvikenwere urbanized with large-scale construction of city blocks housing both the poor and the wealthy.[65]Their architecture is influenced by a variety of styles;historicism,classicismandArt Nouveau.[66]The wealthy built villas between Møhlenpris and Nygård, and on the side of Mount Fløyen; these areas were also added to Bergen in 1876. Simultaneously, an urbanization process was taking place inSolheimsvikenin Årstad, at that time outside the Bergen municipality, centred on the large industrial activity in the area.[67]The workers' homes in this area were poorly built, and little remains after large-scale redevelopment in the 1960s–1980s.
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Kong_Oscars_gate%2C_Bergen_2018.jpg/220px-Kong_Oscars_gate%2C_Bergen_2018.jpg)
After Årstad became a part of Bergen in 1916, a development plan was applied to the new area. Few city blocks akin to those in Nygård and Møhlenpris were planned. Many of the worker class built their own homes, and many small, detached apartment buildings were built. After World War II, Bergen had again run short of land to build on, and, contrary to the original plans, many large apartment buildings were built inLandåsin the 1950s and 1960s. Bergen acquiredFyllingsdalenfromFanamunicipality in 1955. Like similar areas in Oslo (e.g.Lambertseter), Fyllingsdalen was developed into a modern suburb with large apartment buildings,mid-rises,and some single-family homes, in the 1960s and 1970s. Similar developments took place beyond Bergen's city limits, for example inLoddefjord.[68]
At the same time asplanned cityexpansion took place inside Bergen, its extra-municipal suburbs also grew rapidly. Wealthy citizens of Bergen had been living in Fana since the 19th century, but as the city expanded it became more convenient to settle in the municipality. Similar processes took place inÅsaneand Laksevåg. Most of the homes in these areas are detachedrow houses,[clarification needed]single family homes or small apartment buildings.[68]After the surrounding municipalities were merged with Bergen in 1972, expansion has continued in largely the same manner, although the municipality encourages condensing near commercial centres, futureBergen Light Railstations, and elsewhere.[69][70]
As part of the modernisation wave of the 1950s and 1960s, and due to damage caused by World War II, thecity governmentambitiously planned redevelopment of many areas in central Bergen. The plans involved demolition of several neighbourhoods of wooden houses, namelyNordnes,Marken, and Stølen. None of the plans was carried out in its original form; the Marken and Stølen redevelopment plans were discarded and that of Nordnes only carried out in the area that had been most damaged by war. The city council of Bergen had in 1964 voted to demolish the entirety of Marken, however, the decision proved to be highly controversial and the decision was reversed in 1974. Bryggen was under threat of being wholly or partly demolished after the fire of 1955, when a large number of the buildings burned to the ground. Instead of being demolished, the remaining buildings were restored and accompanied by reconstructions of some of the burned buildings.[68]
Demolition of old buildings and occasionally whole city blocks is still taking place, the most recent major example being the 2007 razing of Jonsvollskvartalet at Nøstet.[71]
Billboardsare banned in the city.[72]
Administration
[edit]The municipality has had aparliamentarygovernment since 2000. Up until then, Bergen had been governed by the city council (formannskap).[73]The government now consists of seven government members called commissioners, and is appointed by the city council, the supreme authority of the city.
The tables below show the current and historical composition of the council by politicalparty.
Party name(in Norwegian) | Number of representatives | |
---|---|---|
Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet) | 13 | |
Progress Party(Fremskrittspartiet) | 7 | |
Green Party(Miljøpartiet De Grønne) | 4 | |
Conservative Party(Høyre) | 18 | |
Industry and Business Party(Industri‑ og Næringspartiet) | 3 | |
Christian Democratic Party(Kristelig Folkeparti) | 2 | |
Pensioners' Party(Pensjonistpartiet) | 1 | |
Red Party(Rødt) | 3 | |
Centre Party(Senterpartiet) | 2 | |
Socialist Left Party(Sosialistisk Venstreparti) | 7 | |
Liberal Party(Venstre) | 3 | |
Bergen List(Bergenslisten) | 4 | |
Total number of members: | 67 |
Party name(in Norwegian) | Number of representatives | |
---|---|---|
Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet) | 13 | |
People's Action No to More Road Tolls(Folkeaksjonen nei til mer bompenger) | 11 | |
Progress Party(Fremskrittspartiet) | 3 | |
Green Party(Miljøpartiet De Grønne) | 7 | |
Conservative Party(Høyre) | 14 | |
Christian Democratic Party(Kristelig Folkeparti) | 2 | |
Pensioners' Party(Pensjonistpartiet) | 1 | |
Red Party(Rødt) | 3 | |
Centre Party(Senterpartiet) | 4 | |
Socialist Left Party(Sosialistisk Venstreparti) | 6 | |
Liberal Party(Venstre) | 3 | |
Total number of members: | 67 |
Party name(in Norwegian) | Number of representatives | |
---|---|---|
Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet) | 28 | |
Progress Party(Fremskrittspartiet) | 6 | |
Green Party(Miljøpartiet De Grønne) | 4 | |
Conservative Party(Høyre) | 15 | |
Christian Democratic Party(Kristelig Folkeparti) | 6 | |
Red Party(Rødt) | 2 | |
Centre Party(Senterpartiet) | 1 | |
Socialist Left Party(Sosialistisk Venstreparti) | 5 | |
Liberal Party(Venstre) | 6 | |
Total number of members: | 73 |
Party name(in Norwegian) | Number of representatives | |
---|---|---|
Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet) | 19 | |
Progress Party(Fremskrittspartiet) | 7 | |
Green Party(Miljøpartiet De Grønne) | 1 | |
Conservative Party(Høyre) | 24 | |
Christian Democratic Party(Kristelig Folkeparti) | 4 | |
Red Party(Rødt) | 2 | |
Centre Party(Senterpartiet) | 1 | |
Socialist Left Party(Sosialistisk Venstreparti) | 3 | |
Liberal Party(Venstre) | 5 | |
City Air List(Byluftlisten) | 1 | |
Total number of members: | 67 |
Party name(in Norwegian) | Number of representatives | |
---|---|---|
Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet) | 16 | |
Progress Party(Fremskrittspartiet) | 14 | |
Conservative Party(Høyre) | 18 | |
Christian Democratic Party(Kristelig Folkeparti) | 4 | |
Pensioners' Party(Pensjonistpartiet) | 1 | |
Red Party(Rødt) | 3 | |
Centre Party(Senterpartiet) | 2 | |
Socialist Left Party(Sosialistisk Venstreparti) | 5 | |
Liberal Party(Venstre) | 4 | |
Total number of members: | 67 |
Party name(in Norwegian) | Number of representatives | |
---|---|---|
Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet) | 15 | |
Progress Party(Fremskrittspartiet) | 12 | |
Conservative Party(Høyre) | 18 | |
Christian Democratic Party(Kristelig Folkeparti) | 4 | |
Pensioners' Party(Pensjonistpartiet) | 3 | |
Red Electoral Alliance(Rød Valgallianse) | 4 | |
Centre Party(Senterpartiet) | 1 | |
Socialist Left Party(Sosialistisk Venstreparti) | 8 | |
Liberal Party(Venstre) | 2 | |
Total number of members: | 67 |
Party name(in Norwegian) | Number of representatives | |
---|---|---|
Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet) | 20 | |
Progress Party(Fremskrittspartiet) | 13 | |
Conservative Party(Høyre) | 14 | |
Christian Democratic Party(Kristelig Folkeparti) | 7 | |
Pensioners' Party(Pensjonistpartiet) | 1 | |
Red Electoral Alliance(Rød Valgallianse) | 4 | |
Centre Party(Senterpartiet) | 1 | |
Socialist Left Party(Sosialistisk Venstreparti) | 5 | |
Liberal Party(Venstre) | 2 | |
Total number of members: | 67 |
Party name(in Norwegian) | Number of representatives | |
---|---|---|
Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet) | 24 | |
Progress Party(Fremskrittspartiet) | 14 | |
Conservative Party(Høyre) | 19 | |
Christian Democratic Party(Kristelig Folkeparti) | 9 | |
Pensioners' Party(Pensjonistpartiet) | 1 | |
Red Electoral Alliance(Rød Valgallianse) | 4 | |
Centre Party(Senterpartiet) | 3 | |
Socialist Left Party(Sosialistisk Venstreparti) | 5 | |
Liberal Party(Venstre) | 6 | |
Total number of members: | 85 |
Party name(in Norwegian) | Number of representatives | |
---|---|---|
Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet) | 30 | |
Progress Party(Fremskrittspartiet) | 10 | |
Conservative Party(Høyre) | 16 | |
Christian Democratic Party(Kristelig Folkeparti) | 7 | |
Pensioners' Party(Pensjonistpartiet) | 3 | |
Red Electoral Alliance(Rød Valgallianse) | 2 | |
Centre Party(Senterpartiet) | 4 | |
Socialist Left Party(Sosialistisk Venstreparti) | 10 | |
Liberal Party(Venstre) | 3 | |
Total number of members: | 85 |
Party name(in Norwegian) | Number of representatives | |
---|---|---|
Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet) | 29 | |
Progress Party(Fremskrittspartiet) | 17 | |
Conservative Party(Høyre) | 22 | |
Christian Democratic Party(Kristelig Folkeparti) | 7 | |
Red Electoral Alliance(Rød Valgallianse) | 1 | |
Socialist Left Party(Sosialistisk Venstreparti) | 5 | |
Joint list of theLiberal Party(Venstre)and Liberal People's Party(Liberale Folkepartiet) |
4 | |
Total number of members: | 85 |
Party name(in Norwegian) | Number of representatives | |
---|---|---|
Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet) | 30 | |
Progress Party(Fremskrittspartiet) | 9 | |
Conservative Party(Høyre) | 27 | |
Christian Democratic Party(Kristelig Folkeparti) | 8 | |
Liberal People's Party(Liberale Folkepartiet) | 1 | |
Red Electoral Alliance(Rød Valgallianse) | 1 | |
Centre Party(Senterpartiet) | 1 | |
Socialist Left Party(Sosialistisk Venstreparti) | 5 | |
Liberal Party(Venstre) | 3 | |
Total number of members: | 85 |
Party name(in Norwegian) | Number of representatives | |
---|---|---|
Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet) | 26 | |
Progress Party(Fremskrittspartiet) | 4 | |
Conservative Party(Høyre) | 35 | |
Christian Democratic Party(Kristelig Folkeparti) | 9 | |
New People's Party(Nye Folkepartiet) | 1 | |
Red Electoral Alliance(Rød Valgallianse) | 1 | |
Centre Party(Senterpartiet) | 1 | |
Socialist Left Party(Sosialistisk Venstreparti) | 3 | |
Liberal Party(Venstre) | 5 | |
Total number of members: | 85 |
Party name(in Norwegian) | Number of representatives | |
---|---|---|
Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet) | 29 | |
Anders Lange's Party(Anders Langes parti) | 2 | |
Conservative Party(Høyre) | 28 | |
Christian Democratic Party(Kristelig Folkeparti) | 11 | |
New People's Party(Nye Folkepartiet) | 5 | |
Centre Party(Senterpartiet) | 2 | |
Socialist Left Party(Sosialistisk Venstreparti) | 5 | |
Liberal Party(Venstre) | 3 | |
Total number of members: | 85 |
Party name(in Norwegian) | Number of representatives | |
---|---|---|
Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet) | 33 | |
Conservative Party(Høyre) | 20 | |
Communist Party(Kommunistiske Parti) | 3 | |
Christian Democratic Party(Kristelig Folkeparti) | 7 | |
Centre Party(Senterpartiet) | 3 | |
Socialist People's Party(Sosialistisk Folkeparti) | 4 | |
Liberal Party(Venstre) | 15 | |
Total number of members: | 85 |
Party name(in Norwegian) | Number of representatives | |
---|---|---|
Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet) | 36 | |
Conservative Party(Høyre) | 20 | |
Communist Party(Kommunistiske Parti) | 1 | |
Christian Democratic Party(Kristelig Folkeparti) | 5 | |
Socialist People's Party(Sosialistisk Folkeparti) | 3 | |
Liberal Party(Venstre) | 12 | |
Total number of members: | 77 |
Party name(in Norwegian) | Number of representatives | |
---|---|---|
Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet) | 37 | |
Conservative Party(Høyre) | 22 | |
Communist Party(Kommunistiske Parti) | 1 | |
Christian Democratic Party(Kristelig Folkeparti) | 4 | |
Socialist People's Party(Sosialistisk Folkeparti) | 2 | |
Liberal Party(Venstre) | 11 | |
Total number of members: | 77 |
Party name(in Norwegian) | Number of representatives | |
---|---|---|
Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet) | 34 | |
Conservative Party(Høyre) | 20 | |
Communist Party(Kommunistiske Parti) | 4 | |
Christian Democratic Party(Kristelig Folkeparti) | 7 | |
Liberal Party(Venstre) | 12 | |
Total number of members: | 77 |
Party name(in Norwegian) | Number of representatives | |
---|---|---|
Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet) | 34 | |
Conservative Party(Høyre) | 18 | |
Communist Party(Kommunistiske Parti) | 6 | |
Christian Democratic Party(Kristelig Folkeparti) | 7 | |
Liberal Party(Venstre) | 12 | |
Total number of members: | 77 |
Party name(in Norwegian) | Number of representatives | |
---|---|---|
Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet) | 35 | |
Conservative Party(Høyre) | 15 | |
Communist Party(Kommunistiske Parti) | 6 | |
Christian Democratic Party(Kristelig Folkeparti) | 7 | |
Liberal Party(Venstre) | 13 | |
Total number of members: | 76 |
Party name(in Norwegian) | Number of representatives | |
---|---|---|
Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet) | 25 | |
Conservative Party(Høyre) | 14 | |
Communist Party(Kommunistiske Parti) | 13 | |
Christian Democratic Party(Kristelig Folkeparti) | 7 | |
Liberal Party(Venstre) | 16 | |
Local List(s)(Lokale lister) | 1 | |
Total number of members: | 76 |
Party name(in Norwegian) | Number of representatives | |
---|---|---|
Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet) | 24 | |
Conservative Party(Høyre) | 11 | |
Communist Party(Kommunistiske Parti) | 21 | |
Christian Democratic Party(Kristelig Folkeparti) | 6 | |
Liberal Party(Venstre) | 12 | |
Local List(s)(Lokale lister) | 2 | |
Total number of members: | 76 |
Party name(in Norwegian) | Number of representatives | |
---|---|---|
Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet) | 27 | |
Temperance Party(Avholdspartiet) | 7 | |
Free-minded People's Party(Frisinnede Folkeparti) | 5 | |
Conservative Party(Høyre) | 13 | |
Communist Party(Kommunistiske Parti) | 7 | |
Liberal Party(Venstre) | 17 | |
Total number of members: | 76 | |
Note:Due to theGerman occupation of NorwayduringWorld War II,no elections were held for new municipal councils until after the war ended in 1945. |
Party name(in Norwegian) | Number of representatives | |
---|---|---|
Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet) | 27 | |
Temperance Party(Avholdspartiet) | 8 | |
Free-minded People's Party(Frisinnede Folkeparti) | 9 | |
Conservative Party(Høyre) | 10 | |
Communist Party(Kommunistiske Parti) | 9 | |
Liberal Party(Venstre) | 13 | |
Total number of members: | 76 |
Party name(in Norwegian) | Number of representatives | |
---|---|---|
Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet) | 21 | |
Temperance Party(Avholdspartiet) | 4 | |
Free-minded People's Party(Frisinnede Folkeparti) | 13 | |
Conservative Party(Høyre) | 13 | |
Communist Party(Kommunistiske Parti) | 11 | |
Liberal Party(Venstre) | 14 | |
Total number of members: | 76 |
Party name(in Norwegian) | Number of representatives | |
---|---|---|
Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet) | 21 | |
Temperance Party(Avholdspartiet) | 6 | |
Communist Party(Kommunistiske Parti) | 16 | |
Liberal Party(Venstre) | 11 | |
Joint list of theConservative Party(Høyre)and theFree-minded Liberal Party(Frisinnede Venstre) | 22 | |
Total number of members: | 76 |
Party name(in Norwegian) | Number of representatives | |
---|---|---|
Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet) | 2 | |
Temperance Party(Avholdspartiet) | 6 | |
Communist Party(Kommunistiske Parti) | 22 | |
Social Democratic Labour Party (Socialdemokratiske Arbeiderparti) |
8 | |
Liberal Party(Venstre) | 9 | |
Joint list of theConservative Party(Høyre)and theFree-minded Liberal Party(Frisinnede Venstre) | 26 | |
Homeowners' list(Huseiere liste) | 3 | |
Total number of members: | 76 |
Party name(in Norwegian) | Number of representatives | |
---|---|---|
Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet) | 28 | |
Temperance Party(Avholdspartiet) | 6 | |
Social Democratic Labour Party (Socialdemokratiske Arbeiderparti) |
6 | |
Liberal Party(Venstre) | 5 | |
Joint list of theConservative Party(Høyre)and theFree-minded Liberal Party(Frisinnede Venstre) | 26 | |
Local List(s)(Lokale lister) | 5 | |
Total number of members: | 76 |
Party name(in Norwegian) | Number of representatives | |
---|---|---|
Labour Party(Arbeiderpartiet) | 24 | |
Temperance Party(Avholdspartiet) | 8 | |
Free-minded Liberal Party(Frisinnede Venstre) | 3 | |
Conservative Party(Høyre) | 28 | |
Liberal Party(Venstre) | 7 | |
Local List(s)(Lokale lister) | 6 | |
Total number of members: | 76 |
Boroughs
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Bergen_boroughs.png/220px-Bergen_boroughs.png)
Bergen is divided into eight boroughs,[99]as seen on the map to the right. Clockwise, starting with the northernmost, the boroughs areÅsane,Arna,Fana,Ytrebygda,Fyllingsdalen,Laksevåg,ÅrstadandBergenhus.The city centre is located inBergenhus.Parts of Fana, Ytrebygda, Åsane and Arna are not part of the Bergen urban area, explaining why the municipality has approximately 20,000 more inhabitants than the urban area.[100]
Local borough administrations have varied since Bergen's expansion in 1972. From 1974, each borough had a politically chosen administration. From 1989, Bergen was divided into 12 health and social districts, each locally administered. From 2000 to 2004, the former organizational form with eight politically chosen local administrations was again in use and from 2008 through to 2010, a similar form existed where the local administrations had less power than previously.[101]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/FyllingsdalenBorettslag1.jpg/220px-FyllingsdalenBorettslag1.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Eidsv%C3%A5gsnesetSentrum.jpg/220px-Eidsv%C3%A5gsnesetSentrum.jpg)
Borough | Population[102] | % | Area (km2) | % | Density (/km2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arna | 14,020 | 4.9 | 102.44 | 22.0 | 123 |
Bergenhus1 | 43,218 | 14.8 | 26.58 | 5.7 | 4.415 |
Fana | 44,600 | 14.8 | 159.70 | 34.3 | 239 |
Fyllingsdalen | 30,614 | 11.1 | 18.84 | 4.0 | 1.530 |
Laksevåg | 40,646 | 14.8 | 32.72 | 7.0 | 1.173 |
Ytrebygda | 31,676 | 9.9 | 39.61 | 8.5 | 649 |
Årstad2 | 42,673 | 14.5 | 14.78 | 3.2 | 4.440 |
Åsane | 44,233 | 15.2 | 71.01 | 15.2 | 556 |
Not stated | 260 | ||||
Total | 291,940 | 100 | 465.68 | 100 | 559 |
(Pertaining to the table above: The acreage figures include fresh water and uninhabited mountain areas, except:
11 The borough Bergenhus is 8.73 km2(3.37 sq mi), the rest is water and uninhabited mountain areas.
22 The borough Årstad is 8.47 km2(3.27 sq mi), the rest is water and uninhabited mountain areas.)
Former borough: Sentrum
Sentrum (literally, "Centre" ) was a borough (withthe same name as a present-day neighbourhood). The borough was numbered01,and its perimeter was fromStore Lungegårdsvannand Strømmen alongPuddefjordenaroundNordnesand over to Skuteviken, upMt. Fløyeneast of Langelivannet, on to Skansemyren and over Forskjønnelsen to Store Lungegårdsvann, south of the railroad tracks.[103]
The population of the (now defunct) borough, numbered in 1994 more than 18,000 people.[103]
Education
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Mannskoret_Arme_Riddere_2018.jpg/220px-Mannskoret_Arme_Riddere_2018.jpg)
There are 64 elementary schools,[104]18 lower secondary schools[105]and 20 upper secondary schools[106]in Bergen, as well as 11 combined elementary and lower secondary schools.[107]Bergen Cathedral Schoolis the oldest school in Bergen and was founded byPope Adrian IVin 1153.[108]
The "Bergen School of Meteorology"was developed at theGeophysical Institutebeginning in 1917, theNorwegian School of Economicswas founded in 1936, and theUniversity of Bergenin 1946.[109]
The University of Bergen has 16,000 students and 3,000 staff, making it the third-largest educational institution in Norway.[110]Research in Bergen dates back to activity atBergen Museumin 1825, although the university was not founded until 1946. The university has a broad range of courses and research in academic fields and three national centres of excellence, inclimate research,petroleum researchandmedieval studies.[111]The main campus is located in the city centre. The university co-operates withHaukeland University Hospitalwithin medical research. The Chr. Michelsen Institute is an independent research foundation established in 1930 focusing on human rights and development issues.[112]
TheWestern Norway University of Applied Sciences,which has its main campus inKronstad,has 16,000 students and 1800 staff.[113]It focuses on professional education, such as teaching, healthcare and engineering. The college was created through amalgamation in 1994; campuses are spread around town but will be co-located atKronstad.TheNorwegian School of Economicsis located in outerSandvikenand is the leadingbusiness schoolin Norway,[114]having produced threeEconomy Nobel Prizelaureates.[115]The school has more than 3,000 students and approximately 400 staff.[116]Other tertiary education institutions include theBergen School of Architecture,theBergen National Academy of the Arts,located in the city centre with 300 students,[117]and theNorwegian Naval Academylocated in Laksevåg. TheNorwegian Institute of Marine Researchhas been located in Bergen since 1900. It provides research and advice relating to ecosystems and aquaculture. It has a staff of 700 people.[118]
Economy
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Strandgaten_sett_fra_Fortunen%2C_Bergen.jpg/220px-Strandgaten_sett_fra_Fortunen%2C_Bergen.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Bergen_b%C3%B8rs_1862.jpg/220px-Bergen_b%C3%B8rs_1862.jpg)
In August 2004,Timemagazine named the city one of Europe's 14 "secret capitals"[119]where Bergen's capital reign is acknowledged within maritime businesses and activities such asaquacultureandmarine research,with theInstitute of Marine Research(IMR) (the second-largestoceanographyresearch centre in Europe) as a leading institution. Some of the world's largest aquaculture companies, such asMowiandLerøyare headquartered in the city. Shipowners based in Bergen control a significant portion of the Norwegian merchant fleet, including shipowners such asWilson,OdfjellandGearbulk.The city has a large presence of financial institutions. BanksSbankenandSparebanken Vestare headquartered in the city. The Norwegian branches of insurance companiesTryg,DNB LivsforsikringandNordea Livare headquartered in Bergen, along with a significant presence of marine insurance companies, includingNorwegian Hull Club.A number of banks maintain large corporate banking divisions in connection with shipping and aquaculture in the city.
Bergen is the main base for theRoyal Norwegian Navy(atHaakonsvern) and itsinternational airportFleslandis the main heliport for the NorwegianNorth Sea oiland gas industry, from where thousands of offshore workers commute to their work places onboard oil and gas rigs and platforms.[120]
Tourism is an important income source for the city. The hotels in the city may be full at times,[121][122]due to the increasing number of tourists and conferences. Bergen is recognized as the unofficial capital of the region known asWestern Norway,and recognized and marketed as the gateway city to the world-famousfjordsof Norway, and for that reason, it has become Norway's largest – and one of Europe's largest –cruise shipports of call.[123]
Transport
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/New_Bergen_Airport_Flesland_with_old_terminal_in_the_background.jpg/220px-New_Bergen_Airport_Flesland_with_old_terminal_in_the_background.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Bybanen_Stadler_Variobahn_at_Byparken%2C_Bergen.jpg/220px-Bybanen_Stadler_Variobahn_at_Byparken%2C_Bergen.jpg)
Bergen Airport, Flesland,is located 18 kilometres (11 mi) from the city centre, atFlesland.[124]In 2013, theAvinor-operated airport served 6 million passengers. The airport serves as ahubforScandinavian Airlines,Norwegian Air ShuttleandWiderøe;there are direct flights to 20 domestic and 53 international destinations.[125]Bergen Port,operated byBergen Port Authority,is the largestseaportin Norway.[126] In 2011, the port saw 264 cruise calls with 350,248 visitors,[127]In 2009, the port handled 56million tonnes of cargo, making it the ninth-busiest cargo port in Europe.[128]There are plans to move the port out of the city centre, but no location has been chosen.[129]Fjord Lineoperates acruiseferryservice toHirtshals,Denmark. Bergen is the southern terminus ofHurtigruten,the Coastal Express, which operates with daily services along the coast toKirkenes.[124]Passengercatamaransrun from Bergen south toLeirvikandSunnhordland,and north toSognefjordandNordfjord.[130]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bergen_station%2C_2019_%2801%29.jpg/220px-Bergen_station%2C_2019_%2801%29.jpg)
The city centre is surrounded by anelectronic toll collectionring using theAutopasssystem.[131]The main motorways consist ofE39,which runs north–south through the municipality,E16,which runs eastwards, andNational Road 555,which runs westwards. There are four major bridges connecting Bergen to neighbouring municipalities: theNordhordland Bridge,[132]theAskøy Bridge,[133]theSotra Bridge[134]and theOsterøy Bridge.Bergen connects to the island ofBjorøyvia the subseaBjorøy Tunnel.[135]
Bergen Stationis the terminus of theBergen Line,which runs 496 kilometres (308 mi) toOslo.[136]Vyoperates express trains to Oslo and theBergen Commuter RailtoVoss.Between Bergen andArna Station,the train runs about every 30minutes through theUlriken Tunnel;there is no corresponding road tunnel, forcing road vehicles to travel via Åsane orNesttun.[137]
Bergen is one of the smallest cities in Europe to have bothtramandtrolleybuselectric urban transport systems simultaneously. Public transport in Hordaland is managed bySkyss,which operates an extensive city bus network in Bergen and to many neighbouring municipalities,[138]including one route which operates as a trolleybus.The trolleybus system in Bergenis the only one still in operation in Norway and one of two trolleybus systems inScandinavia.[139]
The modern tramBergen Light Rail (Bybanen)opened between the city centre andNesttunin 2010,[140]extended toRådal(Lagunen Storsenter) in 2013 and to the Bergen airport Flesland in 2017.[141]Extensions to other boroughs may occur later.[142]Fløibanenis afunicularwhich runs from the city centre to MountFløyenandUlriksbanenis anaerial tramwaywhich runs to MountUlriken.
Culture and sports
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Mathismarkens.jpg/220px-Mathismarkens.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/KODE_1%2C_Bergen%2C_2019_%2801%29.jpg/220px-KODE_1%2C_Bergen%2C_2019_%2801%29.jpg)
Bergens Tidende(BT) andBergensavisen(BA) are the largest newspapers, withcirculationsof 87,076 and 30,719 in 2006,[143]BTis a regional newspaper covering all of Vestland, whileBAfocuses on metropolitan Bergen. Other newspapers published in Bergen include the Christian nationalDagen,with a circulation of 8.936,[143]andTradeWinds,an international shipping newspaper. Local newspapers areFanapostenfor Fana,Sydvestenfor Laksevåg and Fyllingsdalen andBygdanyttfor Arna and the neighbouring municipalityOsterøy.[143]TV 2,Norway's largest private television company, is based in Bergen.
The 1,500-seatGrieg Hallis the city's main cultural venue,[144]and home of theBergen Philharmonic Orchestra,founded in 1765,[145]and theBergen Woodwind Quintet.The city also featuresCarte Blanche,the Norwegian national company of contemporary dance. The annualBergen International Festivalis the main cultural festival, which is supplemented by theBergen International Film Festival.Two internationally renowned composers from Bergen areEdvard GriegandOle Bull.Grieg's home,Troldhaugen,has been converted to a museum. During the 1990s and early 2000s, Bergen produced a series of successful pop, rock andblack metalartists,[146]collectively known as theBergen Wave.[147][148]
Den Nationale Sceneis Bergen's main theatre. Founded in 1850, it hadHenrik Ibsenas one of its first in-house playwrights and art directors. Bergen'scontemporary artscene is centred onBIT Teatergarasjen,Bergen Kunsthall, United Sardines Factory (USF) and Bergen Center for Electronic Arts (BEK). Bergen was aEuropean Capital of Culturein 2000.[149]Buekorpsis a unique feature of Bergen culture, consisting of boys aged from 7 to 21 parading with imitation weapons andsnare drums.[150][151]The city's Hanseatic heritage is documented in theHanseatic Museumlocated at Bryggen.[152]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Brann_Stadion2.jpg/220px-Brann_Stadion2.jpg)
SK Brannis Bergen's premierfootballteam; founded in 1908, they have played in the top flight for Norwegian men's football,Eliteserien,for 67 out of 80 seasons since its establishment in1937,the second most of any club. The team were the football champions in1961–1962,1963,and2007,[153]and reached the quarter-finals of theCup Winners' Cupin1996–1997.They have also won theNorwegian Football Cupseven times, most recently in the2022 season.Brann play their home games at the 16,750-seatBrann Stadion.[154]Åsaneis the city's second-best team, playing in theFirst DivisionatÅsane Arena.Now-defunctFyllingenplayed in the top flight in1990,1991and1993.BrannandÅsanealso play in the women's top flight,Toppserien,along withArna-Bjørnar.Brann have won the league twice (once asIL Sandviken), and theNorwegian Women's Cuponce.
Bergen IKis the premier men's ice hockey team, playing atBergenshallenin theFirst Division.Tertnesplay in theWomen's Premier Handball League,and Fyllingen in the Men's Premier Handball League. In athletics, the city is dominated byIL Norna-Salhus,IL GularandFIK BFG Fana,formerly also Norrøna IL andTIF Viking.TheBergen Stormare an American football team that plays matches atVarden Kunstgressand plays in the second division of the Norwegian league.
Bergenskis the native dialect of Bergen. It was strongly influenced byLow German-speaking merchants from the mid-14th to mid-18th centuries. During theDano-Norwegian periodfrom 1536 to 1814, Bergen was more influenced byDanishthan other areas of Norway. The Danish influence removed the femalegrammatical genderin the 16th century, making Bergensk one of very few Norwegian dialects with only two instead of three grammatical genders. The Rs areuvular trills,as in French, which probably spread to Bergen some time in the 18th century, overtaking thealveolar trillin the time span of two to three generations. Owing to an improvedliteracy rate,Bergensk was influenced byriksmåland bokmål in the 19th and 20th centuries. This led to large parts of the German-inspiredvocabularydisappearing and pronunciations shifting slightly towards East Norwegian.[155]
The1986 editionof theEurovision Song Contesttook place in Bergen. Bergen was the host city for the2017 UCI Road World Championships.The city is also a member of theUNESCO Creative Cities Networkin the category of gastronomy since 2015.[156]
Music
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/AURORA%2C_ICA%2C_London_%2826999106584%29.jpg/200px-AURORA%2C_ICA%2C_London_%2826999106584%29.jpg)
Bergen has been the home of several notable alternative bands, collectively referred to as theBergen Wave.These bands includeRöyksoppandKings of Convenienceon the small, Bergen-based record label Tellé Records, as well as related side-projects, such asThe Whitest Boy AliveandKommode,on independent labels. Other internationally well-received artists also originating from Bergen includeAurora,Sondre Lerche,Kygo,Boy PabloandAlan Walker.Bergen is also known as the "black metalcapital of Norway ", due to its role in theearly Norwegian black metal sceneand the amount of acts to come from the city in the early 1990s. Also the singer Einar Selvik of the band Wardruna was born in Bergen and became famous thanks to the TV seriesVikings.[157]
Bergen is also the birthplace of composerEdvard Grieg.
Street art
[edit]Bergen is considered to be the street art capital of Norway.[158]Famed artistBanksyvisited the city in 2000[159]and inspired many to start creating street art. Soon after, the city brought up the most famous street artist in Norway:Dolk.[160][161]His art can still be seen in several places in the city, and in 2009 the city council choose to preserveDolk's work "Spray" with protective glass.[162]In 2011, Bergen council launched a plan of action for street art in Bergen from 2011 to 2015 to ensure that "Bergen will lead the fashion for street art as an expression both in Norway andScandinavia".[163]
The Madam Felle (1831–1908) monument in Sandviken, is in honour of a Norwegian woman of German origin, who in the mid-19th century managed, against the will of the council, to maintain a counter of beer. A well-known restaurant of the same name is now situated at another location in Bergen. The monument was erected in 1990 by sculptor Kari Rolfsen, supported by an anonymous donor. Madam Felle, civil name Oline Fell, was posthumously remembered in a popular song, possibly originally a folksong,[164]"Kjenner Dokker Madam Felle?" byLothar LindtnerandRolf Berntzenon an album in 1977.
Media
[edit]![]() | This sectionneeds expansion.You can help byadding to it.(February 2023) |
Newspapers
[edit]- Fjordaposten(1923–1940)
- Bergens Tidende(1868-)
- Bergensavisen(1927-)
Neighbourhoods
[edit]The traditional neighbourhoods of Bergen includeBryggen,Eidemarken, Engen, Fjellet,Kalfaret,Ladegården,Løvstakksiden,[165]Marken,Minde,Møhlenpris,Nordnes,Nygård,Nøstet,Sandviken,Sentrum, Skansen, Skuteviken, Strandsiden, Stølen,Sydnes,Verftet,Vågsbunnen, Wergeland,[166]and Ytre Sandviken.
Grunnkretser
[edit]The various addresses in Bergen, each belong to one of the variousgrunnkrets.
International relations
[edit]Each year Bergen sells theChristmas treeseen inNewcastle's Haymarketas a sign of the ongoing friendship between the sister cities, which were connected by aferry servicefrom 1890 to 2008.[167]The Nordic friendship cities of Bergen,Gothenburg,TurkuandAarhusarrange inter-Nordic camps each year by registering tenth-grade school classes from each of the other cities to school camps, for a profit. Bergen received atotem poleas a gift of friendship from the city ofSeattleon the city's 900th anniversary in 1970. It is now placed in theNordnes Parkand gazes out over the sea towards the friendship city far to the west.
Twin towns – sister cities
[edit]Aarhus,Denmark (since 1946)
Gothenburg,Sweden (since 1946)
Newcastle,England, United Kingdom (since 1968)
Rostock,Germany (since 1957)[169]
Seattle,United States (since 1967)
Turku,Finland (since 1946)
Notable people from Bergen
[edit]References
[edit]- ^"Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by metropolitan regions".ec.europa.eu.
- ^"Forskrift om målvedtak i kommunar og fylkeskommunar"(in Norwegian). Lovdata.no.
- ^Bolstad, Erik; Thorsnæs, Geir, eds. (26 January 2023)."Kommunenummer".Store norske leksikon(in Norwegian).Kunnskapsforlaget.
- ^ab"Folketall per 1. januar 2022"(in Norwegian Bokmål). SSB. 19 May 2021.Retrieved10 August2022.
- ^Heggemsnes, Nils (26 September 2012)."Bergen Havn".Store norske leksikon(in Norwegian Bokmål).Retrieved8 January2016.
- ^ab"Cruisestatistikk".Cruise(in Norwegian Bokmål). Port of Bergen. 2016. Archived fromthe originalon 26 May 2015.Retrieved8 January2016.
- ^Brekke, Nils Georg (1993).Kulturhistorisk vegbok Hordaland(in Norwegian). Bergen: Hordaland Fylkeskommune.ISBN82-7326-026-7.
- ^Elisabeth Farstad (2007)."Om kommunen"(in Norwegian Bokmål). Bergen kommune. Archived fromthe originalon 5 October 2007.Retrieved16 September2007.
- ^Hella, Asle (7 June 2004)."Bergens historie må skrives om".NRK(in Norwegian Bokmål).
- ^Marguerite Ragnow (2007)."Cod".Retrieved14 August2007.
- ^abTom R. Hjertholm (16 December 2013). "- Tørrfisken vender hjem".Bergensavisen.
- ^Alf Ragnar Nielssen (1 January 1950)."Indigenous and Early Fisheries in North-Norway"(PDF).The Sea in European History.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 27 March 2009.Retrieved22 July2009.
- ^Anette Skogseth Clausen."7. oktober 1754 – fra et hanseatisk kontor til et norsk kontor med hanseater"(in Norwegian Bokmål). Arkivverket. Archived fromthe originalon 15 October 2007.Retrieved9 October2007.
- ^Østby Pedersen, Nina (2005). "Scottish Immigration to Bergen in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". In Grosjean, Alexia; Murdoch, Steve (eds.).Scottish Communities Abroad in the Early Modern Period.Brill. pp. 136–168.doi:10.1163/9789047407157_010.ISBN978-90-474-0715-7.
- ^UNESCO (2007)."World Heritage List".Retrieved14 August2007.
- ^Carl Hecker, Justus Friedrich (1833).The Black Death in the Fourteenth Century.
- ^Knight, Charles, ed. (1847).The National Cyclopaedia of Useful Knowledge.Vol. III. London: Charles Knight. p. 211.
- ^Downing Kendrick, Thomas(2004).A History of the Vikings.Courier Corporation. p. 142.ISBN978-0-486-43396-7.
- ^"The fire of 1702".kulturpunkt.org.Bergen City Museum.Retrieved3 May2023.
- ^"Innvandring 1600–2000, Arkivenes dag 2002"(in Norwegian Bokmål). Arkivverket. Archived fromthe originalon 6 December 2002.Retrieved9 October2007.
- ^Fossen, Anders Bjarne."Jørgen Thormøhlen".InHelle, Knut(ed.).Norsk biografisk leksikon(in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget.Retrieved21 October2014.
- ^Ivan Kristoffersen(2003)."Historien om Norge i nord"(in Norwegian). Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived fromthe originalon 28 March 2008.Retrieved9 October2007.
- ^"Distriktsinndeling og navn"(in Norwegian). Fornyings- og administrasjonsdepartementet. Archived fromthe originalon 28 March 2008.Retrieved16 September2007.
- ^Jukvam, Dag (1999).Historisk oversikt over endringer i kommune- og fylkesinndelingen(PDF)(in Norwegian).Statistisk sentralbyrå.ISBN9788253746845.
- ^Jenny Heggsvik;Lars Borgersrud;August Rathke; Egil Christophersen; Ole-Jacob Abraham."Prosjektbeskrivelse for det historiske forskningsprosjektet SABORG I BERGEN".Archived fromthe originalon 13 March 2017.Retrieved30 November2018.
- ^NRK (21 November 2017)."The Isdalen Mystery".NRK(in Norwegian Bokmål).Retrieved25 June2019.
- ^McCarthy, Marit Higraff and Neil (25 June 2019)."Death in Ice Valley: New clues in a Norwegian mystery".Retrieved25 June2019.
- ^Tønder, Finn Bjørn (26 November 2002)."Viktig nyhet om Isdalskvinnen"[Important news about Isdal Woman].Bergens Tidende(in Norwegian). Archived fromthe originalon 10 November 2013.Retrieved21 October2012.
- ^Bergen Kommune (2007)."Styringssystemet i Bergen kommune"(PDF)(in Norwegian). Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 27 February 2008.Retrieved14 August2007.
- ^Brekke, Nils Georg (1993).Kulturhistorisk vegbok Hordaland(in Norwegian). Bergen: Hordaland Fylkeskommune. p. 252.ISBN82-7326-026-7.
- ^"Bjørgvin bispedøme"(in Norwegian). Scandion.no. 2004. Archived fromthe originalon 26 December 2007.Retrieved10 October2007.
- ^Gunhild Agdesteen (2007)."I den syvende himmel".Bergens Tidende(in Norwegian). Archived fromthe originalon 30 September 2007.Retrieved14 August2007.
- ^"Norwegian Mountains: Gullfjellstoppen".Retrieved8 September2007.
- ^"Sunrise and sunset times in Bergen, June".Timeanddate.Retrieved4 July2023.
- ^ANB-NTB (2007)."Stopp for nedbørsrekord"(in Norwegian). siste.no. Archived fromthe originalon 15 October 2007.Retrieved9 October2007.
- ^Meze-Hausken, Elisabeth (October 2007). "Seasons in the sun—weather and climate front-page news stories in Europe's rainiest city, Bergen, Norway".International Journal of Biometeorology.52(1): 17–31.Bibcode:2007IJBm...52...17M.doi:10.1007/s00484-006-0064-5.hdl:1956/2114.ISSN1432-1254.PMID17245564.S2CID29081365.
- ^"The rainiest city in Europe. Allegedly".eugene.kaspersky.Retrieved12 March2019.
- ^"Europe and the United Kingdom Average Yearly Annual Precipitation".eldoradoweather.Retrieved12 March2019.
- ^"Siste frostnatt om våren".4 May 2012.
- ^"Første frostnatt".25 September 2013.
- ^"Nå er 33,4 den nye varmerekorden i Bergen".Bergens Tidende(in Norwegian). 26 July 2019.Retrieved26 July2019.
- ^Bjørbæk, G (2003).Norsk vær i 110 år.N.W. DAMM & Sønn. p. 260.ISBN8204086954.
- ^"Over 1600 soltimer i Bergen i fjor trass i elendig vær i skoleferien".10 February 2017.
- ^"Årstadposten – Nytt fra Årstad siden 1993".Arstadposten.no. 22 February 2022.Retrieved24 February2024.
- ^seklima.met.no
- ^"NOAA stats – Bergen".NOAA.Retrieved30 December2019.
- ^"BERGEN – FLORIDA Climate Normals: 1961–1990".National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.Retrieved16 March2014.
- ^"Voodoo Skies - Bergen Monthly Temperature weather history".Archived fromthe originalon 1 November 2016.Retrieved6 September2015.
- ^Mamen, J (2008). "Dypdykk i klimadatabasen. Rekorder og kuriositeter fra Meteorologisk institutts klimaarkiv".Naturen(6): 250.
- ^"Microsoft Word - FOB-Hefte.doc"(PDF)(in Norwegian).Retrieved7 July2009.
- ^"Tabell 6 Folkemengde per 1. januar, etter fylke og kommune. Registrert 2009. Framskrevet 2010–2030, alternativ MMMM"(in Norwegian). Ssb.no. Archived fromthe originalon 18 January 2012.Retrieved7 July2009.
- ^"Urban settlements. Population and area, by municipality. 1 January 2012".Statistics Norway. 2012.Retrieved31 January2014.
- ^"09817: Innvandrere og norskfødte med innvandrerforeldre, etter landbakgrunn, statistikkvariabel, år og region"(in Norwegian). Statistisk sentralbyrå (Statistics Norway).Retrieved7 August2024.
- ^abc"SSB: Tall om Bergen kommune"(in Norwegian). Statistics Norway. Archived fromthe originalon 1 October 2007.Retrieved1 October2007.
- ^"Statistics Norway".Stat Bank. Archived fromthe originalon 26 May 2012.Retrieved4 January2012.
- ^Immigrant population in Bergen[dead link]
- ^"09817: Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents by immigration category, in total and separately, country background and percentages of the population (M) 2010 - 2023. Statbank Norway".SSB.Retrieved30 October2023.
- ^"Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents".SSB.Retrieved31 October2023.
- ^"Bergen Moské størst av trussamfunna i 2009".Fylkesmannen.no. Archived fromthe originalon 29 February 2012.Retrieved4 January2012.
- ^"Kommuner med minst 50 katolikker pr. 31.12.2003 — den katolske kirke".Archived fromthe originalon 6 December 2017.Retrieved24 May2017.
- ^Marifjæren, Per; Aarnes, Helle (13 January 2008)."Polakkene fyller St. Paul".Bergens Tidende(in Norwegian).Retrieved4 January2012.
- ^Hagen Hartvedt, Gunnar (1994). "Bergen".Bergen Byleksikon(1st ed.). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. p. 27.ISBN82-573-0485-9.
- ^Hagen Hartvedt, Gunnar (1994). "Bergen".Bergen Byleksikon(1st ed.). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. p. 23.ISBN82-573-0485-9.
- ^Hagen Hartvedt, Gunnar (1994). "Bergen".Bergen Byleksikon(1st ed.). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. p. 25.ISBN82-573-0485-9.
- ^Østerbø, Kjell (23 September 2007)."Da rike og fattige fikk sine strøk".Bergens Tidende(in Norwegian). Archived fromthe originalon 25 June 2008.Retrieved18 December2008.
- ^Hagen Hartvedt, Gunnar (1994). "Bergen".Bergen Byleksikon(1st ed.). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. pp. 25–26.ISBN82-573-0485-9.
- ^Hagen Hartvedt, Gunnar (1994). "Bergen".Bergen Byleksikon(1st ed.). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. pp. 26–27.ISBN82-573-0485-9.
- ^abcHagen Hartvedt, Gunnar (1994). "Bergen".Bergen Byleksikon(1st ed.). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. pp. 9–61.ISBN82-573-0485-9.
- ^Mæland, Pål Andreas (16 May 2008)."Nå kommer slangen til Paradis".Bergens Tidende(in Norwegian). Archived fromthe originalon 12 January 2013.Retrieved18 December2008.
- ^Røyrane, Eva (9 May 2007)."Bergen bygges tettere".Bergens Tidende(in Norwegian). Archived fromthe originalon 7 August 2011.Retrieved18 December2008.
- ^Okkenhaug, Liv Solli (21 April 2007)."Rev de siste husene".Bergens Tidende(in Norwegian). Archived fromthe originalon 27 April 2007.Retrieved18 December2008.
- ^Patowary, Kaushik (20 July 2013)."São Paulo: The City With No Outdoor Advertisements".AmusingPlanet.
- ^"Styringssystem"(in Norwegian). Bergen kommune. Archived fromthe originalon 15 October 2007.Retrieved9 October2007.
- ^"Kommunestyrevalg 2023 - Vestland".Valgdirektoratet.Retrieved21 January2024.
- ^"Kommunestyrevalg 2019 – Vestland".Valgdirektoratet.Retrieved2 February2020.
- ^abcd"Table: 04813: Members of the local councils, by party/electoral list at the Municipal Council election (M)"(in Norwegian). Statistics Norway.
- ^"Kommunestyrevalg 2011 – Hordaland".Valgdirektoratet.Retrieved5 February2020.
- ^"Kommunestyrevalget 1995"(PDF)(in Norwegian). Oslo-Kongsvinger: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1996.Retrieved20 February2020.
- ^"Kommunestyrevalget 1991"(PDF)(in Norwegian). Oslo-Kongsvinger: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1993.Retrieved20 February2020.
- ^"Kommunestyrevalget 1987"(PDF)(in Norwegian). Oslo-Kongsvinger: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1988.Retrieved20 February2020.
- ^"Kommunestyrevalget 1983"(PDF)(in Norwegian). Oslo-Kongsvinger: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1984.Retrieved20 February2020.
- ^"Kommunestyrevalget 1979"(PDF)(in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1979.Retrieved20 February2020.
- ^"Kommunevalgene 1975"(PDF)(in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1977.Retrieved11 May2020.
- ^"Kommunevalgene 1972"(PDF)(in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1973.Retrieved11 May2020.
- ^"Kommunevalgene 1967"(PDF)(in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1967.Retrieved11 May2020.
- ^"Kommunevalgene 1963"(PDF)(in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1964.Retrieved11 May2020.
- ^"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1959"(PDF)(in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1960.Retrieved11 May2020.
- ^"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1955"(PDF)(in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1957.Retrieved11 May2020.
- ^"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1951"(PDF)(in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1952.Retrieved11 May2020.
- ^"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1947"(PDF)(in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1948.Retrieved11 May2020.
- ^"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1945"(PDF)(in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1947.Retrieved11 May2020.
- ^"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1937"(PDF)(in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1938.Retrieved11 May2020.
- ^"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1934"(PDF)(in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1935.Retrieved11 May2020.
- ^"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1931"(PDF)(in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1932.Retrieved11 May2020.
- ^"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1928"(PDF)(in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1929.Retrieved11 May2020.
- ^"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1925"(PDF)(in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1926.Retrieved11 May2020.
- ^"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1922"(PDF)(in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1923.Retrieved11 May2020.
- ^"Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1919"(PDF)(in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1920.Retrieved11 May2020.
- ^Statistics Norway (2004)."Bydeler i Oslo, Bergen, Stavanger og Trondheim"(in Norwegian). Archived fromthe originalon 3 September 2007.Retrieved14 August2007.
- ^says, suNeil (29 October 2019)."The History of Bergen".Life in Norway.Retrieved14 August2020.
- ^"Lokaldemokratiets utvikling 1814 – 2014".Bergen kommune(in Norwegian Bokmål). Archived fromthe originalon 19 August 2016.Retrieved10 June2016.
- ^"Bergen kommune - Folketall per 1. januar 2024".Bergen kommune. 1 January 2024.Archivedfrom the original on 16 June 2024.Retrieved16 June2024.
- ^abHartvedt, Gunnar Hagen; Skreien, Norvall (2009) [25 January 2001]."Bergen byleksikon"(3 ed.).
- ^"Oversikt over barneskoler"(in Norwegian). Bergen kommune. 2007. Archived fromthe originalon 5 September 2007.Retrieved29 September2007.
- ^"Oversikt over ungdomsskoler"(in Norwegian). Bergen kommune. 2007. Archived fromthe originalon 14 September 2007.Retrieved29 September2007.
- ^"Skoleportalen"(in Norwegian). Hordaland fylkeskommune. 2007. Archived fromthe originalon 26 July 2007.Retrieved29 September2007.
- ^"Oversikt over kombinerte skoler"(in Norwegian). Bergen kommune. 2007. Archived fromthe originalon 5 September 2007.Retrieved29 September2007.
- ^Hartvedt, Gunnar Hagen (1994).Bergen Byleksikon.Kunnskapsforlaget.ISBN82-573-0485-9.
- ^"The University of Bergen is 70 years old".University of Bergen.Retrieved14 August2020.
- ^"Om Universitetet i Bergen"(in Norwegian). Archived fromthe originalon 23 September 2006.Retrieved16 August2007.
- ^Mia Kolbjørnsen and Hilde Kvalvaag (2002)."UiB får tre SFF"(in Norwegian). på høyden.Retrieved9 October2007.
- ^"About CMI"(in Norwegian).Retrieved2 October2007.
- ^"Høgskolen på Vestlandet"(in Norwegian). 2018. Archived fromthe originalon 11 December 2018.Retrieved12 December2018.
- ^"FT / Business Education / Masters in management".Financial Times(in Norwegian). 2007. Archived fromthe originalon 15 October 2008.Retrieved29 September2007.
- ^"The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2004".2007.Retrieved16 August2007.
- ^"Om NHH"(in Norwegian). Archived fromthe originalon 2 February 2014.Retrieved23 January2014.
- ^"Om Kunsthøgskolen i Bergen"(in Norwegian). Archived fromthe originalon 13 December 2007.Retrieved16 August2007.
- ^"About imr"(in Norwegian). Archived fromthe originalon 16 January 2008.Retrieved2 October2007.
- ^"Europe's Secret Capitals".Time.30 August 2004. Archived fromthe originalon 23 August 2004.Retrieved14 August2007.
- ^"Film Location:Bergen".West Norway Film Commission. Archived fromthe originalon 15 October 2007.Retrieved9 October2007.
- ^Lars Kvamme and Ingvild Bruaset."Russerne kommer"(in Norwegian). bt.no. Archived fromthe originalon 15 October 2007.Retrieved10 October2007.
- ^Frode Buanes and Lars Kvamme (2006)."Sender bergensturister vekk"(in Norwegian). bt.no. Archived fromthe originalon 15 October 2007.Retrieved10 October2007.
- ^Bergen Havn."Velkommen til Bergen havn –" Inngangen til Fjordene ""(in Norwegian). Archived fromthe originalon 18 July 2007.Retrieved14 August2007.
- ^ab"Transport to Bergen".Innovation Norway.Archivedfrom the original on 31 May 2012.Retrieved2 May2012.
- ^"Flight Timetables".Avinor.Archived fromthe originalon 9 September 2012.Retrieved9 April2012.
- ^Eliassen, Jan I. (24 June 2006)."Bergen havn holder koken".Bergens Tidende(in Norwegian).Archivedfrom the original on 10 August 2013.Retrieved2 May2012.
- ^"Cruise ships".Bergen Port Authority.Archived fromthe originalon 9 August 2013.Retrieved2 May2012.
- ^"World Port Rankings 2009".American Association of Port Authorities.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 14 February 2015.Retrieved2 May2012.
- ^Haga, Anders (24 June 2006)."- Vi har alle vært feige".Bergens Tidende(in Norwegian).Archivedfrom the original on 10 August 2013.Retrieved2 May2012.
- ^"Fjord1 – Ekspressbåter"(in Norwegian). Fjord1. Archived fromthe originalon 27 August 2007.Retrieved16 September2007.
- ^Gunnar Hagen Hartvedt (1994). "bompengering".Bergen Byleksikon:119–120.
- ^Norwegian Public Roads Administration(1994)."The Nordhordland Bridge"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 9 February 2006.
- ^"Askøy Bridge"(PDF).Aas-Jakobsen.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 3 September 2011.Retrieved2 October2011.
- ^Fjell, Ragnvald (1989).Sotrabrua(in Norwegian). Fjell: A/S Sotrabrua. p. 5.
- ^Jahnsen, Jack (2006).Fastlandssamband for Bjorøy og Tyssøy(in Norwegian). Straume: Fastlandssambandet Tyssøy – Bjorøy.ISBN82-303-0642-7.
- ^Jernbaneverket(2007).Jernbanestatistikk 2006(PDF).Oslo: Jernbaneverket. p. 13. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 17 December 2007.
- ^Aagesen, Ragnhild (21 September 2010)."Bergen-Arna"(in Norwegian). Archived fromthe originalon 6 November 2011.Retrieved20 September2011.
- ^"About Skyss".Skyss.Archived fromthe originalon 13 May 2012.Retrieved2 May2012.
- ^Aspenberg, Nils Carl (1996).Trolleybussene i Norge.Oslo: Baneforlaget. p. 96.
- ^"Signingsferden"(in Norwegian). 2010. Archived fromthe originalon 26 June 2010.Retrieved26 June2010.
- ^Melhus, Ståle (11 September 2009)."Vil ha bybane til Flesland i 2015".Fanaposten(in Norwegian). Archived fromthe originalon 24 July 2011.Retrieved7 November2009.
- ^Rykka, Ann Kristin and Solfrid Torvund (13 December 2006)."Usamde om bybaneutvidinga".Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation(in Norwegian Nynorsk).
- ^abc"Avisenes leser- og opplagstall for 2006"(in Norwegian). Mediebedriftenes Landsforening. 2007. Archived fromthe originalon 27 September 2007.Retrieved26 October2007.
- ^"Grieghallen: Floor space and capacity".Grieg Hall. Archived fromthe originalon 8 October 2007.Retrieved8 September2007.
- ^"Bergen Filharmoniske Orkester"(in Norwegian). 2006.Retrieved16 August2007.
- ^Ann Kristin Frøystad (2003)."Telle: – Angrer ingenting"(in Norwegian). ba.no.Retrieved10 October2007.
- ^Lars Ursin (2005)."Bløffmakerens guide til Bergensbølgen".Bergens Tidende(in Norwegian). Archived fromthe originalon 15 October 2007.Retrieved16 August2007.
- ^Lars Ursin (2005)."Bergensbølgen tørrlagt på Alarm"(in Norwegian). Bergens Tidende. Archived fromthe originalon 27 September 2007.Retrieved16 August2007.
- ^"European Capitals of Culture 2000–2005".Archived fromthe originalon 27 January 2007.Retrieved16 August2007.
- ^"What is a buekorps?".Buekorpsene. 2006. Archived fromthe originalon 8 July 2011.Retrieved10 November2007.
- ^"Studenter hestes av buekorps på nettet"(in Norwegian). Studvest.no. Archived fromthe originalon 21 August 2006.Retrieved10 November2007.
- ^Storsletten, Ola, ed. (1 August 2023)."Conrad Fredrik von der Lippe".Store norske leksikon(in Norwegian).Kunnskapsforlaget.Retrieved22 January2024.
- ^Ole Ivar Store (2007)."- Gratulerer, Brann!"(in Norwegian). Norges Fotballforbund. Archived fromthe originalon 24 March 2008.Retrieved22 October2007.
- ^"Fakta om Stadion".brann.no.Sportsklubben Brann.
- ^Nesse, Agnete (2003).Slik ble vi bergensere – Hanseatene og bergensdialekten.Sigma Forlag.ISBN82-7916-028-0.
- ^"Bergen, City of Gastronomy – Havbyen Bergen".marin.bergen-chamber.no.Retrieved3 October2018.
- ^"Bergen – the black metal capital".Bergen International Festival. 4 May 2010. Archived fromthe originalon 16 January 2021.Retrieved21 November2020.
- ^"Gatekunstens hovedstad"(in Norwegian). Ba.no. 24 March 2010.Retrieved24 March2010.
- ^"Fikk Banksy-bilder som takk for overnatting"(in Norwegian). Dagbladet.no. Archived fromthe originalon 13 March 2017.Retrieved10 March2008.
- ^"Derfor valgte ikke DOLK Bergen"(in Norwegian). Ba.no. 8 September 2011.Retrieved18 September2011.
- ^"Populær Dolk selger så det suser"(in Norwegian). Bt.no. Archived fromthe originalon 19 December 2014.Retrieved8 April2011.
- ^"Forsvarer verning av graffiti"(in Norwegian). Ba.no. 26 June 2009.Retrieved26 June2009.
- ^"Bergenkommune.no – Graffiti og gatekunst i kulturbyen Bergen – Utredning og handlingsplan for perioden 2011–2015"(PDF)(in Norwegian). Bergen.kommune.no. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 21 July 2013.Retrieved10 May2011.
- ^Davidsen, Knut B. (7 December 2002)."Var madam Felle Jonnemann sin mor?"[Was Madam Felle Jonnemann's Mother?].Bergens Tidende(in Norwegian Bokmål). Bergen, Norway: Media Norge,Schibsted.Archived fromthe originalon 1 January 2014.Retrieved31 December2013.
- ^"Et liv uten filter".Archived fromthe originalon 6 March 2014.Retrieved14 December2015.
- ^"Frykter spredning av narkomiljøet".Archived fromthe originalon 20 September 2013.Retrieved14 December2015.
- ^"Æresborger av Newcastle".kongehuset.no. 14 November 2008.Retrieved8 February2010.
- ^"Hvor mange venner har vi?"(in Norwegian). Bergen Kommune. 17 July 2019.Retrieved14 January2023.
- ^"Partnerstädte"(in German). Rostock.Retrieved14 January2023.
Bibliography
[edit]External links
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png)
- Municipal fact sheetfromStatistics Norway(in Norwegian)
- Official website(in Norwegian)
- Official website(in English)
- Bergen
- Municipalities of Vestland
- Populated coastal places in Norway
- 1070 establishments in Europe
- Populated places established in the 11th century
- Port cities and towns in Norway
- Port cities and towns of the North Sea
- Former capitals of Norway
- Viking Age populated places
- Trading posts of the Hanseatic League
- 11th-century establishments in Norway