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This article is about the Indian-British music producer. For the Palestinian village in the West Bank, seeBiddu, Jerusalem.

Biddu
Birth nameBiddu Appaiah
Born(1945-02-08)8 February 1945(age 79)
Bangalore, Karnataka,India
Genres
Occupation(s)Singer, songwriter, producer
Years active1960s–present

Biddu Appaiah(born 8 February 1945)[1]is aBritish-Indiansinger-songwriter, composer, and music producer who composed and produced many worldwide hit records during a career spanning five decades.[2][3]Considered one of the pioneers ofdisco,[3][4]Euro disco,[1]andIndian pop,[2][5]he has sold millions of records worldwide,[3]and has received anIvor Novelloaward for his work.[3]He has been ranked at number 34 onNME's "The 50 Greatest Producers Ever" list.[6]

Biddu was born inBangalore,Karnataka, India. He began his music career in the 1960s, singing as part of a music band in India before moving to England where he would start his career as a producer.[1]He eventually found some success producing a hit song for Japanese bandThe Tigersin 1969,[7]scoring the soundtrack for 1972 British filmEmbassy,[8]and producing several early disco songs that would find a niche audience inBritishnorthern soulclubs during the early 1970s.[3]

His international breakthrough came in 1974 with "Kung Fu Fighting"performed byCarl Douglas;the song became one of thebest-selling singlesof all time with eleven million records sold, helped popularise disco music,[3][7]was the first worldwide disco hit from Britain[8]and Europe,[1]and established Biddu as one of the most prolificdance musicproducers from outside the United States at the time.[3]He soon began producing his own instrumental albums under the name Biddu Orchestra, which started an orchestral disco trend in Britain and Europe with 1975 hits "Summer of '42" and "Blue Eyed Soul";[1][8]his solo albums eventually sold 40 million copies worldwide.[3]He also launched the careers of other British disco stars such asTina Charles,[3]helping her sell 36 million records within a few years,[9]andJimmy James;[8]scored soundtracks for several British films such asThe Stud(1978);[1]and produced a hit song for the French singerClaude François.[10]Biddu also experimented withelectronic disco[10]andHi-NRGmusic[11][12]from the mid-1970s, and influenced Britishnew wavebands such asThe Buggles,founded by two of his former session musiciansTrevor HornandGeoff Downes.[13][14]

Following the decline of disco in the Western world, he later found success in Asia during the 1980s, where he launched the careers of the latePakistani popsingerNazia Hassanand her brotherZoheb;he produced their debut albumDisco Deewane,which charted in fourteen countries and became the best-selling Asian pop album up until that time,[5]and helped the duo eventually sell 60 million records worldwide.[15]During that decade, he also produced several hitBollywood soundtracksfor films such asQurbani(1980)[16]as well as several hit songs forJapanese popidolAkina Nakamori[17][18]andChinese popsingerSamantha Lam( lâm chí mỹ ).[19]In the 1990s, he popularisedIndian popwith the hit albumMade in India(1995), which became the best-selling pop album in India and launched the career ofAlisha Chinai,after which he would launch the careers of several more Indian pop acts such asShaanand his sisterSagarikaas well asSonu NigamandK.S. Chithra.[2][5]In the 2000s, Biddu has been active in theWesternandIndian musicscenes producing albums which are morespiritualandEastern-oriented.[3][7]He rearranged a classical hit forLuke Kenny's film,Rise of the Zombie.[20]

Early years and career

[edit]

Biddu's family originally hailed fromKodaguin theKarnatakastate ofIndia,but he was born and grew up in the city ofBangalore,where he attended theBishop Cotton Boys' School.[1]He carries the clan name of Chendrimada. In the 1960s, as a youth, he developed a liking for the then new pop and rock music, as he said in a media interview, listening to pop hits played on the shortwave radio band ofRadio Ceylonof Ceylon (Sri Lanka), which was then popular throughout Asia. He learnt to play the guitar and in his late teens and early twenties he frequented the clubs and bars ofBangalore,and soon started a music band called 'Trojans' with a few friends, includingKen Gnanakan,who later went on to start an NGO called "ACTS". The band was India's first English-speaking band,[7]and found success playing cover versions ofThe Beatles,[8]The Rolling Stones,[5]Trini Lopezand hits of other Western stars of the day, in the clubs ofBangaloreand also other Indian cities, such asCalcuttaandBombay.The band, however, split sinceKen Gnanakanwanted to pursue higher studies, leaving Biddu alone as the sole member of the band. He played under the name 'Lone Trojan' and was popular as an act at a night club called "Venice" inBombay.

Biddu held an interest for bigger things in popular music, and in 1967 left for England. He traveled through the Middle East, earning money by singing catchy numbers and playing the guitar. Biddu arrived in England at the age of 23, a few months after leaving India. About his arrival in England, he said in an interview to theBBC:"I didn't really know too much about England or anything – I'd just come here on the chance of meeting the Beatles and doing some music. Everything that I did had this danceable flavour". Within a few months of his arrival, he had met The Beatles, but expressed disappointment that "Lennon was dressed so badly."

In England, he supported himself doing odd jobs and also working as a chef in the American Embassy. His attempts at becoming a singer in England were unsuccessful and, according to Biddu, "as an Indian in those days they were happier to hire me as an accountant than as a singer". He eventually gave up on his ambition to become a singer and instead decided to produce his own records rather than working for a record company.[2]He saved a few pounds before he decided to rent studio time and record several singles, none of which received any airplay from UK radio stations.[3]

Biddu's first major success was in 1969, when he produced the song "Smile for Me",performed byThe Tigers,who were Japan's most famous band at the time, and written byBarryandMaurice Gibbof theBee Gees.Since the band did not speak English, Biddu had to show them how to sing the English lyricsphonetically.Following its release that year, the song topped the chart in Japan.[7]His success abroad in Japan would later pave the way for his later success back in Britain.[2]

Euro disco scene (1970s)

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During the early 1970s, Biddu produced several early disco songs that, despite receiving no airplay on radio, began gaining some underground success in UKnorthern soulclubs, in places likeWiganandBlackpool,which were more receptive to Biddu's early disco sounds due to northern soul being a forerunner to disco.[3]The Biddu sound incorporated "solid playing by a hard rhythm section and fast swirling Northern soul–style melodies" and resembled the disco sound that had appeared independently in New York at around the same time.[8]

In 1971, he wrote the title track for theJack WildalbumEverything's Coming Up Roses,[21]which was released as a single backed with "Bring Yourself Back to Me", written by Don Gould andLynsey De Paul.[22]The single earned positive reviews, withBillboardawarding it Special Merit Spotlight status[23]and it reached number 107 on theBillboardBubbling Under Chart.[24]In 1972, Biddu scored music for the UK spy thrillerEmbassy.Around this time, he also started working with UK-based Jamaican-born musicianCarl Douglason a 45 (rpm record) single "I Want to Give You My Everything". While this song was intended for theA side,they cut a song for the B side, "Kung Fu Fighting",in only 10 minutes. Later, at the insistence of A&R atPye Records,"Kung Fu Fighting" was put on the A-side. Soon after release in 1974, "Kung Fu Fighting" became a worldwide hit, ultimately selling eleven million copies worldwide.[3]In 1974, it received aGold certification,.[25]Shortly after, Biddu also produced Carl Douglas' debut albumKung Fu Fighting and Other Great Love Songs,which produced another major hit, "Dance The Kung Fu". He soon established himself as one of the key figures inBritain's souland disco scenes during the 1970s, working with a variety of British soul and disco artists, includingTina Charles,The Outriders, andJimmy James.[26]

In 1975, Biddu recorded and released the instrumental LP,Blue Eyed Soul,and the album's first single, "Summer of '42", climbed to No. 14 on theUK Singles Chart,spending two months there and then had similar success in the US, topping theDance Music/Club Play Singleschart and reached No. 57 on theBillboardHot 100.Another single, "Jump for Joy", also topped theDance Music/Club Play Singleschart in the US while reaching No. 72 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1976.[27]In theBillboard Year-Endchart, "Jump For Joy" was ranked No. 21 on the list.[28]Also in 1975, he produced the albumCan You Hear Me Ok?and single "I Got My Lady" forJohn Howard.[29]Around the same time, a friend introduced Biddu toTina Charles,a singer who had had some success singing lead vocals for the group5000 Volts.The first single they worked together, "You Set My Heart on Fire", clinched a recording deal with CBS. In 1976, the second single "I Love to Love (But My Baby Loves to Dance)"was a major hit worldwide." I Love to Love "and the subsequent hit" Dance Little Lady Dance "sold millions of copies around the world,[vague]giving Tina Charles a worldwide audience and fame, launching her solo career and firmly establishing Biddu.

In 1976, Biddu produced his ownRain ForestLP, followed byEastern Manin 1977, both credited to Biddu & His Orchestra. His albumRain Forestearned him fourIvor Novello Awards,[3]including the "Songwriter of the Year" award.[30]Around this same time, he began experimenting withelectronic musicin some of his disco songs,[10][31]making use ofelectronic musical instrumentssuch askeyboardsand synthesizers.[32][33]Some of his early examples ofelectronic discoinclude the earlyboogie1976 single "Bionic Boogie";[34]the 1977 "Soul Coa xing" single;[35]theEastern ManandFuturistic Journeyalbums,[33][36]which were recorded from 1976 to 1977;[37]and the 1979 "Phantasm" single.[38]He also began experimenting with high-tempoHi-NRGdisco music, with early examples including some of the songs in his 1976 Tina Charles albumsI Love to LoveandDance Little Lady,[11][12]as well as his disco singles such as "Voodoo Man" (1979) which had atempoof 130beats per minute.[39]His backing tracks also had a strong influence on the Britishnew wavebandThe Buggles,founded by two of Biddu's former session musicians,Trevor HornandGeoff Downes,who are most famous for writing the hit song "Video Killed the Radio Star"in 1979.[13][14]

In 1977, he worked on theLifealbum for the veteran Jamaican-born soul singerJimmy James,which put out two chart hits "I'll Go Where Your Music Takes Me"and" Disco Fever ". In early 1978, Biddu's own" Journey to the Moon "was a hit, peaking at No. 41 in the UK. That same year, he scored the music for the English filmThe Stud,starringJoan Collins;[40]the film's soundtrack was successful on theUK Albums Chart,where it reached No. 2.[41]He also produced the soundtrack for its sequel,The Bitch,in 1979.[3]During the late 1970s, Biddu also had a hit in France withClaude François,for whom he produced the song "Laisse Une Chance A Notre Amour", a re-working of Jimmy James' UK hit song, "Now Is the Time".

Biddu worked with various musicians including some players from Manchester and Liverpool who had worked on sessions with Tina Charles until the late 1970s, after which disco music slowly began to wane asfunk,new wave andelectronic musicbegan taking centre-stage in Western popular music, taking with it Biddu's established place in the Western music scene, despite his early attempts at producing electronicsynthpopmusic, such as his 1980 song "Small Talk" for Amy.[42]

Success in Asia (1980s)

[edit]

In the late 1970s, Western disco was getting popular in Asia and particularly inIndia,where there were not yet any home-bred disco stars. It was this reason that led establishedIndian filmmakerand actorFeroz Khanto England and to Biddu, in 1979. Khan wanted to introduce a catchy song in his upcomingHindi film,Qurbani,in which the main score of the film was by the Indian music duo,Kalyanji Anandji.Biddu initially was not interested in composing a Hindi film song, but later took it up as he would say years later, "I thought it would keep my mum happy (back home in India)". About the same time Khan happened to come across 15-year-oldNazia Hassanat a party in London. Khan later requested Hassan have an audition with Biddu. Biddu later signed her up for the song he was composing forQurbani.[16]

It did not take a long time for Biddu to compose "Aap Jaisa Koi"forQurbani.[16]The tune and composition he used for "Aap Jaisa Koi" was similar to several of his earlier songs, particularly the 1976Tina Charleshit "Dance Little Lady Dance". As the girl,Nazia Hassan,had anasal voice,Biddu decided to backtrack it for anechoeffect. The song which was recorded in London, was the first Hindi song to be recorded on 24 tracks. In 1980,Qurbaniran to packed houses in India, largely on the weight of "Aap Jaisa Koi" and another number "Laila O Laila". Nazia Hassan became a teenage sensation. "Aap Jaisa Koi" was a hit across the Indian subcontinent.[16]

Riding on the popularity of the song and the film, Biddu decided to sign Nazia Hassan and her brother Zoheb Hassan up for an Urdu pop album, something hitherto not tried in India. Biddu modeled them on the then-popular American brother-sister duo,The Carpenters.Biddu composed a few catchy numbers for Nazia and Zoheb for the albumDisco Deewane.In 1981, the album was a hit across Asia, South Africa, and some countries in South America (particularly Brazil where it topped the chart), charting in 14 countries. The album became the best-sellingAsian popalbum up until that time.[5]The 15-year-old teenagePakistani singerNazia Hassan became a household name across South Asia.Disco Deewanewas followed by the production of three more heavy hitters with Nazia and Zoheb;Star/Boom Boomin 1982 (the number "Boom Boom" from the album and filmStarwas a hit), then the albumYoung Tarang1984two years later, before winding up again with the duo in 1987 withHotline.The duo went on to sell 60 million records worldwide.[15]

Beyond Southern Asia, he also had some success in another part of Asia, the Far East. After having previously had a chart-topping hit in Japan withThe Tigersin 1969,[7]he returned there to work with the popularJapanese idolandJ-popsingerAkina Nakamori,for whom he produced "Don't Tell Me This is Love" in 1985.[43]It was included in her 1985 albumMy Best Thanks,which topped the Japanese chart and sold around 300,000 copies.[43]He produced several more hit songs for Akina Nakamori, including the 1987 songs "The Look That Kills" and "BLONDE",[18][44]which became chart-topping hits in Japan.[17]"BLONDE" in particular sold over 300,000 copies in Japan that year.[45]He also worked in Hong Kong, where he produced and composed the song "Thương tâm rạp hát" ( "Sad Theater" ) forC-popsingerSamantha Lamin 1988.[19]In thePhilippines,the song "Chic-Chica-Chic-Chica-Chic" from his hit 1976 albumRainforestwas used as the main theme of the popular 1980s sitcomChicks to Chicks.In the late 1980s, he returned to the UK music scene withhouse musicrecords such as "Humanity" (1989).[46]

Indian pop scene (1990s)

[edit]

Having spent nearly a decade with the Nazia-Zoheb pair, Biddu next turned his attention to Hindi vocalistShweta Shetty,both writing and producing theJohnny Jokeralbum in 1993. Then in 1995, came another album, composed and produced by Biddu.Made in India– a dance album for the Hindi pop/film playback singerAlisha Chinai.The album became the best selling Hindi dance album and featured a handful of Western styled videos – a selling point for India's newly launched MTV channel. It topped the Indian chart, where it remained for over a year, and sold over five million copies in India.[47]

In 1996, Biddu made a brother-sister duo popular again withShaan(Shantanu Mukherjee) andSagarika Mukherjee(Saag), producing theNaujawanalbum. Biddu spent the rest of the 1990s working with a variety of musicians, including the Indian girl-group The Models, South Indian SingerK.S. Chithra,andSonu Nigam,as well as continuing his collaboration withAlisha Chinaion herDil Ki Ranialbum. Into the new millennium, he produced two hit albums with Sansara,Yeh Dil Sun Raha HaiandHabibi.

His own 1999 album,Eastern Journey,was an experiment which blended Indian pop with Western flair and strong, jazz elements.[citation needed]

Biddu also worked withJunaid Jamshed.Both of them worked in London and produced an album under the composition and lyrics of Shoib Mansoor Sahab.

Experiments in fusion (2000s)

[edit]

In 2004, Biddu re-emerged with the albumDiamond Sutra.

Biddu now lives in Spain with his English wife of 39 years, Sue, and two grown-up children. He started a publishing house called SueBiddu Music, which administers music for artists, wrote an autobiography calledMade in Indiaat the insistence of his wife, and has returned to live performances as a singer.[2]In 2010, Biddu won an "Outstanding Achievement" award at theUK Asian Music Awards(UK AMAs),[48]and he was also awarded the "Lifetime Achievement Award" at the JD Rock Awards in India that same year.[17]

Discography

[edit]

The following is a selecteddiscographyof albums, singles and soundtracks he has produced or composed.[10][27] Biddu has also given music forJunaid Jamshed.

Producer and writer

[edit]

Albums

[edit]

Singles

[edit]
  • The Tigers– "Smile for Me" (1969)
  • The Showstoppers– "Action Speaks Louder Than Words" (1971)
  • Jack Wild– "(Holy Moses!) Everything's Coming Up Roses" (1971)
  • Carl Douglas – "Ain't No Use" (1972)
  • Jimmy James – "A Man Like Me" (1972)
  • The Flirtations– "Love A Little Longer" (1972)
  • Mac and Katie Kissoon– "Beautiful World Out There" (1973)
  • The Black Knights– "Billy Gunn" (1973)
  • The Playthings – "Stop What You're Doing" (1973)
  • Carl Douglas – "Kung Fu Fighting"(1974)
  • The Pearls – "Doctor Love" (1974)
  • The Playthings – "Surrounded by a Ray of Sunshine" (1974)
  • Tina Charles – "One Broken Heart For Sale" (1974)
  • Carl Douglas – "Blue Eyed Soul" (1975)
  • Jimmy James – "You Don't Stand a Chance (If You Can't Dance)" (1975)
  • John Howard – "I Got My Lady" (1975)
  • Tina Charles – "You Set My Heart on Fire" (1975)
  • Biddu – "Groovy Kind of Love"(1976)
  • Jimmy James – "Now Is the Time"(1976)
  • Tina Charles – "Dance Little Lady Dance" (1976)
  • Tina Charles – "I Love to Love (But My Baby Loves to Dance)"(1976)
  • Tina Charles – "Love Me Like A Lover" (1976)
  • Claude François– "Laisse Une Chance A Notre Amour" (1977)
  • The Real Thing– "Let's Go Disco" (1978)
  • Captain Zorro – "Phantasm" (1979)
  • Amy – "Small Talk" (1980)
  • Akina Nakamori– "Don't Tell Me This is Love" (1985)
  • Agnes Chiang( Tưởng lệ bình ) – "No. 55" (1985)
  • Akina Nakamori – "The Look That Kills" (1987)
  • Akina Nakamori – "Blonde" (1987)
  • Samantha Lam– "Thương tâm rạp hát" ( "Sad Theater" ) (1988)
  • Caron – "You'll Always Have A Friend" (1992)
  • Nazia Hassan – "Boom Boom: The Biddu Experience '95" (1995)
  • Bus Stop– "Kung Fu Fighting" (1998)
  • Brighouse and Rastrick Brass Band– "I'll Go Where Your Music Takes Me"(1999)

Biddu Orchestra

[edit]

Albums

[edit]
  • Blue Eyed Soul(1975)
  • Rain Forest(1976)
  • Funky Tropical(1977)
  • Journey to the Moon(1977)
  • Soul Coa xing / Nirvana(1977)
  • Journey to the Moon / Journey in the Rain(1977)
  • Eastern Man(1977)
  • The Best of Biddu(1978)
  • Disco Gold(1978)
  • Futuristic Journey(1978)
  • Dance of Shiva(1985)
  • Diamond Sutra(2004)

Singles

[edit]

Released on the Epic label (EPC3318) Composer: M. Legrand Produced by Biddu for Subiddu Music and Productions Ltd. "B" side: "Northern Dancer" Composer: Biddu-Gerry Shury-McDonald-Rae

  • "Jump for Joy" (1975)
  • "Rain Forest" (1976)

Released on the Epic label (EPC4084) Composer: Biddu Produced by Biddu for Subiddu Music Ltd. "B" side: "Exodus" Composer: E. Gold

Movie soundtracks

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^abcdefgShapiro, Peter (2006).Turn the Beat Around: The Secret History of Disco.Macmillan Publishers.p. 55.ISBN0-86547-952-6.Retrieved7 June2011.
  2. ^abcdefRachana Nakra (4 February 2010)."Pop of the charts: The man behind 'Disco Deewane' and 'Made in India' bares it all in an autobiography".Mint.The Wall Street Journal.Retrieved30 May2011.
  3. ^abcdefghijklmnoJames Ellis."Biddu".Metro.co.uk.Metro.Archived fromthe originalon 2 September 2011.Retrieved17 April2011.
  4. ^The Listener, Volumes 100–101.BBC. 1978. p. 216.Retrieved21 June2011.Tony Palmer knocked off a film account of someone called Biddu (LWT), who appears to have been mad enough to invent disco music.
  5. ^abcdeSangita Gopal & Sujata Moorti (2008).Global Bollywood: travels of Hindi song and dance.University of Minnesota Press.p. 99.ISBN978-0-8166-4579-4.Retrieved7 June2011.
  6. ^"34. Biddu".NME.The 50 Greatest Producers Ever. 2012. p. 2.Retrieved28 August2012.
  7. ^abcdefMalika Browne (20 August 2004)."It's a big step from disco to Sanskrit chants, but Biddu has made it".The Sunday Times.Retrieved30 May2011.
  8. ^abcdefAlan Jones & Jussi Kantonen (2000).Saturday night forever: the story of disco.A Cappella Books.ISBN1-55652-411-0.Retrieved7 June2011.
  9. ^"About".Tina Charles official site.Retrieved5 July2011.
  10. ^abcdBiddudiscography atDiscogs
  11. ^abI Love to Love: Tina CharlesatAllMusic
  12. ^abDance Little Lady: Tina CharlesatAllMusic
  13. ^abHanson, Amy."Tina Charles".VH1.Archived fromthe originalon 21 June 2004.Retrieved21 June2011.
  14. ^abWarner, Timothy (2003).Pop music: technology and creativity.Ashgate Publishing.p. 155.ISBN0-7546-3132-X.Retrieved21 June2011.
  15. ^abPTI (18 November 2005)."NRI TV presenter gets Nazia Hassan Award".The Times of India.Archived fromthe originalon 8 March 2012.Retrieved4 March2011.
  16. ^abcdSangita Gopal & Sujata Moorti (2008).Global Bollywood: travels of Hindi song and dance.University of Minnesota Press.pp. 98–9.ISBN978-0-8166-4579-4.Retrieved7 June2011.
  17. ^abcSutar, Chirag (2 February 2010)."J D Rock Awards '10 to honour Biddu with Lifetime Achievement award".Radioandmusic.Archivedfrom the original on 6 June 2011.Retrieved27 June2011.
  18. ^ab"Trung sâm minh đồ ăn の ca từ một lãm リスト".Uta-Net.Retrieved26 June2011.(Translation[permanent dead link])
  19. ^ab"Thương tâm rạp hát".Yahoo! Music.Archived fromthe originalon 13 March 2012.Retrieved26 June2011.(Translation[permanent dead link])
  20. ^"Legendary Biddu to rearrange classic hit for Luke Kenny's movie | Editorial-News".Radioandmusic.14 January 2010.Retrieved3 May2012.
  21. ^"Jack Wild – Everything's Coming Up Roses".Discogs.Retrieved11 November2017.
  22. ^"Jack Wild – (Holy Moses!) Everything's Coming Up Roses".45cat.Retrieved11 November2017.
  23. ^Billboard,3 July 1971
  24. ^Billboard,28 August 1971
  25. ^"Biddu Appaiah, Music Producer, Producer".LyricsData.in.2 February 2020.
  26. ^"Biddu: Futuristic Journey & Eastern Man".Dutton Vocalion.Archived fromthe originalon 28 September 2011.Retrieved8 July2011.
  27. ^abBidduatAllMusic.Retrieved 30 May 2011.
  28. ^"Year End 1976",Billboard,vol. 88, no. 52, p. 87, 25 December 1976,ISSN0006-2510,retrieved9 July2011
  29. ^"John Howard – Can You Hear Me Ok? CD".CD Universe.Retrieved8 July2011.
  30. ^"PRS/Novello Awards Shared By Intl Artists",Billboard,p. 68, 28 May 1977,retrieved21 June2011
  31. ^Biddu Orchestradiscography atDiscogs
  32. ^Kvetko, Peter (2004)."Can the Indian Tune Go Global?".TDR.48(4).MIT Press:183–191.doi:10.1162/1054204042441964.ISSN1531-4715.S2CID57571597.Retrieved24 June2011.
  33. ^ab"Futuristic Journey And Eastern Man CD".CD Universe.Retrieved7 July2011.
  34. ^Biddu Orchestra – Bionic BoogieatDiscogs
  35. ^Biddu Orchestra – Soul Coa xingatDiscogs
  36. ^Biddu Orchestra – Futuristic JourneyatDiscogs(list of releases)
  37. ^Futuristic Journey and Eastern ManatAllMusic
  38. ^Captain Zorro – Phantasm ThemeatDiscogs
  39. ^Biddu Orchestra – Voodoo ManatDiscogs
  40. ^Shapiro, Peter (2006).Turn the Beat Around: The Secret History of Disco.Macmillan Publishers.p. 56.ISBN0-86547-952-6.Retrieved7 June2011.
  41. ^"Week ending 27-05-1978".Official Charts Company.Retrieved16 August2011.
  42. ^Amy (19) – Small TalkatDiscogs
  43. ^ab"My Best Thanks".Akina Nakamori Fun Site.Retrieved26 June2011.
  44. ^"Akina".Akina Nakamori Fun Site.Retrieved26 June2011.
  45. ^"Single, 1982 – 1991".Akina Nakamori Fun Site.Retrieved30 June2011.
  46. ^"Biddu Orchestra – Humanity".Discogs.Retrieved10 July2012.
  47. ^Jeffries, Stan (2003).Encyclopedia of world pop music, 1980–2001.Greenwood Press.p.35.ISBN0-313-31547-7.Retrieved24 June2011.
  48. ^"BBC – Asian Network – BBC Asian Network AMA 2010 – Winners".bbc.co.uk.Archivedfrom the original on 7 August 2010.Retrieved24 August2010.
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