Biometric passport
Abiometric passport(also known as anelectronic passport,e-passportor adigital passport) is a traditionalpassportthat has an embedded electronicmicroprocessorchip, which containsbiometricinformation that can be used to authenticate the identity of the passport holder. It usescontactless smart cardtechnology, including a microprocessor chip (computer chip) and antenna (for both power to the chip and communication) embedded in the front or back cover, or centre page, of the passport. The passport's critical information is printed on the data page of the passport, repeated on themachine readable linesand stored in the chip.Public key infrastructure(PKI) is used to authenticate the data stored electronically in the passport chip, supposedly making it expensive and difficult to forge when all security mechanisms are fully and correctly implemented.
Most countries are issuing biometric passports to their citizens.Malaysiawas the first country to issuebiometric passportsin 1998.[1]By the end of 2008, 60 countries were issuing such passports,[2]which increased to over 150 by mid-2019.[3]
The currently standardised biometrics used for this type of identification system arefacial recognition,fingerprint recognition,andiris recognition.These were adopted after assessment of several different kinds of biometrics includingretinal scan.Document and chip characteristics are documented in theInternational Civil Aviation Organization's (ICAO) Doc 9303 (ICAO 9303).[4]The ICAO defines the biometric file formats and communication protocols to be used in passports. Only the digital image (usually inJPEGorJPEG 2000format) of each biometric feature is actually stored in the chip. The comparison of biometric features is performed outside the passport chip by electronic border control systems (e-borders). To store biometric data on the contactless chip, it includes a minimum of 32 kilobytes ofEEPROMstorage memory, and runs on an interface in accordance with theISO/IEC 14443international standard, amongst others. These standards intend interoperability between different countries and different manufacturers of passport books.
Somenational identity cards,such as those fromAlbania,Brazil,theNetherlands,andSaudi Arabiaare fully ICAO 9303 compliant biometrictravel documents.However others, such as theUnited States passport card,are not.[5]
Data protection
[edit]This sectionneeds additional citations forverification.(September 2022) |
Biometric passports have protection mechanisms to avoid and/or detect attacks:
- Non-traceable chip characteristics
- Random chip identifiers reply to each request with a different chip number. This prevents tracing of passport chips. Using random identification numbers is optional.
- Basic Access Control(BAC)
- BAC protects the communication channel between the chip and the reader by encrypting transmitted information. Before data can be read from a chip, the reader needs to provide a key which is derived from theMachine Readable Zone:the date of birth, the date of expiry and the document number. If BAC is used, an attacker cannot (easily) eavesdrop transferred information without knowing the correct key. Using BAC is optional.
- Passive Authentication (PA)
- PA is aimed at identifying modification of passport chip data. The chip contains a file, Document Security Object (SOD), that storeshash valuesof all files stored in the chip (picture, fingerprint, etc.) and adigital signatureof these hashes. The digital signature is made using a document signing key which itself is signed by a country signing key. If a file in the chip (e.g., the picture) is changed, this can be detected since the hash value is incorrect. Readers need access to all used public country keys to check whether the digital signature is generated by a trusted country. Using PA is mandatory.[6]As of January 2017, 55 of over 60 e-passport-issuing countries belong to the PKD program.[7]
- Active Authentication (AA)
- AA prevents cloning of passport chips. The chip contains a private key that cannot be read or copied, but its existence can easily be proven. Using AA is optional.
- Extended Access Control(EAC)
- EAC adds functionality to check the authenticity of both the chip (chip authentication) and the reader (terminal authentication). Furthermore, it uses stronger encryption than BAC. EAC is typically used to protect fingerprints and iris scans. Using EAC is optional. In theEuropean Union,using EAC is mandatory for all documents issued starting 28 June 2009.[citation needed]
- Supplemental Access Control(SAC)
- SAC was introduced by ICAO in 2009 for addressingBACweaknesses. It was introduced as a supplement to BAC (for keeping compatibility), but will replace it in the future.
- Shielding the chip
- This prevents unauthorised reading. Some countries – including at least theUS– have integrated a very thin metal mesh into the passport's cover to act as ashieldwhen the passport cover is closed.[8]The use of shielding is optional.
To assure interoperability and functionality of the security mechanisms listed above, ICAO andGermanFederal Office for Information Security(BSI) have specified several test cases. These test specifications are updated with every new protocol and are covering details starting from the paper used and ending in the chip that is included.[9]
Attacks
[edit]Since the introduction of biometric passports, several attacks have been presented and demonstrated.
- Non-traceable chip characteristics
- In 2008, a Radboud/Lausitz University team demonstrated that it is possible to determine which country a passport chip is from without knowing the key required for reading it.[10]The team fingerprinted error messages of passport chips from different countries. The resulting lookup table allows an attacker to determine from where a chip originated. In 2010, Tom Chothia and Vitaliy Smirnov documented an attack that allows an individual passport to be traced,[11][12]by sending specific BAC authentication requests. In 2016, Avoine et al. published a survey on security and privacy issues in passport protocols, where a new technique to track passports is introduced, based on the response time of basic commands.[13]
- Basic Access Control(BAC)
- In 2005, Marc Witteman showed that the document numbers ofDutchpassports were predictable,[14]allowing an attacker to guess/crack the key required for reading the chip. In 2006, Adam Laurie wrote software that tries all known passport keys within a given range, thus implementing one of Witteman's attacks. Using online flight booking sites, flight coupons and other public information it's possible to significantly reduce the number of possible keys. In some early biometric passports BAC wasn't used at all, allowing attacker to read the chip's content without providing a key.[15]
- Passive Authentication (PA)
- In 2006, Lukas Grunwald demonstrated that it is trivial to copy passport data from a passport chip into a standard ISO/IEC 14443 smartcard using a standard contactless card interface and a simple file transfer tool.[16]Grunwald used a passport that did not use Active Authentication (anti-cloning) and did not change the data held on the copied chip, thus keeping itscryptographic signaturevalid.
- In 2008, Jeroen van Beek demonstrated that not all passport inspection systems check the cryptographic signature of a passport chip. For his demonstration Van Beek altered chip information and signed it using his own document signing key of a non-existing country. This can only be detected by checking the country signing keys that are used to sign the document signing keys. To check country signing keys theICAO PKD[17]can be used. Only 5 out of 60+ countries are using this central database.[18]Van Beek did not update the original passport chip: instead an ePassport emulator was used.[19]
- Also in 2008,The Hacker's Choiceimplemented all attacks and published code to verify the results.[20]The release included a video clip that demonstrated problems by using a forgedElvis Presleypassport that is recognized as a valid US passport.[21]
- Active Authentication (AA)
- In 2005, Marc Witteman showed that the secret Active Authentication key can be retrieved using power analysis.[14]This may allow an attacker to clone passport chips that use the optional Active Authentication anti-cloning mechanism on chips – if the chip design is susceptible to this attack.
- In 2008, Jeroen van Beek demonstrated that optional security mechanisms can be disabled by removing their presence from the passport index file.[22]This allows an attacker to remove – amongst others – anti-cloning mechanisms (Active Authentication). The attack is documented in supplement 7 of Doc 9303 (R1-p1_v2_sIV_0006)[23]and can be solved by patching inspection system software. Note that supplement 7 features vulnerable examples in the same document that – when implemented – result in a vulnerable inspection process.[citation needed]
- In 2014, Calderoni et al. show a procedure to bypass the security protocol that is commonly adopted to prove chip authenticity (Active Authentication) within first-generation electronic passports. The discussed breach is related to some metadata files (EF.COM, EF.SOD) and allows the attacker to conceal those data required by the inspection system during the protocol's execution.[24]This breach may facilitate a malicious user in using fake documents cloned from original ones.
- Extended Access Control(EAC)
- In 2007, Lukas Grunwald presented an attack that can make EAC-enabled passport chips unusable.[25]Grunwald states that if an EAC-key – required for reading fingerprints and updating certificates – is stolen or compromised, an attacker can upload a false certificate with an issue date far in the future. The affected chips block read access until the future date is reached.
Opposition
[edit]Privacyproponents in many countries question and protest the lack of information about exactly what the passports' chip will contain, and whether they affectcivil liberties.The main problem they point out is that data on the passports can be transferred with wirelessRFIDtechnology, which can become a major vulnerability. Although this could allowID-check computers to obtain a person's information without a physical connection, it may also allow anyone with the necessary equipment to perform the same task. If the personal information and passport numbers on the chip are notencrypted,the information might wind up in the wrong hands.
On 15 December 2006, theBBCpublished an article[26]on the British ePassport, citing the above stories and adding that:
- "Nearly every country issuing this passport has a few security experts who are yelling at the top of their lungs and trying to shout out: 'This is not secure. This is not a good idea to use this technology'", citing a specialist who states "It is much too complicated. It is in places done the wrong way round – reading data first, parsing data, interpreting data, then verifying whether it is right. There are lots of technical flaws in it and there are things that have just been forgotten, so it is basically not doing what it is supposed to do. It is supposed to get a higher security level. It is not."
and adding that the Future of Identity in the Information Society (FIDIS) network's research team (a body of IT security experts funded by the European Union) has "also come out against the ePassport scheme... [stating that] European governments have forced a document on its people that dramatically decreases security and increases the risk of identity theft."[27]
Most security measures are designed against untrusted citizens (the "provers" ), but the scientific security community recently also addressed the threats from untrustworthy verifiers, such as corrupt governmental organizations, or nations using poorly implemented, unsecure electronic systems.[28] New cryptographic solutions such asprivate biometricsare being proposed to mitigate threats of mass theft of identity. These are under scientific study, but not yet implemented in biometric passports.
List of biometric passports
[edit]Africa
[edit]Algeria
[edit]Issued since 5 January 2012.[29]Valid for 10 years for adults, and 5 years for minors. The data page of the passport is from rigidpolycarbonateplastic and contains amicrochipembedded in which are storedbiometric dataof the holder includingfingerprints,photo and signature. The data is extracted from the chip with wirelessRFIDtechnology. Algerian citizens have visa-free or visa on arrival access to 50 countries and territories, ranking it 91st in the world according to theHenley Passport IndexQ1 2022.
Benin
[edit]Issued since 2022.[31]
Botswana
[edit]Issued since 8 March 2010.[32][33]The Botswana passport, which features 48 pages, is written in English and French. The firsts page features a map of Botswana superimposed with wildlife. As of 2014 the Botswana passport was the 4th most powerful on the African continent, allowing Batswana citizens travel to at least 70 countries visa free,[34]28 with visa on arrival and 121 requiring a visa.[35]The passport is ranked 58th in the world.[35][36]
Cameroon
[edit]Issued since July 2021, costing 110,000 CFA. Valid for 5 years.[37]
Cape Verde
[edit]Issued since 26 January 2016, costing €50. It is noted that the scheme will gradually expand to Cape Verdean diplomatic missions inBostonandLisbonin the future.[38]
Egypt
[edit]Egypt does not yet issue biometric passports.
Gabon
[edit]Issued since 23 January 2014. As of 1 January 2017, Gabonese citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 50 countries and territories, ranking the Gabonese passport 86th in terms of travel freedom (tied with Haitian and Malagasy passports) according to theHenley visa restrictions index.[39]
Ghana
[edit]Issued since 1 March 2010 and costingGH¢50–100 for adults and children. The passports contain several other technological characteristics other than biometric technology. However the Ghanaian biometric passports do not carry the "chip inside" symbol (), which is mandatory for ICAO-standard electronic passports.[40][41][42]
As of February 2020[update],the application fee for regular 32 page passport booklet isGH₵320 andGH₵550 for regular 48 page passport booklet. The application fee for expedited 32 page passport booklet isGH₵350 andGH₵300 for expedited 48 page passport booklet.[43]To facilitate the application for and acquisition of Ghanaian passports, Passport Application Centers (PACs) have been set up around the major cities of Ghana, includingAccra,Kumasi,Tamale,Ho,Sekondi-Takoradi,and inSunyani.[44]22 Diplomatic Missions outside Ghana have the mandate as at November 2020, to issue Biometric Passports to Ghanaians who are abroad.[45]Passports issued for applications received starting 31 March 2019 have a validity period of ten years (it was previously five years).[46]TheMinistry of Foreign Affairs and Regional Integrationhas introduced a 48-page passport booklet (It was previously 32 pages only) available from 1 February 2020.
Kenya
[edit]Issued since 1 September 2017. Contain fingerprints, facials and signature including other vital information, which is all ICAO compliant.
In mid July 2019, a few foreign embassies such as Berlin, Paris, London, and Washington, DC started processing applications for Kenyans in the diaspora. Kenya plans to invalidate old style passports on 31 December 2021.
Lesotho
[edit]Date of introduction is uncertain. However, the enabling statute was tabled in November 2016.[47]
Madagascar
[edit]Issued since 2014 and costs 110,000Ariary.Since September 2014, it is mandatory for Malagasy citizens to depart the country with a biometric passport.[48]
Mauritania
[edit]Issued since 6 May 2011,[49]costs US$115.68. Valid for 5 years.
Morocco
[edit]Issued since 2008 for trial, and in general since 25 September 2009,[50]costs MAD 500 (approximately US$49).
Mozambique
[edit]Issued since September 2014. The issuance of such passports was suspended 40 days later but was resumed in February 2015.[51]
Namibia
[edit]Issued since 8 January 2018.[52][53]
Nigeria
[edit]Issued since 2007. The harmonized ECOWAS Smart electronic passport issued by the Nigerian Immigrations Service is powered by biometric technology in tandem with the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) specifications for international travels.
Travelers' data captured in the biometric passport can be accessed instantly and read by any security agent from any spot of the globe through an integrated network of systems configured and linked to a centrally-coordinated passport data bank managed by the Nigerian Immigrations Service.
Rwanda
[edit]Issued since 27 June 2019, and is in compliance with the new East African Community technical specifications as well as International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). Among the new features include a microchip making it tamper-proof. The Rwandan passport is issued Rwandan citizens for international travel. Rwanda started issuing East African Community Biometric Passport also known as E-Passport in June 2019 replacing the old ones that will only stay valid until June 2021, The new passports are valid for five years and ten years. Ordinary, service, and diplomatic passports are issued.
Sierra Leone
[edit]Issued since 1st Sept 2015 in compliance with International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO). New book design launched at the same time as the switch to e-passport from Machine Readable Passport (MRP). Book re-designed again in 2022 and electronic chip upgraded for faster processing of bio-metric data. Currently issuing e-passports for Ordinary, Diplomatic and Service books.[54]
Somalia
[edit]Issued since 10 October 2006, costs US$100 if applied inside of Somalia, and US$150 abroad.[55]
South Sudan
[edit]Issued since 3 January 2012.[56][57]The new passport are valid for five years.
Sudan
[edit]Issued since May 2009, costs SDG 250 (approximately USD 100), SDG 200 for students and SDG 100 for children. Valid for 10 years, or 7 years for a commercial passport.[58]
The new electronic passports are issued in three categories. The citizen's passport (ordinary passport) is issued to ordinary citizens and contains 48 pages. Business men/women who need to travel often have a commercial passport that contains 64 pages. Smaller passports that contain 32 pages only are issued to children. The microprocessor chip contains the holder's information.
Tanzania
[edit]Issued since 1 January 2018. The Bio-metric Tanzanian passport is one of the strongest passports in Africa. It is in compliance with the new East African Community Passport which eases border crossing for east African community member nationals. In 2022, the Tanzanian passport was ranked 74 in the global mobility ranking and maintained its spot as the ninth most powerful in Africa.
Togo
[edit]Issued since August 2009, cost then was 30,000 CFA francs. For Togolese residing abroad, the price varies.
Tunisia
[edit]The Tunisia ministry of interior stated that it will start issuing biometric passports at the end of year 2016 which did not happen.
Zimbabwe
[edit]The Zimbabwean government launched the new e-passports on 15 December 2021 at Chiwashira Building in Harare.[59]
Asia
[edit]Afghanistan
[edit]Issued since September 2011. Contains digital images of fingerprints, photo and electronic signature of the passport holder. Valid for up to 10 years.[60][61]
Armenia
[edit]Issued since July 2012. Contains digital images of fingerprints, photo and electronic signature of the passport holder. Valid for 10 years.[62][63][64]
Azerbaijan
[edit]Issued since September 2013. Contains information about the passport holder's facial features, as well as finger and palm prints.
Bahrain
[edit]Issued since March 20, 2023.[65][66]
Bangladesh
[edit]Issued since April 2010, biometric machine-readable passports cost৳3450(US$29) for regular delivery, including all taxes, and৳6900(US$58) for express delivery including all taxes.[67]E-passports cost৳4025(US$34) to৳13800(US$120) with all taxes included.[68]The cost varies depending on the number of pages and the validity of the e-passport.[68]The e-passport is valid for either five years or ten years depending on the age of the applicant.[69]Bangladesh is the first country in South Asia to issue e-passports for all eligible citizens. The electronic microprocessor chip embedded e-passport has forty-one different security features, including holographic images em Boss ed in thin film laminate, which change colour under light and appear to move.[70]Demographic and biometric information of the bearer including the fingerprints of all ten fingers,iris scan,color photograph of the face anddigital signatureare stored on the chip in the e-passport.[71]The Government of Bangladesh issues three different types of e-passports. These arediplomatic passportswith a red cover;official passportswith a blue cover; and regular or ordinary passports with a green cover.
Brunei
[edit]Issued since 17 February 2007. The Bruneian ePassport has the same functions as the other biometric passports.[72]
Cambodia
[edit]Issued since 17 July 2014. The cost for a 5-year passport, issued only to children aged five and under, is US$80; while the 10-year passport, issued to all people older than five, costs US$100.[73]
China
[edit]On 30 January 2011, theMinistry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of Chinalaunched a trial issuance of e-passports for public affairs. The face, fingerprint and other biometric features of the passport holder will be digitalized and stored in pre-installed contactless smart chip in the passport.[74][75]On 1 July 2011, the Ministry began issuing biometric passports to all individuals conducting public affairs work overseas on behalf of the Chinese government.[76]
Ordinary biometric passports have been introduced by theMinistry of Public Securitystarting from 15 May 2012.[77]The cost of a passport is 200CNY(approximately US$31) for first time applicants in China and CNY 220 (or US$35) for renewals and passports issued abroad.
Effective from 1 July 2017, cost of a biometric ordinary passport is reduced to CNY 160 (approximately US$24) for both first time applicants and renewal applicants.[78]As of April 2017, China had issued over 100 million biometric ordinary passports.[79]
Hong Kong
[edit]In 2006, theImmigration Departmentannounced that Unihub Limited (aPCCWsubsidiary company heading a consortium of suppliers, including Keycorp) had won the tender to provide the technology to produce biometric passports. In February 2007, the first biometric passport was introduced. The cover of the new biometric passport remains essentially the same as that of previous versions, with the addition of the "electronic passport" logo at the bottom. However, the design of the inner pages has changed substantially. The design conforms with the document design recommendations of theInternational Civil Aviation Organization.The new ePassport featured in the 2008 Stockholm Challenge Event and was a finalist for the Stockholm Challenge Award in the Public Administration category. The Hong Kong SAR ePassport design was praised on account of the "multiple state-of-the-art technologies [which] are seamlessly integrated in the sophisticated Electronic Passport System (e-Passport System)".[80]The cost for a HKSAR passport isHKD370 (or USD 48) for a 32-page passport and HKD 460 (or USD 59) for a 48-page passport.[81]
Macao
[edit]Issued since 1 September 2009.
India
[edit]TheGovernment of Indiaissues three different types of passports – Diplomatic passports; Official passports; and regular or ordinary passports.Indiainitiated the first phase deployment of Biometric e-Passport only for diplomatic passport holders in India and abroad in 2008. Unlike diplomatic passport holders, ordinaryIndian citizensare not eligible and are thus not issued e-passports. The new passports have been designed indigenously by the Central Passport Organization, the India Security Press,NashikandIIT Kanpur.The passport contains a security chip with personal data and digital images. Initially, the new passports will have a 64 KiB chip with a photograph of passport holder and subsequently include the holder's fingerprint(s).
The biometric passport has been tested with passport readers abroad and is noted to have a 4-second response time – less than half that of aUS passport(10 seconds). The passport need not be carried in a metal jacket for security reasons as it first needs to be passed through a reader, after which it generates access keys to unlock the chip data for reader access.[82]On 25 June 2008 Indian Passport Authority issued the first e-passport toPratibha Patil,the thenPresident of India.[83]The e-passport project is under the first phase of deployment and will be initially restricted to diplomatic passport holders only. In mid 2019, the Government of India floated a three-stage international tender for the manufacture of e-passports for ordinary Indian citizens.[84]Once the tendering and procurement process is complete, the Indian government hopes to start issuing e-passports for ordinary Indian citizens sometime in the coming years.[84]Reportedly, theGovernment of Indiahas granted theTata Consultancy Services(TCS) the tender for the second phase roll out of the programme. The current passport booklets remain valid and will be replaced by e-Passports as and when they are renewed.[85]In the year 2024 The Government has started for the rollout of ePassports for ordinary passport holder with embedded chip. At present, the testing of the project of e-Passports is under way at Regional Passport Offices in Bhubaneswar and Nagpur. Post successful pilot launch and requisite certifications, subsequently, it will be rolled out at remaining Regional Passport Offices across India in a phased manner.
Indonesia
[edit]48-page biometric passports cost Rp650,000 (US$43).[86]As of 12 October 2022, the validity of newly issued passports are extended from 5 years to 10 years.[87] Diplomatic and service biometric passports are issued since 19 August 2021.[88]
Iran
[edit]Issued since July 2007 for diplomatic and service passports, 20 February 2011 for ordinary biometric passports. The cost of a new passport was approximately IRR 1,500,000 (less than US$8) if issued inside Iran, 100 euros if issued overseas.[89]
Iraq
[edit]Iraq started issuing the biometric passport to the public in March 2023.[90]
Israel
[edit]Issued since July 2013 for a 2-year pilot project under theBiometric Database Law.This was optional. In August 2013, any passport expiring in more than 2 years could be replaced free of charge with a biometric one upon request. Passports expiring within 2 years were charged the full fee. The review of the pilot project (that was supposed to be concluded in 2015) was postponed by order of the Minister of the Interior to a later date, due to the controversy regarding the creation of the Biometric Database rather than storing the biometric data only in the passport's chip, as is the practice in many other countries. In 2015, the duration of the pilot project was extended until 2017. In May 2017, the pilot project ended. Newly issued passports were then required to be biometric.[91]
To obtain a biometric passport, an applicant must appear in an Interior Ministry office "to be photographed by the special camera which records information such as facial bone structure, distance between one's eyes, ears to eyes and ratio of facial features one from another. The applicant will also be fingerprinted and all this information will be stored in the new high-tech electronic passport."[92]
As of January 2022, Israeli passports issued in the airport or outside of Israel are not biometric, and are generally valid for 5–10 years (1 year if issued as an emergency passport in the airport).
Japan
[edit]Issued since March 2006. The passports meet requirements of the US Visa Waiver Program which calls for countries to roll out their biometric passports before 26 October 2006.
Jordan
[edit]In May 2024, the Jordanian government has announced that the tender to issue Jordanian electronic passports in accordance with international standards has been awarded. The new Jordanian passport will be in line with the requirements of the ICAO.
The company to which the tender is awarded will begin its work after obtaining the order to proceed in accordance with legal procedures, and the tender will be implemented within a maximum period of (250) working days.[93]
Kazakhstan
[edit]Kazakhstan has presented its concept at implementing biometric passport in 2009.
Kuwait
[edit]Issued since March 2017. By late 2018 older non-biometric passports will no longer be valid for use.
Laos
[edit]Issued since September 2016.
Lebanon
[edit]Issued since 1 August 2016. Lebanese passports are navy blue, with theLebanese Cedaremblazoned in the centre of the front cover. "The Lebanese Republic, Passport" is written on the cover page in bothArabicandFrench.The contents of the passport are in Arabic, French and English.
Malaysia
[edit]Issued since 1998.[1]Malaysia is however not a member of the Visa Waiver Program (VWP) and its first biometric passport did not conform to the same standards as the VWP biometric document because the Malaysian biometric passport was issued several years ahead of the VWP requirement. The difference lies in the storage of fingerprint template instead of fingerprint image in the chip, the rest of the technologies are the same. Also the biometric passport was designed to be read only if the receiving country has the authorisation from theMalaysian Immigration Department.Malaysia started issuing ICAO compliant passports from February 2010.[94]
Malaysia used to issue passports with validity for 2 years and 5 years, but the passport with 2 years validity was withdrawn since January 2015.[95]
The pricing for a Malaysian passport are RM 200 (approximately US$50) with 5 years validity, MYR 100 (approximately US$25) for senior citizens, children below 12,Hajjpilgrims, and students below 21 and studying abroad is MYR 100 and is free for disabled citizens.[96]
Maldives
[edit]Issued since 26 July 2006. The new passport follows a completely new design, and features the passport holder's facial and fingerprint information as biometric identifiers. A 32-page Ordinary passport will cost Rf350, while a 64-page Ordinary passport will cost Rf600. Children under the age of 10 years and people applying for passports through diplomatic missions abroad will be issued with a 32-page non-electronic Ordinary passport, which will cost Rf250.
Mongolia
[edit]Issued since the end of 2016.
Nepal
[edit]Nepal started issuing E-passport from end of 2021.[97]Nepalese writerSatya Mohan Joshiwas the first to receive the e-passport.
[98][99]The Nepalis e-passports are produced by IDEMIA, the software that the Passport office uses is also from the same company.[100]
North Korea
[edit]Oman
[edit]Issued since the end of 2014.[101]It consists of 48 pages and is valid for up to 10 years. Omani passports' cover is red and have inscriptions in golden letters indicating the official name of the country at the top and the word "passport" at the bottom both in Arabic and English divided by the coat of arms. The biometric passport symbol, alerting to the presence of aRFID chipinside the document, is at the very bottom of the cover page.[102]In June 2019, Omani citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 83 countries and territories, ranking the Omani passport 52nd in the world according to the Passport index.[103]
Pakistan
[edit]The Government of Pakistan issues three different types of passports. These are Diplomatic passports; Official passports; and Ordinary passports. On March 30, 2022, Prime MinisterImran Khanlaunched the e-passport service, which has twenty-nine new security features added. At this initial stage, the e-passport facility was only available for diplomatic officials and government officials who are issued diplomatic passports and official passports respectively.[104]The issuance of e-passports for Islamabad residents only commenced on June 10, 2023, at DGI&P Headquarters inIslamabad.However, starting from 16 August 2023, the issuance of e-passports extended to all field offices throughout the nation. Over time, this service will also be introduced to Foreign Missions of Pakistan abroad.[105]
Palestine
[edit]Issued since September 1, 2022. Costs NIS 200.
Philippines
[edit]Issued since 11 August 2009, costs about ₱950.[106][107]
Qatar
[edit]Issued since 20 April 2008, costs QAR 200.[108]
Saudi Arabia
[edit]On February 10, 2022; the Saudi Arabian ministry of interior has announced that they began issuing the new electronic Saudi Passport, with the same issuing fees as the past (300 SAR for 5 years and 600 SAR for 10 years).[109][110]
Singapore
[edit]Issued since 15 August 2006,[111]costs SGD 70 if applied for online, by mail or ICA deposit box and SGD 80 if applied for via a Singapore Overseas Mission. Valid for 10 years. The passport now complies with the USVisa Waiver Program.[112]
South Korea
[edit]Issued since 25 August 2008, costs 55,000 Won (USD 55). Validity for 5 and 10 years. On 21 December 2021, issuing the next generation biometric passports to South Korean citizens has begun, which was delayed by one year as planned due to theCOVID-19 pandemic.[113][114]
Syria
[edit]Syria has started issuing biometric passports on 21 August 2023 for all new passports. The fee varies from £100 to £700 based on the period of processing. The validity varies between 2 years for young male citizens (due to military service), up to 6 years for other citizens. The current fee for the urgent passport (1–3 days processing time) makes it the most expensive passport globally.[115]
Taiwan
[edit]Issued since 29 December 2008, costs NT$1,300 (approximately US$40) for an ordinary passport with either 3, 5 or 10 years validity.[1]
Tajikistan
[edit]Issued since 1 February 2010.
Thailand
[edit]Diplomats and government officials passports issued from 26 May 2005. From 1 June 2005, a limited quantity of 100 passports a day was issued for Thai citizens, however, on 1 August 2005 a full operational service was installed and Thailand became the first country in Asia to issue an ICAO compliant biometric passport.[116]
Turkey
[edit]Turkish passports which are compatible with European Union standards have been available since 1 June 2010.[117]Colours of the new biometric passports have also been changed. Accordingly, regular passports; claret red, special passports; bottle green and diplomatic passports wrap black colours.[118]
Turkish Minister of the State announced that the government is printing the new passports at government minting office since the private contractor failed to deliver in March 2016.[119]
As of January 2022, cost of issuing a 10-year passport in Turkey is₺1703.30 (approximately€115).[120]
Turkmenistan
[edit]Turkmenistan became the first country in ex-USSR, in mid-Asia region to issue an ICAO-compliant biometric passport. The passport is available since 10 July 2008.[121]
United Arab Emirates
[edit]TheUnited Arab EmiratesMinistry of Interior began to issue biometric passports on 11 December 2011, making it the secondGCCstate to launch biometric passports afterQatar.[122]
Uzbekistan
[edit]In Uzbekistan on 23 June 2009Islam Karimovissued a Presidential Decree[123]"On measures to further improve the passport system in the Republic of Uzbekistan." On 29 December 2009 the President of Uzbekistan signed a decree to change the dates for a phased exchange of populations existing passport to the biometric passport. In accordance with this decree, biometric passports were phased in, beginning on 1 January 2011. In the first phase, the biometric passport was issued to employees of ministries, departments and agencies of the republic, individuals who travel abroad or outside the country, as well as citizens who receive a passport in connection with the achievement of a certain age or for other grounds provided by law. The second phase was for the rest of the population who were able to get new passports for the period from 2012 to 2015.
Vietnam
[edit]Issued since 1 March 2023.[124]
Europe
[edit]European Union/EFTA
[edit]It was planned that, except for Denmark andIreland,EU passportswould have digital imaging andfingerprintscan biometrics placed on their RFID chips.[125]This combination ofbiometricsaims to create an unrivaled level of security and protection against fraudulent identification papers[vague].Technical specifications for the new passports have been established by the European Commission.[126]The specifications are binding for theSchengen agreementparties, i.e. the EU countries, except Ireland, and the fourEuropean Free Trade Associationcountries—Iceland, Liechtenstein,[127][128]Norway and Switzerland.[129]These countries are obliged to implement machine readable facial images in the passports by 28 August 2006, and fingerprints by 26 June 2009.[130]TheEuropean Data Protection Supervisorhas stated that the current legal framework fails to "address all the possible and relevant issues triggered by the inherent imperfections of biometric systems".[131]
Irish biometric passports only used a digital image and not fingerprinting. German passports printed after 1 November 2007 contain two fingerprints, one from each hand, in addition to a digital photograph. Romanian passports will also contain two fingerprints, one from each hand. The Netherlands also takes fingerprints and was[132]the only EU member that had plans to store these fingerprints centrally.[133]According to EU requirements, only nations that are signatories to theSchengen acquisare required to add fingerprint biometrics.[134]
In the EU nations, passport prices will be:
- Austria(available since 16 June 2006): an adult passport costs €75.90,[135]while a chip-free child's version costs €30.[136]As of March 2009 all newly issued adult passports contain fingerprints.[137]Passports are valid for 2 years after issuance for children up to the age of 1; 5 years for children aged 2–11; 10 years for citizens aged 12 and older.
- Belgium(introduced in October 2004): €71 or €41 for children + local taxes. As of May 2014, passports for adults are valid for 7 years.
- Bulgaria(introduced in July 2009; available since 29 March 2010): BGN 40 (€20) for adults. Passports are valid for 5 years.[138]
- Croatia(available since 1 July 2009): HRK 390 (€53). The chip contains two fingerprints and a digital photo of the holder. Since 18 January 2010 only biometric passports can be obtained at issuing offices inside Croatia. Diplomatic missions and consular offices must implement new issuing system until 28 June 2010.
- Cyprus(available since 13 December 2010): €70, valid for 10 years
- Czechia(available since 1 September 2006): CZK 600 for adults (valid 10 years), CZK 100 for children (valid 5 years). Passports contain fingerprints.
- Denmark(available since 1 August 2006): DKK 890 for adults (valid for 10 years), DKK 150 for children 0–11 (valid for 2 years [age 0–2] or 5 years), DKK 178 for children 12–17 (valid for 5 years), and DKK 378 retirement age (from July 2021 67 years) (valid for 10 years). A new and standardised photo must be supplied too. As of January 2012 all newly issued passports contain fingerprints.[139][140]
- Estonia(available since 22 May 2007): EEK 450 (€28.76) (valid for 5 years). As of 29 June 2009, all newly issued passports contain fingerprints.[141]
- Finland(available since 21 August 2006): €53 (valid for up to 5 years). As of 29 June 2009, all newly issued passports contain fingerprints.[142]
- France(available since April 2006): €86 or €89 (depending whether applicant provides photographs), valid for 10 years. As of 8 June 2022[update],all newly issued passports contain fingerprints with the exception of emergency passports that hold a validity of 1 year.[143][144][145]
- Germany(available since November 2005): ≤23 year old applicants (valid for 6 years) €37.50 and >24 years (valid 10 years) €70.[146]Passports issued from 1 November 2007 onwards include fingerprints.[147][148]
- Greece(available since 26 August 2006): €84.40 (valid for 3 years for children up to 14, valid for 10 years for adults).[149]Since June 2009, passports contain fingerprints.[150]
- Hungary(available since 29 August 2006): HUF 7,500 (€26), valid for 5 years, HUF 14,000 (€48.50) valid for 10 years. As of 29 June 2009, all newly issued passports contain fingerprints.[151][152][153]
- Ireland:Biometric passport booklets have been available since 16 October 2006, and Biometric passport cards since October 2015. 34-page passport booklets are priced at €75, 66-page booklets at €105,[154]both valid for 10 years. For children aged between 3 and 18 years the price is €26.50 and the passport booklets are valid for 5 years. Infants' passport booklets for those under 3 years cost €16 and expire 3 years after issue. Irish biometric passport cards are only available to adults of 18 years and over who already have an Irish passport booklet and cost €35. They expire on the same date as the holder's Irish passport booklet or 5 years after issue, whichever is the shorter period. (Ireland is not a signatory to the Schengen Acquis and has no obligation or plans to implement fingerprint biometrics.)
- Italy(available since 26 October 2006): €116,[155]valid for 10 years. As of January 2010 newly issued passports contain fingerprints.[156]
- Latvia(available since 20 November 2007): an adult passport costs €30, or €20 if received together with eID,[157]valid for 10 or 5 years.
- Lithuania(available since 28 August 2006): €43.[158]For children up to 16 years old, valid max 5 years. For persons over 16 years old, valid for 10 years.[159]
- Malta(available since 8 October 2008): €70 for persons over 16 years old, valid for 10 years, €35 for children between 10 and 16 years (valid for 5 years) and €14 for children under 10 years (valid for 2 years).
- Netherlands(available since 28 August 2006): Approximately €11 on top of regular passport (€38.33) cost €49.33. Passports issued from 21 September 2009 include fingerprints.Dutch identity cardsare lookalike versions of the holder's page of the passport but do not contain fingerprints.[160]
- Poland(available since 28 August 2006): PLN 140 (€35) for adults, PLN 70 for children aged under 13, free for seniors 70+ years, valid 10 years (5 years for children aged below 13). Passports issued from 29 June 2009 include fingerprints of both index fingers.[161]
- Portugal(available since 31 July 2006 – special passport; 28 August 2006 – ordinary passport): €65 for all citizens valid for 5 years. All passports have 32 pages.[162]
- Romania(available since 31 December 2008): RON 258 for citizens over the age of 12, RON 234 for citizens under the age of 12,[163]valid for 10 years for those over the age of 18, 5 years for those over the age of 12 to 18, and for 3 years for those under 12. As of 19 January 2010, new passport includes both facial images and fingerprints.[164]Temporary passports valid for only one year can be issued for the price of RON 96 and is issued in less than 3 working days.
- Slovakia(available since 15 January 2008): an adult passport (>13 years) costs €33.19 valid for 10 years, while a chip-free child's (5–13 years) version costs €13.27 valid for 5 years and for children under 5 years €8.29, but valid only for 2 years. The latest version was issued in 2014 and contains a contactless chip in the biodata card that meets ICAO specifications.[165]
- Slovenia(available since 28 August 2006): €42.05 for adults, valid for 10 years. €35.25 for children from 3 to 18 years of age, valid for 5 years. €31.17 for children up to 3 years of age, valid for 3 years. All passports have 32 pages, a 48-page version is available at a €2.50 surcharge. As of 29 June 2009, all newly issued passports contain fingerprints.[166]
- Spain(available since 28 August 2006) at a price of €26 (price at 2018), free passports are issued for citizens that hold a "Familia Numerosa" document. They include fingerprints of both index fingers as of October 2009. (Aged <30 a Spanish passport is valid for 5 years, otherwise they remain valid for 10 years).
- Sweden(available since October 2005): SEK 400 (valid for 5 years). As of 1 January 2012, new passport includes both facial images and fingerprints.[167]
In the EFTA, passport prices will be:
- IcelandIssued since 23 May 2006 and costing ISK 5,100 (ISK 1,900 for under 18 and over 67).
- Liechtensteinbiometric passports issued since 26 October 2006.[168]The technical specifications are binding for Liechtenstein[127][128]as it became part of the Schengen area in 2011.[169]The cost of the passport ranges from CHF 50 (children under 12) to CHF 250 for adults.
- NorwayIssued since 2005, costsNOK450 for adults, or c. €50, NOK 270 for children. Increased to NOK 570/342 in 2020.[170]In 2007 the Norwegian government launched a ‘multi-modal’ biometric enrolment system supplied byMotorola.Motorola's new system enabled multiple public agencies to digitally capture and store fingerprints, 2D facial images and signatures for passports and visas.[171]The Norwegian biometrics companyIDEX ASAhas begun development of electronicID cards(eID) with fingerprint security technology for use throughout the EU.[172]
- SwitzerlandIssued since 4 September 2006, costs CHF 140 for adults and CHF 60 for children under 18 years.[173]Since 1 March 2010, all issued passports are biometric, containing a photograph and two fingerprints recorded electronically.[174]
Other European countries
[edit]Albania
[edit]Issued since May 2009, costs 7500Lekë(€75). Valid for 10 years. Contains fingerprints, the bearer's photo and all the data written on the passport.
Belarus
[edit]Issued since 1 September 2021, Valid for 10 years. Contains fingerprints and facial photo, the bearer's photo and all the data written on the passport.
Bosnia and Herzegovina
[edit]Issued since 15 October 2009 and costing 50KM(€25.65). Valid 10 years for adults and 5 years for younger than 18. On 1 June 2010 Bosnia and Herzegovina issued its firstEACpassport.
Georgia
[edit]Issued since 2010. Valid for 10 years to adults, costing 150lariif issued at tenth business day. The same day issuance will cost 350 lari. The price of the photo (3 Lari) needs to be paid additionally. There are discounts, e.g. a 50% discount for persons under age 18.[175][176]
Kosovo
[edit]Issued since 31 October 2011.
Moldova
[edit]Issued since 1 January 2008, costing approximately 760MDL(€45)[177]and is obligatory from 1 January 2011. The passport of the Republic of Moldova with biometric data contains a chip which holds digital information, including the holder's signature, as well as the traditional information. It is valid for 7 years (for persons over 7) and 4 years (for persons less than 7) respectively. It was introduced as a request of European Union to safeguard the borders between the E.U. and Republic of Moldova.
Montenegro
[edit]Issued since 2008, costing €33.
North Macedonia
[edit]Issued since 2 April 2007, costs MKD 1,500 or c. €22.
Russia
[edit]Issued since 2006. Since 3 August 2018, they cost 5,000rubles(approximately US$80) and use printed data, photo and fingerprints and are BAC-encrypted.[178]Biometric passports issued after 1 March 2010 are valid for 10 years. Russian biometric passports are currently issued within Russia and in all of its consulates. From 1 January 2015, the passports contain fingerprints.
Serbia
[edit]Issued since 7 July 2008, costs RSD 3,600 or approximately €32.[179]Valid for 10 years, 5 years for children aged 3 to 14, and for 3 years for children aged 3 or less.
Ukraine
[edit]It was first planned to issue biometric passports and identity cards on 1 January 2013.[180]They started being issued since January 2015.[citation needed]
Starting August 2021, Ukrainian citizens can use digital passports and identity cards inthe Diia appfor all legal purposes within Ukraine.[181]
In Ukraine, the term "digital passport" is used to denote only the fully digital version of the biometric passport accessible via theDiiamobile app.[181]
United Kingdom
[edit]United Kingdomintroduced it in March 2006, initially costing £72.50 for adults (valid for 10 years) and £46[182]for children under the age of 16 (valid for 5 years).[183]
Sovereign Military Order of Malta
[edit]Issued since 2005 the SMOM diplomatic and service passports include biometric features and are compliant with ICAO standards.
North America
[edit]Barbados
[edit]Issued since September 2018.[184][185]
Belize
[edit]Issued since 24 October 2022.[186]
Canada
[edit]Issued since 1 July 2013. Contains bearer's name, gender, and date and place of birth and a digital portrait of their face.[187]
Costa Rica
[edit]Issued since March 7, 2022.[188]
Dominica
[edit]Issued since July 26, 2021.[189]
Honduras
[edit]Issued since March 22, 2022. Available to all citizens, biometric passports replaced regular passports. Regular passports are valid until expiry date. The price has remained the same at US$35 for a 5-year period and US$50 for a 10-year period. The passport is ICAO-Compliant with the biometric symbol () printed on the biographical data page as well as at the bottom on the front cover.[190]
Mexico
[edit]Issued since 5 October 2021.
Panama
[edit]Issued since 2014, costs $100.
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
[edit]Issued since 4 March 2014.[191]
United States
[edit]The biometric version of the U.S. passport (sometimes referred to as an electronic passport) has descriptive data and a digitized passport photo on its contactless chips, and does not have fingerprint information placed onto the contactless chip. However, the chip is large enough (64 kilobytes) for inclusion of biometric identifiers. The U.S.Department of Statefirst issued these passports in 2006,[192]and since August 2007 issues biometric passports only. Non-biometric passports are valid until their expiration dates.[193]
Although a system able to perform a facial-recognition match between the bearer and his or her image stored on the contactless chip is desired,[194]it is unclear when such a system will be deployed by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security at its ports of entry.[195][196]
A high level of security became a priority for the United States after theattacks of 11 September 2001.High security required cracking down on counterfeit passports. In October 2004, the production stages of this high-tech passport commenced as theU.S. Government Printing Office(GPO) issued awards to the top bidders of the program. The awards totaled to roughly $1,000,000 for startup, development, and testing. The driving force of the initiative is the U.S. Enhanced Border Security and Visa Entry Reform Act of 2002 (also known as the "Border Security Act" ), which states that suchsmartcardidentity cardswill be able to replacevisas.As for foreigners travelling to the U.S., if they wish to enter U.S. visa-free under theVisa Waiver Program(VWP), they are now required to possess machine-readable passports that comply with international standards. Additionally, for travellers holding a valid passport issued on or after 26 October 2006, such a passport must be a biometric passport if used to enter the U.S. visa-free under the VWP.[197]
In November 2018,Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International AirportandDelta Air Linesopened the nation's first curb-to-gate biometric terminal, which promised to improve aviation security while moving travelers faster through screening.[198]
Oceania
[edit]Australia
[edit]Issued since October 2005, costs AU$325 as of 1 January 2023.[199]Contains the same personal information that is on the colour photo page, including a digitized photograph. Australia does not usefingerprintingof incoming passengers. Valid for 10 years for adults and 5 years for minors to 16 years.
Fiji
[edit]Issued since 19 September 2019.[200]
New Zealand
[edit]Issued since November 2005, like Australia and the US, New Zealand is also using the facial biometric identifier. There are two identifying factors: the small symbol on the front cover (), indicating that an electronic chip has been embedded in the passport and the polycarbonate leaf in the front (version 2009) of the book, inside which the chip is located. Like Australia, New Zealand has installedSmartGatesinto airports to allow New Zealand ePassport and ePassport holders of 4 other countries (Australia, Canada, UK, and US) to clear immigration controls more rapidly, and facial recognition technology has been installed at immigration gates. The cost for a non-urgent passport is NZ$199 (when applying online or in person in New Zealand) for adults, and NZ$115 for children.[201]Passport were valid for five years if issued before December 2015. However, in 2015 the New Zealand government approved for the reinstatement of a 10-year validity period for passports, with all passports issued after December 2015 being valid for 10 years.
South America
[edit]Argentina
[edit]Issued since June 2012, costs 1,500 pesos (USD 15). Valid for 10 years[202]
Bolivia
[edit]Issued since 1 February 2019 and costing BOB 550 (USD 79.13). Valid 6 years. The Bolivian ePassport has the same functions as the other biometric passports as regulations from OASI.
Brazil
[edit]Issued since December 2006. However, just in December 2010 it began to issue passports with microchips, first in the capitalBrasíliaandGoiásstate. Since the end of January 2011, this last is available to be issued all over Brazil. Valid for 10 years for adults and costs R$156.07 (approximately €35).[203]In December 2014, the Federal Police Department extended the validity of the document, from five to ten years.[204]
Chile
[edit]Issued since 2 September 2013. Valid for 5 years and since 1 February 2020 10 years.[205]
Colombia
[edit]Issued since 1 September 2015, costing COP 169,000 (approx. USD 48).[206]
Ecuador
[edit]Issued since 14 September 2020.
Paraguay
[edit]Peru
[edit]On 21 February 2016, theSuperintendencia Nacional de Migracionesannounced that the first Peruvian biometric passports would be delivered by 26 February 2016.[207][208]It features a new cover, along with several security improvements, in order to be exempted for visas for theSchengen Area.[209]It will cost PEN 98.50, approximately USD 28, making it the cheapest passport in Latin America.[210]
Uruguay
[edit]The Uruguayan Ministry of the Interior started to issue biometric passports to Uruguayan citizens on 16 October 2015. The new passport complies with the standards set forth by theVisa Waiver Programof the United States.[211]However for naturalised citizens, the passport is not ICAO 9303 compliant as the country of birth is used in the "nationality" field and associated MRZ leading to errors being returned on usage (as noted in section 7.1 of ICAO 9303 part 3).
Venezuela
[edit]Issued after July 2007, Venezuela was the first Latin American country issuing passports including RFID chips along other major security improvements. The chip has photo and fingerprints data.[212]
Biometric passport photo requirements
[edit]The ICAO standard sets a 35x45 mm image with adequate resolution with the following requirements:
- The facial image shall depict a true likeness of the rightful holder of the passport and shall not be digitally altered or enhanced to change the subject's appearance in any way
- A close up of the head and shoulders with the subject facing square on and looking directly at the camera with both eyes visible and with a neutral expression with the mouth closed
- Both edges of the face must be clearly visible. The subject shall not be looking, portrait-style, over one shoulder
- The eyes must be open, and there must be no hair obscuring them
- Glasses: the photograph must show the eyes clearly with no lights reflected in the glasses. The glasses shall not have tinted lenses. Avoid heavy frames if possible and ensure that the frames do not cover any part of the eyes. Glasses should appear only if permanently worn.
- Head coverings shall not be accepted except in circumstances that the issuing State specifically approves. The face must be visible from the hairline to the chin and forward of the ears.
- A uniform light-coloured background shall be used to provide a contrast to the face and hair. For colour portraits, light blue, beige, light brown, pale grey or white are recommended for the background
Though some countries like USA use a 2x2 inch photo format (51x51 mm), they usually crop it to be closer to 35:45 in ratio when issuing a passport.
See also
[edit]- International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis
- International Civil Aviation Organization Public Key Directory
- National biometric ID card
References
[edit]- ^abMohd Jamal Kamdi."THE MALAYSIAN ELECTRONIC PASSPORT"(PDF).Retrieved21 February2018.
- ^"Over 60+ countries now issuing ePassports".FindBiometrics.30 December 2008. Archived fromthe originalon 6 April 2017.Retrieved5 April2017.
- ^"The electronic passport in 2021 and beyond".Thales Group.Retrieved31 March2021.
- ^"ICAO Document 9303, Part 1, Volume 1 (OCR machine-readable passports)"(PDF).ICAO.Retrieved21 February2017.
- ^Hegemann, Hendrik (March 2015). "Constructions of Effectiveness and the Rationalization of Counterterrorism Policy: The Case of Biometric Passports".Studies in Conflict & Terrorism.38(3): 199–218.doi:10.1080/1057610X.2014.982384.S2CID110098665.
- ^"ICAO Doc 9303, Part 11: Security Mechanisms for MRTDs"(PDF)(8 ed.). 2021. p. 3.
- ^"ICAO PKD Participants".International Civil Aviation Organization.January 2017.
- ^"Metal shields and encryption for US passports".New Scientist.Retrieved8 September2010.
- ^Funke, Holger."Overview of eMRTD test specifications".blog.protocolbench.org.
- ^Henning Richter; Wojciech Mostowski; Erik Poll."Fingerprinting Passports"(PDF).Retrieved8 September2010.
- ^Goodin, Dan (26 January 2010)."Defects in e-passports allow real-time tracking".The Register.Retrieved8 September2010.
- ^Tom Chothia; Vitaliy Smirnov (2010).A Traceability Attack Against e-Passports(PDF).14th International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security.Retrieved8 September2010.
- ^Avoine, Gildas; Beaujeant, Antonin; Hernandez-Castro, J. C.; Demay, Louis; Teuwen, Philippe (8 February 2016)."A Survey of Security and Privacy Issues in ePassport Protocols"(PDF).ACM Computing Surveys.48(3): 47:1–47:37.doi:10.1145/2825026.S2CID17797990.Retrieved4 February2018.
- ^ab"Attacks on Digital Passports"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 29 August 2008.Retrieved8 September2010.
- ^"Belgian Biometric Passport does not get a pass".Dice.ucl.ac.be. Archived fromthe originalon 6 April 2009.Retrieved8 September2010.
- ^Kim Zetter (3 August 2006)."Hackers clone E-Passports".Wired.Retrieved18 October2014.
- ^"Icao Pkd"..icao.int. Archived fromthe originalon 18 October 2014.Retrieved18 October2014.
- ^Steve Boggan (6 August 2008)."Fakeproof e-passport is cloned in minutes".The Sunday Times.UK. Archived fromthe originalon 8 July 2010.Retrieved6 October2010.
- ^"ePassport emulator".Dexlab.nl. Archived fromthe originalon 12 April 2010.Retrieved8 September2010.
- ^"The Hacker's Choice ePassport tools".Freeworld.thc.org. Archived fromthe originalon 16 September 2010.Retrieved8 September2010.
- ^Lettice, John (30 September 2008)."Elvis has left the border: ePassport faking guide unleashed".Theregister.co.uk.Retrieved8 September2010.
- ^Jeroen van Beek (17 April 2009).ePassport reloaded goes mobile(PDF).BlackHat Europe 2009, Amsterdam.Retrieved8 September2010.
- ^accessdate April 26, 2009[dead link]
- ^Luca Calderoni; Dario Maio (September 2014). "Cloning and tampering threats in e-Passports".Expert Systems with Applications.41(11): 5066–5070.doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2014.02.044.
- ^Grunwald, Lukas."Security by Politics – Why it will never work"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 25 July 2011.Retrieved8 September2010.
- ^David Reid (15 December 2006)."ePassports 'at risk' from cloning".>Click.BBC.
- ^Budapest Declaration on Machine Readable Travel Documents,FIDISNoE,Budapest, September 2006
- ^"E-government: who controls the controllers?".Opendemocracy.net. Archived fromthe originalon 9 May 2006.Retrieved9 February2006.
- ^"IfG.CC - Algeria launches biometric passports".ifg.cc.Retrieved8 August2020.
- ^"The Henley Passport Index: Q1 2022 Factsheet"(PDF).
- ^"NIS Rolls Out Enhanced Electronic Passport For Edo, Delta In Benin".Independent.22 June 2022.Retrieved15 January2024.
- ^"Republic of Botswana - Government portal".Archived fromthe originalon 15 May 2012.Retrieved18 September2017.
- ^"Botswana introduces electronic passport".Sunday Standard.7 March 2010.
- ^"No visa required: Africa's most powerful passports".How We Made It In Africa.7 July 2014.Retrieved30 May2020.
- ^ab"Business Botswana:: BOTSWANA PASSPORT RANKS 58TH ON THE 2019 GLOBAL PASSPORT INDEX".bb.org.bw.Retrieved30 May2020.
- ^"Ministry of Nationality, Immigration And Gender Affairs | Government of Botswana".gov.bw.Retrieved23 May2020.
- ^"Portail de pré-enrôlement du nouveau passeport biométrique national".passcam. Archived fromthe originalon 5 August 2022.Retrieved3 November2022.
- ^"Passaporte eletrónico arranca em Cabo Verde".CEO Lusófono. 26 January 2016. Archived fromthe originalon 20 April 2016.Retrieved10 March2016.
- ^"Global Ranking - Visa Restriction Index 2017"(PDF).Henley & Partners.Retrieved14 March2017.
- ^"Bio-Passports Ready: Migration Starts Tuesday".GhanaWeb.19 March 2010. Archived fromthe originalon 15 August 2017.Retrieved6 October2019.
- ^Ghanaian Times(22 May 2009)."Ghanaians to get biometric passports in 2010: Ghana Business News".GhanaBusinessNews.Archived fromthe originalon 22 January 2011.Retrieved6 October2019.
- ^"Ghana Passport: Full Guide - Apply Online & Get it Delivered in 15 Days".Mfidie.29 April 2019. Archived fromthe originalon 1 May 2019.Retrieved6 October2019.
- ^Tetteh, Cherko (24 January 2020)."Online Ghana Passport Application, Renewal And Replacement Procedures 2020 / 2021".Avenuegh.Retrieved25 January2020.
- ^Daily Graphic(19 March 2019)."Ghana's biometric passport ready".GhanaBusinessNews.Archived fromthe originalon 22 July 2011.Retrieved6 October2019.
- ^"President inaugurates new Passport Office".Graphic Online.Retrieved18 November2020.
- ^Tetteh, Cherko (29 September 2019)."Ghana Passport Application Procedures And All Details: Updated 2019/2020".Avenuegh.Retrieved6 October2019.
- ^"The Lesotho Government Portal".Archived fromthe originalon 18 September 2017.Retrieved18 September2017.
- ^"Migration – Le passeport électronique obligatoire".L'Express de Madagascar. Archived fromthe originalon 17 April 2016.Retrieved8 April2016.
- ^"Mauritanians make biometric passports compulsory".panapress.Retrieved31 October2014.
- ^"Passport portal of the Kingdom of Morocco".Kingdom of Morocco.Retrieved8 September2010.
- ^"Moçambicanos necessitam de passaporte biométrico para entrar na África do Sul".Voice of America.2 June 2015.Retrieved8 April2016.
- ^"Namibia switches to electronic passports".The Namibian.Archived fromthe originalon 7 January 2018.Retrieved7 January2018.
- ^"Namibia launches the e-passport".The Namibian.Archived fromthe originalon 9 January 2018.Retrieved8 January2018.
- ^"De la Rue delivers new Sierra Leone ePassport".delarue.
- ^Aweys Osman Yusuf (11 October 2006)."New Somali passport approved".Shabelle.net.Archived from the original on 21 January 2008.
{{cite web}}
:CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^"South Sudan Passports And IDs To Be Launched On 3 January 2012".Sudan Radio Service.Archived fromthe originalon 31 December 2012.
- ^"South Sudan launches passports and national ID cards".Sudan Tribune.Archived fromthe originalon 8 January 2012.Retrieved6 February2012.
- ^الجواز الالكترونى(in Arabic). Archived fromthe originalon 9 March 2010.Retrieved5 June2010.
- ^Farirai Machivenyika; Kudzai Muhamba (15 December 2021)."E-passport launch marks another milestone".The Herald.Retrieved23 December2021.
- ^"Foreign ministry issues computerised passports (Video)".Pajhwok Afghan News.18 September 2011. Archived fromthe originalon 6 March 2014.Retrieved18 October2011.
- ^"Modernising the Afghan Passport Office".Khaama Press.5 November 2014.Retrieved24 August2022.
- ^"Project of Biometric Passports in Armenia".PLUS Journal.25 December 2008. Archived fromthe originalon 21 July 2009.Retrieved5 June2010.
- ^Общество / Культура: У граждан Армении могут быть два вида паспортов.Barev.NET(in Russian). 20 October 2009. Archived fromthe originalon 23 July 2011.Retrieved5 June2010.
- ^Армения. У граждан будет два типа удостоверений личности(in Russian). 21 October 2009.Retrieved5 June2010.[permanent dead link]
- ^"Bahrain to roll out e-Passports on March 20 with advanced security features".
- ^"Bahrain e-passport: Types, features, all you need to know".Arabian Business.13 March 2023.
- ^"MRP applications from Apr 1".BdNews24.29 March 2010. Archived fromthe originalon 23 January 2020.
- ^ab"E‑Passport Fees".epassport.gov.bd.Department of Immigration and Passports, Ministry of Home Affairs.
- ^"DIP mulls e-passports by Dec".The Independent.6 July 2018. Archived fromthe originalon 14 October 2018.
- ^"E-Passports set to be on roll in June".The Independent.19 March 2019. Archived fromthe originalon 11 April 2019.
- ^Mamun, Shohel (22 June 2018)."30 million e-passports for citizens".Dhaka Tribune.Archived fromthe originalon 2 July 2020.
- ^"Brunei passport becomes Biometric passport".I4donline.net. Archived fromthe originalon 8 December 2010.Retrieved8 September2010.
- ^"2014 năm 0 ngày 17 tháng 7 – thời hạn có hiệu lực 10 năm ‧ thân làm phí 100 đôla ‧ tân phiên bản hộ chiếu bắt đầu dùng – tin tức – Campuchia".camsinchew.Archived fromthe originalon 8 December 2015.Retrieved12 December2015.
- ^"Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi Attends the Launch Ceremony for the Trial Issuance of E-Passports for Public Affairs".Ministry of Foreign Affairs.Retrieved15 February2011.
- ^"Nhân công điện tử hộ chiếu 31 ngày thí điểm ký phát có thể làm cho cầm chiếu người nhanh chóng thông quan".Trung Quốc võng.Retrieved15 February2011.
- ^Trung Hoa nhân dân nước cộng hoà bộ ngoại giao thông cáo(in Chinese).Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China.1 June 2011.Retrieved31 August2011.
- ^"Chinese passports to get chipped".China Daily USA. Archived fromthe originalon 21 September 2018.Retrieved5 May2012.
- ^Võng dễ (25 July 2017)."Bình thường hộ chiếu mỗi bổn thu phí từ 200 nguyên hàng vì 160 nguyên _ võng dễ tin tức".news.163.Retrieved19 November2017.
- ^"4 nguyệt cả nước bắt đầu dùng tân hào đoạn điện tử bình thường hộ chiếu ngươi bắt được tân hộ chiếu sao – ái lữ hành võng".ailv xing.Retrieved19 November2017.
- ^"Electronic Passport System".Archived fromthe originalon 29 August 2010.Retrieved28 March2010.
- ^"Fee Tables".Hong Kong Immigration Department.Retrieved8 April2016.
- ^After US tests, India to get first e-passport (16 May 2008)."After US tests, India to get first e-passport".NDTV. Archived fromthe originalon 2 July 2008.Retrieved8 September2010.
- ^"E-passport launched, President gets one".India Today. Indo-Asian News Service. 25 June 2008.Retrieved22 December2020.
- ^ab"Government Plans to Introduce Chip-Enabled E-Passports With Advanced Security Features".News18.18 July 2019. Archived fromthe originalon 19 July 2019.
- ^Majumdar, Romita."TCS could roll out chip based e-passports by the end of 2022".The Economic Times.Retrieved11 December2022.
- ^"Immigration Fees".Directorate General of Immigration.Retrieved16 April2023.
- ^Hasibuan, Linda (11 October 2022)."Mulai 12 Oktober Masa Berlaku Paspor 10 Tahun, Ini Biayanya".CNBC Indonesia.Retrieved19 October2022.
- ^"Kementerian Luar Negeri Luncurkan E-Passport Diplomatik dan Dinas".Ministry of Foreign Affairs.19 August 2021.Retrieved21 September2021.
- ^مدارک لازم جهت صدور گذرنامه(in Persian). 8 March 2014. Archived fromthe originalon 9 February 2014.Retrieved8 March2014.
- ^Lee, John (7 March 2023)."Iraq Launches Electronic Passport Portal".MENAFN.
- ^"המאגר הביומטרי ישמור עליכם".הארץ.13 December 2016 – via Haaretz.
- ^Yechiel Spira (8 April 2008)."Israel Moving to Biometric Passport".The Yeshiva World.
- ^"احالة عطاء اصدار جوازات السفر الاردنية الالكترونية".27 May 2024.
- ^"Biometric Passports".MALAYSIA PASSPORT.Archived fromthe originalon 22 February 2018.Retrieved21 February2018.
- ^Rashvinjeet S. Bedi (15 January 2015)."Passport fee reduced to RM200".The Star.Retrieved21 February2018.
- ^"Pasport Malaysia Antarabangsa"[Malaysian International Passport] (in Malay).Immigration Department of Malaysia.Archived fromthe originalon 21 February 2018.Retrieved21 February2018.
- ^"Nepal to distribute e-passports from Nov 17".OnlineKhabar English News.12 November 2021.
- ^Giri, Anil (17 November 2021)."Nepal to start issuing e-passports from today".The Kathmandu Post.Archivedfrom the original on 17 November 2021.Retrieved17 November2021.
- ^"E-passports to be issued from today".My Republica.17 November 2021.Archivedfrom the original on 17 November 2021.Retrieved17 November2021.
- ^"Nepal innovates by issuing its first ePassports with IDEMIA"(PDF).IDEMIA. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 26 September 2022.
- ^Adam Vrankulj (16 April 2014)."Royal Oman Police say biometric passports will replace old documents this year".BiometrictUpdate.
- ^"Document: OMN-AO-01003".European Council.Retrieved30 December2022.
- ^"Global Passport Power Rank 2021".Passport Index.Archived fromthe originalon 1 October 2021.
- ^"PM to launch e-passport system today: Rashid".The Express Tribune.30 March 2022.Retrieved1 April2022.
- ^https://dgip.gov.pk/eServices/epassport.phpDGI&P e-Passport website
- ^Tan, Kimberly Jane (11 August 2009)."Arroyo first to receive e-passport from DFA".
- ^"Frequently asked questions regarding the 'e-passport'".11 August 2009.
- ^"Services – Hukoomi – Qatar E-government".
- ^"عام / سمو الأمير عبدالعزيز بن سعود يقف على سير العمل في المديرية العامة للجوازات ويدشن جواز السفر السعودي الإلكتروني الجديد".10 February 2022.
- ^"أبرز الأسئلة الشائعة حول #الجواز_السعودي_الإلكتروني".Twitter(in Arabic).Retrieved11 February2022.
- ^"ICA – Immigration & Checkpoints Authority of Singapore".ica.gov.sg.
- ^"?".Archived fromthe originalon 1 October 2006.
- ^"Global Ranking - Visa Restriction Index 2018"(PDF).Henley & Partners.Retrieved23 March2018.
- ^"한국을 대표하는 글로벌 방송! The World on Arirang!".Archived fromthe originalon 26 December 2021.Retrieved21 November2023.
- ^إزالة اللغة الفرنسية في إصدار جواز السفر السوري بتصميمه البيومتري الجديد
- ^"Your partner in document verification".keesingfightfraud. Archived fromthe originalon 30 September 2007.
- ^"?".Hurriyet Daily News(in Turkish). Turkey. 7 March 2010.
- ^"Çağdaş pasaport yolda"(in Turkish). 18 June 2009. Archived fromthe originalon 28 July 2011.Retrieved5 June2010.
- ^"Turkey to start printing new biometric passports in March – Turkey News".Hürriyet Daily News.5 December 2015.Retrieved12 December2020.
- ^"T.C. İçişleri Bakanlığı Nüfus ve Vatandaşlık İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü".Archived fromthe originalon 11 May 2019.Retrieved2 January2022.
- ^"Turkmenistan introduces passports with biometric data of their holders".10 July 2008.Retrieved5 June2010.
- ^"تم – خدمات حكومة أبوظبي".Abudhabi.ae. 1 January 1970.Retrieved24 May2020.
- ^"Uzbekistan Today".Archived fromthe originalon 20 March 2011.Retrieved21 January2011.
- ^"Bắt đầu cấp hộ chiếu gắn chip điện tử từ ngày 1-3".Báo Tuổi Trẻ(in Vietnamese). 16 February 2023.Retrieved19 February2023.
- ^Jonathan P. Aus (25 September 2006)."Decision-making under Pressure: The Negotiation of the Biometric Passports Regulation in the Council"(in Norwegian). Arena.uio.no.Retrieved8 September2010.
- ^EC News articleArchived9 January 2009 at theWayback Machineabout the relevant regulations: Council Regulation (EC) 2252/2004, Commission Decision C(2005)409 adopted on 28 February 2005 and Commission Decision C(2006)2909 adopted on 28 June 2006
- ^ab2008/261/EC: Council Decision of 28 February 2008 on the signature, on behalf of the European Community, and on the provisional application of certain provisions of the Protocol between the European Union, the European Community, the Swiss Confederation and the Principality of Liechtenstein on the accession of the Principality of Liechtenstein to the Agreement between the European Union, the European Community and the Swiss Confederation on the Swiss Confederation's association with the implementation, application and development of the Schengen acquis,26 March 2008,retrieved22 October2020
- ^ab2008/262/EC: Council Decision of 28 February 2008 on the signature, on behalf of the European Union, and on the provisional application of certain provisions of the Protocol between the European Union, the European Community, the Swiss Confederation and the Principality of Liechtenstein on the accession of the Principality of Liechtenstein to the Agreement between the European Union, the European Community and the Swiss Confederation on the Swiss Confederation's association with the implementation, application and development of the Schengen acquis,26 March 2008,retrieved22 October2020
- ^Council Regulation (EC) No 2252/2004of 13 December 2004, see preamble 10–14
- ^Regulation (EC) No 444/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 May 2009 amending Council Regulation (EC) No 2252/2004 on standards for security features and biometrics in passports and travel documents issued by Member States,6 June 2009,retrieved22 October2020
- ^Opinion of the European Data Protection Supervisoron the proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Council Regulation (EC) No 2252/2004 on standards for security features and biometrics in passports and travel documents issued by Member States, 6 August 2008
- ^"Donner stopt opslag vingerafdruk paspoort".Security.NL. 5 December 2017.Retrieved16 March2022.
- ^"Dutch government to store fingerprints".Nrc.nl. 18 September 2009. Archived fromthe originalon 8 January 2010.Retrieved8 September2010.
- ^"COUNCIL REGULATION (EC) No 2252/2004 of 13 December 2004 on standards for security features and biometrics in passports and travel documents issued by Member States"(PDF).Official Journal of the European Union. 29 December 2004.Retrieved6 October2010.
- ^"Reisepass – Neuausstellung".help.gv.at(in German). Bundeskanzleramt Österreich. 11 June 2014.Retrieved9 August2014.
- ^"Reisepass – Minderjährige unter 18 Jahren".help.gv.at(in German). Bundeskanzleramt Österreich. 15 May 2014.Retrieved9 August2014.
- ^"Austria Adopts Fingerprint Passports".english.cri.cn.China Radio International. 30 March 2009. Archived fromthe originalon 11 May 2011.Retrieved5 June2010.
- ^"Bulgaria to Start Issuing Biometric IDs in March 2010".Novinite.Sofia News Agency. 1 October 2009.Retrieved5 June2010.
- ^"Priser på pas gældende fra 1. oktober 2004".politi.dk(in Danish). Danish National Police. 29 December 2009. Archived fromthe originalon 20 May 2010.Retrieved5 June2010.
- ^"The fee for issuing a new passport is raised from 1 February 2021".The Danish Immigration Service. 1 February 2021.Retrieved3 April2021.
- ^"Estonian Passport Application".Consulate General of Estonia in New York.Retrieved5 June2010.
- ^"Fingerprints to be included in new passports as from 29 June".Embassy of Finland, Washington. 29 June 2009.Retrieved5 June2010.
- ^"Passeport biométrique"(in French). Service-public.fr. Archived fromthe originalon 22 July 2010.Retrieved5 June2010.
- ^"Passeport en urgence: passeport temporaire pour un majeur".service-public.fr(in French).Retrieved8 June2022.
- ^"Etats-Unis- Entrée / Séjour".France Diplomatie - Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères(in French).Retrieved8 June2022.
- ^"Welche Gebühren werden für den Reisepass erhoben?".Bundesministerium des Innern, für Bau und Heimat(in German).Retrieved14 June2020.
- ^"Elektronischer Reisepass"(in German). Bundesministerium des Innern. Archived fromthe originalon 22 February 2010.Retrieved5 June2010.
- ^"Paßgesetz § 5 Gültigkeitsdauer"(in German). Bundesministerium der Justiz.Retrieved5 June2010.
- ^"Issuance of passports".Embassy of Greece Canberra. Archived fromthe originalon 31 March 2012.Retrieved10 October2011.
- ^"Hellenic Ministry of Foreign Affairs".Archived fromthe originalon 3 July 2010.Retrieved5 June2010.
- ^Molnár, Szilárd (6 July 2009)."HU: Fingerprint in Hungarian Passports".ePractice.Retrieved5 June2010.
- ^"Június végétől ujjlenyomat is lesz az új útlevelekben".Kormányszóvivő.hu(in Hungarian). 26 May 2009. Archived fromthe originalon 5 July 2010.Retrieved5 June2010.
- ^"Útlevél"(PDF).tata.hu.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 29 January 2017.
- ^"Passport Renewals".Retrieved16 March2019.
- ^"Passport".esteri.it.[permanent dead link]
- ^"Avvio emissione di passaporto elettronico con impronte digitali"(in Italian). Ambasciata d'Italia a La Valletta. 11 January 2010. Archived fromthe originalon 5 July 2010.Retrieved5 June2010.
- ^"Pilsonības un migrācijas lietu pārvalde – Valsts nodeva par personu apliecinoša dokumenta izsniegšanu".pmlp.gov.lv.
- ^"Išdavimo tvarka"(in Lithuanian).Retrieved14 June2019.
- ^"Personal document issuing scheme".Personalisation of Identity Documents Centre.Ministry of the Interior. Archived fromthe originalon 8 June 2013.Retrieved6 June2013.
- ^"Paspoort twee keer zo lang geldig, ID-kaart zonder vingerafdrukken".rijksoverheid.nl.
- ^"The new Polish passport with fingerprint".Polska Wytwórnia Papierów Wartościowych S.A. 22 June 2009.Retrieved5 June2010.
- ^"Passaporte Electrónico Português".Archived fromthe originalon 7 November 2013.Retrieved10 February2014.
- ^"Romanian Biometric Passport Prices".RCG. 7 January 2014. Archived fromthe originalon 7 January 2014.Retrieved7 January2014.
- ^"First biometric passport in Bucharest".RCG. 22 February 2010. Archived fromthe originalon 31 May 2010.Retrieved5 June2010.
- ^"How to check a passport – Keesing Technologies".Keesing Technologies.Archived fromthe originalon 8 March 2016.Retrieved16 February2016.
- ^"Slovenia to begin issuing second-generation biometric passports".News.Ministry of the Interior. 29 June 2009. Archived fromthe originalon 29 March 2010.Retrieved5 June2010.
- ^"Passport and visa".Swedavia.Archived fromthe originalon 5 July 2010.Retrieved5 June2010.
- ^"Home".consilium.europa.eu.Retrieved22 October2020.
- ^"Press corner".European Commission – European Commission.Retrieved22 October2020.
- ^"Pass og timebestilling".Politiet(in Norwegian Bokmål).Retrieved22 October2020.
- ^"Norway to meet Schengen requirements with Motorola Biometrics Enrolment System"(PDF).Motorola. 2007. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2 January 2013.
- ^Bernstein, Ralph (1 November 2011)."European Union".Public Service Review(22).[permanent dead link]
- ^"Gebühr/Preis und Gültigkeit"(in German). 6 May 2010. Archived fromthe originalon 23 May 2010.Retrieved5 June2010.
- ^"Pass 10"(in German). 25 January 2010. Archived fromthe originalon 7 June 2010.Retrieved5 June2010.
- ^"სახელმწიფო სერვისების განვითარების სააგენტო – Passport".Retrieved24 December2018.
- ^"Passport of citizen of Georgia".migration mission.ge.Retrieved24 December2018.
- ^Centrul Resurselor InformaŢionale de Stat "Registru"."Centrul Resurselor Informaţionale de Stat" Registru "".registru.md. Archived fromthe originalon 7 September 2012.Retrieved8 September2010.
- ^Читаем биометрический паспорт(in Russian). 3 March 2009. Archived fromthe originalon 18 June 2009.Retrieved5 June2010.
- ^"MUP RS – Putne isprave".Mup.gov.rs. Archived fromthe originalon 31 August 2010.Retrieved8 September2010.
- ^"Українці зможуть отримати біометричні паспорти вже 1 січня 2015 року".unn.ua.Retrieved3 November2014.
- ^ab"Ukraine makes digital passports legally equivalent to ordinary ones | KyivPost – Ukraine's Global Voice".KyivPost.30 March 2021.Retrieved31 March2021.
- ^"Passport fees".gov.uk.
- ^"Passport prices rise".Directgov.7 July 2009. Archived fromthe originalon 11 May 2011.Retrieved5 June2010.
- ^ "Barbados switches to e-passports".NationNews.17 September 2018.Retrieved15 January2024.
- ^"Barbados moves to biometric passports, considers biometric verification at ports of entry".biometricupdate.19 September 2018.Retrieved15 January2024.
- ^Gentle, Khaila (24 October 2022)."New e-passport system launched".Amandala.Retrieved15 January2024.
- ^ "The ePassport".Passport Canada. 6 December 2012. Archived fromthe originalon 28 July 2011.Retrieved10 August2011.
- ^"Biometric Passport – Dirección General de Migración y Extranjería (DGME)".migracion.go.cr.Retrieved18 March2022.
- ^"Dominica Launches Biometric Passport".natureisle.news.5 August 2021.Retrieved28 February2024.
- ^"Emitirán pasaporte electrónico a partir de este mes en Honduras".elheraldo.hn(in Spanish).Retrieved22 March2022.
- ^"Passport Information – Ministry of National Security, Air and Sea Port Development".security.gov.vc.Retrieved26 December2018.
- ^"Department of State Begins Issuance of an Electronic Passport".17 February 2006.
- ^"The U.S. Electronic Passport".Archived fromthe originalon 27 August 2010.Retrieved5 June2010.
- ^"Biometrics".Department of Homeland Security.24 October 2016.Retrieved22 November2020.
- ^Bronk, R. Christopher (May 2007)."Innovation by Policy: A Study of the Electronic Passport"(PDF).The James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 1 July 2007.Retrieved5 June2010.
- ^"Homeland Security backs off on scanning US citizens".The Register.Retrieved10 December2019.
- ^Department of Homeland Security."e-Passports".Retrieved2 July2024.
- ^US airport opens first fully biometric terminal– CNN travel
- ^"Passport fees".Australian Passport Office.17 July 2022.
- ^Naidu, Jennis (19 September 2019)."Enrolment Of ePassports Starts Today, Immigration Department Outline New Fees".Fiji Sun.Retrieved28 October2019.
- ^"Passport costs".Te Tari Taiwhenua – Internal Affairs.Retrieved7 March2023.
- ^Ministerio del Interior y Transporte."Ministerio del Interior y Transporte".
- ^"Globo Vídeos – VIDEO – Polícia Federal apresenta novo modelo de passaporte".Video.globo. 10 December 2010.Retrieved6 December2011.
- ^"G1 – Polícia Federal amplia para dez anos prazo de validade de passaportes – notícias em Distrito Federal".Distrito Federal.12 December 2014.
- ^"Nueva cédula de identidad y pasaporte electrónicos"(in Spanish). Government of Chile.Retrieved18 February2014.
- ^Cancillería Colombia."Costos".
- ^"Pasaporte electrónico se puede tramitar desde hoy".El Comercio(in Spanish). 23 February 2016.
- ^"Todo lo que necesitas saber sobre el Pasaporte Electrónico"(in Spanish). Superintendencia Nacional de Migraciones. Archived fromthe originalon 4 March 2016.Retrieved22 February2016.
- ^"Visa Schengen: su eliminación estará lista para marzo del 2016".El Comercio(in Spanish). 30 December 2015.Retrieved23 February2016.
- ^"Pasaporte peruano será el más barato de Latinoamérica, aseguran"(in Spanish). RPP. 21 February 2016.
- ^"Emiten hoy el primer pasaporte electrónico"(in Spanish). 16 October 2015.Retrieved10 December2015.
- ^"Nuevo pasaporte electrónico entrará en vigencia a finales de año"(in Spanish). 22 September 2006. Archived fromthe originalon 16 May 2011.Retrieved5 June2010.