Deck (ship)

For other uses, seeDeck.

"Lower deck" redirects here. Not to be confused withStar Trek: Lower DecksorLower Decks (Star Trek: The Next Generation).

RMSOlympic's deck

The upper deck of theFalls of Clydeis iron; a centre strip is planked with wood as a sort of walkway. As is typical for a late-19th-century vessel, several deckhouses may be seen.

Adeckis a permanent covering over acompartmentor ahullof aship.On aboator ship, the primary or upper deck is the horizontal structure that forms the "roof" of the hull, strengthening it and serving as the primary working surface. Vessels often have more than one level both within the hull and in the superstructure above the primary deck, similar to the floors of a multi-storey building, that are also referred to as decks, as are certain compartments and decks built over specific areas of the superstructure. Decks for some purposes have specific names.

Structure

The main purpose of the upper or primary deck is structural, and only secondarily to provide weather-tightness and support people and equipment. The deck serves as the lid to the complex box girder which can be identified as the hull. It resiststension,compression,and racking forces. The deck'sscantlingis usually the same as thetopsides,or might be heavier if the deck is expected to carry heavier loads (for example acontainer ship). The deck will be reinforced around deck fittings such as thecapstan,cleats,orbollards.

Crew and passengers on the wraparound deck ofRMSQueen Mary2,anocean liner

On ships with more than one level, 'deck' refers to the level itself. The actual floor surface is called the sole; the term 'deck' refers to a structural member tying the ships frames or ribs together over the keel. In modern ships, the interior decks are usually numbered from the primary deck, which is #1, downward and upward. So the first deck below the primary deck will be #2, and the first above the primary deck will be #A2 or #S2 (for "above" or "superstructure" ). Some merchant ships may alternatively designate decks below the primary deck, usually machinery spaces, by numbers, and those above it, in the accommodation block, by letters. Ships may also call decks by common names, or (especially oncruise ships) may invent fanciful and romantic names for a specific deck or area of that specific ship, such as thelido deckof thePrincess Cruises'Love Boat.

Equipment mounted on deck, such as the ship's wheel,binnacle,fife rails,and so forth, may be collectively referred to as deck furniture. Weather decks in Western designs evolved from having structures fore (forward or front) andaft(rear) of the ship mostly clear; in the 19th century, pilothouses/wheelhouses anddeckhousesbegan to appear, eventually developing into the superstructure of modern ships. Eastern designs developed earlier, with efficient middle decks and minimalist fore and aft cabin structures across a range of designs.

Common names for decks

Weather deck of the Swedish 17th-century warshipVasalooking aft toward the sterncastle

Prince RegentPedro of Braganza(pointing) and others on the deck of the Brazilian frigateUniãoafter the failedAvilez Rebellion,1822

In vessels having more than one deck there are various naming conventions, numerically, Alpha betically, etc. However, there are also various common historical names and types of decks:

• 01 levelis the term used in naval services to refer to the deck above the main deck. The next higher decks are referred to as the 02 level, the 03 level, and so on. Although these are formally called decks, they are usually referred to as levels, because they are usually incomplete decks that do not extend all the way from thestemto thesternor across the ship.
• Afterdeckan open deck area toward the stern-aft.
• Berth deck:(naval) A deck next below the gun deck, where the hammocks of thecreware slung.
• Boat deck:Especially on ships withsponsons,the deck area where lifeboats or the ship'sgigare stored.
• Boiler deck:(river steamers) The passenger deck above the vessel'sboilers.
• Bridge deck:(a) The deck area including thehelmand navigation station, and where theOfficer of the Deck/Watchwill be found, also known as theconn.(b) Anathwartshipsstructure at the forward end of thecockpitwith a deck, often somewhat lower than the primary deck, to prevent apooping wave(a wave which comes over the stern and onto the deck) from entering through thecompanionway.May also refer to thedeckof abridge.
• Flight deck:(naval) A deck from which aircraft take off or land.
• Flush deck:Any continuous unbroken deck from stem to stern.
• Forecastle deck:A partial deck above the main deck under which the sailors have their berths, extending from the foremast to the bow.
• Freeboard deck:assigned by aclassification societyto determine the ship'sfreeboard;usually the highest continuous deck, i.e. equivalent to the main deck.
• Gun deck:(naval) on a multi-decked vessel, a deck below the upper deck where the ships' cannon were carried.The term originally referred to deck for which the primary function was the mounting of cannon to be fired in broadsides. However, on many smaller and unrated vessels the upper deck, forecastle and quarterdeck bore all of the cannons but were not referred to as the gun deck.
• Hangar deck:(naval) A deck aboard an aircraft carrier used to store and maintain aircraft.
• Half-deck:That portion of the deck next below the forecastle or quarterdeck which is between themainmastand thecabin.
• Helicopter deck(heli or helo deck): Usually located near the stern and always kept clear of obstacles hazardous to ahelicopterlanding.
• Hurricane deck:(river steamers, etc.) the upper deck, usually a light deck, erected above the frame of the hull (deriving its name from the wind that always seemed to blow on the deck).
• Lido deck:Open area, typically at or near the stern of a passenger ship, housing the main outdoor swimming pool and sunbathing area.
• Lower deck:(a) the deck immediately over the hold, originally only of a ship with two decks.(b) synonym for berth deck. (c) alternative name for a secondary gun deck.
• Main deck:The principal deck of a vessel; in some ships the highest deck of the hull, usually but not always the weather deck; in sailing warships often a deck under the upper deck.
• Middle or waist deck:The upper deck amidships, the working area of the deck.
• Orlop deck:The deck or part of a deck where thecablesare stowed, usually below thewaterline.It is the lowest deck in a ship.
• Poop deck:The deck forming the roof of a poop or poop cabin, built on the upper deck and extending from themizzenmastaft.
• Promenade deck:A "wrap-around porch" found on passenger ships andriverboatsencircling the superstructure. This can have open railings or be enclosed in glass, or a combination. Often the entire level where this is located is referred to as the promenade deck.
• Quarterdeck:(a) The part of the upper deckabaftthe mainmast, including the poop deck when there is one. Usually reserved for ship's officers, guests, and passengers. (b) (naval) The shipboard area, connected by a gangplank to a dock or another ship, where personnel arrive and depart a naval vessel in port. It is where the Officer of the Deck and his assistants are stationed, official visitors received, and personnel arrival/departure ceremonies conducted. In the event of multiple gangplanks, only one will lead to the official Quarterdeck; the others will be manned by Junior OODs or a Petty Officer of the Watch. The Quarterdeck also functions as an administrative point in port, where the ship's log is maintained, announcements are made via an electronic public address system (called the "1MC"on American navy and coast guard ships, and the"Tannoy"on others), the ship's bell rung, etc. (c) (naval) Some ships have a space named "quarterdeck", usually amidships, that normally, but situationally may not, be used for that purpose.
• Shelter deck:A lightly constructed deck over the main deck of a ship covering a space open to the weather; offering some protection from the weather but not completely enclosed.
• Side-deck:The upper deck outboard of any structures such as a coachroof or doghouse, also called abreezeway.
• Spar deck:In larger vessels during theage of sail,sparesparscould be roped together to provide a temporary surface known as a "spar deck". These served as jury-rigged repairs for permanent decks, or as an additional platform under which to shelter goods or crew. The term was also informally applied to areas of theforecastleorquarterdeckwhere spare spars were stored by laying them flat against the existing decking. In the modern era the term has been used to describe the uppermost deck onflush deckedvessels.OnGreat Lakes bulk freightersthis is the term used for the deck over the cargo holds.
• Steerage:The lower deck of a ship, where the cargo is stored above the closed hold. In the late 19th and early 20th century, steamship steerage decks were used to provide the lowest cost and lowest class of travel.

  

  The sun deck ofMSMariella.

• Sundeck:A deck onboard passenger watercraft used for suntanning.
• Sweep deck:(naval) The aftmost deck on aminesweeper,set close to the waterline for ease in launch and recovery of equipment.
• Topgallant forecastle deck:Any raised deck occurring above the forecastle deck (see above).
• Tween deck:the storage space between the hold and the main deck, often retractable.
• Upper deck:The highest deck of the hull, extending fromstemtostern.
• Vehicle deck:(naval) aboard amphibious assault ships the deck or decks used to carry vehicles, aboard civilian ferries and other commercial vessels a deck used for a similar purpose.
• Weather deck:(a) Any deck exposed to the outside.(b) Thewindwardside-decks.
• Well deck:(a) An exposed deck (weather deck) lower than decks fore and aft.In particular it is one enclosed by bulwarks limiting flow of water and thus drainage.(b) (modern naval) A hangar-like deck located at thewaterlinein the stern of some amphibious assault ships, also known as awell dock.By taking on water the ship can lower the stern, flooding the well deck and allowing boats andlanding craftto dock within the ship.

Construction

Methods in wood

A traditionalwooddeck would consist of planks laidfore and aftoverbeamsand alongcarlins,the seams of which arecaulkedandpaidwithtar.A yacht or other fancy boat might then have the deck canvased, with thefabriclaid down in a thick layer ofpaintor sealant, and additional coats painted over. The wash or apron boards form the joint between the deck planking and that of the topsides, and are caulked similarly.

Modern "constructed decks" are used primarily onfiberglass,composite, and cold-molded hulls. The under structure of beams and carlins is the same as above. The decking itself is usually multiple layers of marine-gradeplywood,covered over with layers of fibreglass in a plastic resin such asepoxyorpolyesteroverlapped onto thetopsidesof the hull.

Methods in metal

Generally speaking, the method outlined for "constructed decks" is most similar tometaldecks. The deckplatingis laid over metalbeamsand carlins and tacked temporarily in place. The difficulty in metal construction is avoiding distortion of the plate whileweldingdue to the highheatinvolved in the process. Welds are usually double pass, meaning each seam is welded twice, a time-consuming process which may take longer than building the wood deck. However, welds result in a waterproof deck which is strong and easily repairable. The deck structure is welded to the hull, making it structurally a single unit.

Because a metal deck, painted to reducecorrosion,can pick up heat from thesun,and be quite slippery and noisy to work on, a layer of wood decking or thicknon-skidpaint is often applied to its surface.

Methods in fiberglass

The process for building a deck in fiberglass is the same as for building a hull: a female mould is built, a layer ofgel coatis sprayed in, then layers of fiberglass in resin are built up to the required deck thickness (if the deck has acore,the outer skin layers of fiberglass and resin are laid, then the core material, and finally the inner skin layers). The deck is removed from the mould and usually mechanically fastened to the hull.

Fiberglass decks are quite slick with their mirror-smooth surfaces, so a non-skid texture is often moulded into their surface, or non-skid pads glued down in working areas.

Rules of thumb to determine the deck scantlings

The thickness of the decking affects how strong the hull is, and is directly related to how thick the skin of the hull itself is, which is of course related to how large the vessel is, the kind of work it is expected to do, and the kind of weather it may reasonably be expected to endure. While a naval engineer or architect may have precise methods of determining what the scantlings should be, traditional builders used previous experiences and simpler rules-of-thumb to determine how thick the deck should be built.

The numbers derived by these formulae gives a rough number for determining the average thickness of materials based on some crude hull measurements. Below the waterline the thickness should be approximately 115% of the result, while upper topsides and decks might be reduced to 85% of the result.

• In wood – For plank thickness in inches, LOA (Length OverAll) and Beam are measured in feet. For plank thickness in mm, LOA and beam are measured in meters.
  • Plank thickness in inches${\textstyle {}={{\sqrt {\text{LOA}}}+{\text{beam}} \over 16}}$
  • Plank thickness in mm${\textstyle {}=\left[{\sqrt {{\text{LOA}}\cdot 3.28}}+({\text{beam}}\cdot 3.28)\cdot 1.58\right]}$
• In fiberglass – For skin thickness in inches, LWL (Length WaterLine) is in feet. For skin thickness in mm, LWL is in meters.
  • Skin thickness (inches)${\textstyle {}=0.07+{{\text{LWL}} \over 150}}$
  • Skin thickness (mm)${\textstyle {}=1.8+{{\text{LWL}} \over 1.8}}$
• In fiberglass sandwich – First determine the skin thickness as single skin, then multiply by modifiers for inner skin, outer skin, and core thicknesses. Cored decks might be modified even thicker, 2.6–2.7, to increase stiffness.
  • Inner skin modifier = 0.3
  • Outer skin modifier = 0.4
  • Core modifier = 2.2

– Source:

External links

• The history of the deck in old North European ships and languagesArchived2016-04-09 at theWayback Machine
• Equipment on forecastle deck of ship.