Bizerte

Bizerte بنزرت Binzart
City
Bizerte
From top, left to right: View of Bizerte from Ksiba, Bizerte Corniche, Old port od Bizerte, Bizerte Center, The gouvenorate local, Bizerte Bridge.
Bizerte Location in Tunisia Bizerte Bizerte (Africa)
Coordinates:37°16′40″N9°51′50″E
Country	Tunisia
Governorate	Bizerte Governorate
Delegation(s)	Bizerte North, Bizerte South
Government
•Mayor	Kamel Ben Amara(Ennahda)
Area
• Urban	34km2(13.127 sq mi)
Elevation	5m (16 ft)
Population (2014)
•City	142,966
• Density	3,363/km2(8,712/sq mi)
•Metro	401,144
Time zone	UTC+01:00(CET)
Postal code	7000
Area code	+216(Tun) 72 (Bizerte)
Website	commune-bizerte.gov.tn

Bizerte(Arabic:بنزرت,romanized:BinzartTunisian Arabic pronunciation:[bɪnzɑrt]) is a city ofBizerte GovernorateinTunisia.It is thenorthernmostcity in Africa, located 65 km (40 mi) north of the capitalTunis.It is also known as the last town to remain underFrench controlafter the rest of the country won its independence from France. The city had 142,966 inhabitants in 2014.

Names

The classical name of Bizerte, Hippo, is thelatinizationof aPunicname (Punic:𐤏𐤐𐤅‬𐤍,ʿpwn),probably related to the wordûbôn,meaning "harbor".To distinguish it fromHippo Regius(the modernAnnaba,inAlgeria), the Greeks and Romans used several epithets.Scylax of Caryandamentions it asHippo AcraandHippo Polis( "Hippo the City" ).Polybiusmentions it asHippo Diarrhytus(Greek:Ἱππὼν διάρρυτος,Hippōn Diárrhytos), "Hippo Divided-by-the-Water", in reference to the town's prominentcanal.It also appears inRoman,Vandal,andByzantinesources asHippo Zarytus.Its Arabic nameBinzart(بنزرت) and the French and English forms derived from it all represent phonetic developments of its ancient name.

History

Aerial view of Bizerte (October 2008)

Phoeniciantrade routes 1200 BC – 539 BC

Roman mosaic with scenes of fishing and village life (Bardo National Museum,Tunisia)

Later history

Arabarmies took Bizerte in 647 in their first invasion of the area, but the city reverted to control from Constantinople until the Byzantines were defeated and finally driven from North Africa in 695–98. The troops ofCharles Vof theHoly Roman Empirecaptured the city in 1535; theTurks took it in 1574.The city then became acorsairharbour and struggled against the French and the Venetians.

With its occupation of Tunisia in 1881,Francegained control of Bizerte and built a large naval harbour in the city.

In 1924, after the French government officially recognized theSoviet Union(USSR),the western military fleet of White Russiathat had been kept in the port of Bizerte was returned to the Soviet government. The ships were never moved from the port and finally were sold there as scrap metal.

In March 1939, towards the end of theSpanish Civil War,Spanish Republican NavyCommanderMiguel Buizaordered the evacuation of the bulk of the Republican fleet. Three cruisers, eight destroyers and two submarines leftCartagenaharbor and reached Bizerte, where the French authorities impounded them.

During theSecond World War,theGermanandItalian armiesoccupied Bizerte untilAllied troops defeated themon 7 May 1943. During the fighting between theAllied forcesand the German Army, many of the city's inhabitants fled to the countryside or toTunis.The city suffered significant damage during the battle.

Aerial view of Bizerte in 1959

Due to Bizerte's strategic location on theMediterranean,Franceretained control of the city and their naval base after Tunisian independence in 1956. In 1961 Tunisian forcesblockadedthe area of Bizerte and demanded French withdrawal. The face-off escalated when a French helicopter took off and drew fire. The French brought in reinforcements; when these were fired upon, France took decisive military action against the Tunisian forces. Using superior weapons and decisive force the French took Bizerte andMenzel Bourguiba.During three days in July 1961, 700 Tunisians died (1200 wounded); the French lost 24 dead (100 wounded).

Meetings at theUN Security Counciland other international pressure moved France to agreement; the French military finally abandoned Bizerte on 15 October 1963.

Geography

• 
  Circonsciption of Bizerte.

Location

Bizerte is on a section of widened inlet and east-facing coast of the north coast of Tunisia, 15 kilometres fromRas ben Sakka(the northernmost point in Africa on theMediterranean Sea), 20 kilometers northeast of theIchkeul lake(a World Heritage Site), 30 kilometers (19 miles) north of the archaeological site ofUticaand 65 kilometers north ofTunis.

West of the city there are coastal hills forming an outcrop of theTell Atlaswith well-conserved woods and vantage points. Its associated beaches include Sidi Salem, La Grotte, Rasenjela, and Al Rimel. It is on a section of Mediterranean climate coastline, close toSardiniaandSicily,as opposed to coasts in the south of the country which have a year-round dry desert climate.

The city is centered on the north shore of the canal of Bizerte linking the Mediterranean Sea to a tidal lake, theLac de Bizertewhich is larger than all parts of the town combined, to the immediate south. Built-up areas are in three directions:

• South-west along the widening canal with jetties at Pecherie and Jarrouba, the latter associated withBizerte-Sidi Ahmed Air Baseadjoining the opening of the lake and military/rescue heliport.
• North are Sidi Salam and Corniche. They are within meters of the coast and on coast-facing slopes of the Ain Berda, a range of hills toward Cap Blanc, a small headland in the Ain Damou Plage natural conservation area.
• Zarzouna,Menzel JemilandMenzel Abderrahmaneare on the south shore of the canal, formed by the locality of Zarzouna and the towns ofMenzel JemilandMenzel Abderrahmane,by a moveable bridge and both Menzels face the lake itself. The rest of theisthmuson which they stand is the gently rising Foret de Remel, reaching a high point east of its forest area atCap Zebib.

Aerial view of Bizerte

Transport

A4 motorwayconnecting Bizerte and Tunis

The bridge leads tothe motorway A4leading toTunis–Carthage International Airportand the capital. On the town side the P11 passes semi-rural Louata, hugs Ichkeul Lake and branches into a western route, the P7, leading directly toTabarkaon the coast next to the Algerian border. The P11 leads south-west toBéja,a governorate center, in the foothills of theTell Atlas,forks into several roads atBou Salem,a small town in a broad fertile plain, and climbs to Firnanah passing two high-altitude lakes and also approaching the north-west border with Algeria.

Climate

Bizerte enjoys ahot-summer mediterraneanclimate, with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers. The Mediterranean Sea breeze makes summers cooler and more humid than in the interior of Tunisia.

Climate data for Bizerte (1991–2020, extremes 1901–2023)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	27.0 (80.6)	27.2 (81.0)	33.5 (92.3)	34.2 (93.6)	40.4 (104.7)	46.0 (114.8)	48.9 (120.0)	48.9 (120.0)	45.0 (113.0)	40.5 (104.9)	34.0 (93.2)	27.2 (81.0)	48.9 (120.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	16.0 (60.8)	16.2 (61.2)	18.4 (65.1)	21.0 (69.8)	25.1 (77.2)	29.5 (85.1)	32.4 (90.3)	33.2 (91.8)	29.7 (85.5)	26.1 (79.0)	20.9 (69.6)	17.1 (62.8)	23.8 (74.9)
Daily mean °C (°F)	11.5 (52.7)	11.5 (52.7)	13.4 (56.1)	15.7 (60.3)	19.4 (66.9)	23.5 (74.3)	26.4 (79.5)	27.2 (81.0)	24.5 (76.1)	21.0 (69.8)	16.2 (61.2)	12.7 (54.9)	18.6 (65.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	7.1 (44.8)	6.9 (44.4)	8.3 (46.9)	10.5 (50.9)	13.8 (56.8)	17.6 (63.7)	20.4 (68.7)	21.3 (70.3)	19.3 (66.7)	15.9 (60.6)	11.6 (52.9)	8.4 (47.1)	13.4 (56.2)
Record low °C (°F)	−4.2 (24.4)	−1.4 (29.5)	−0.4 (31.3)	1.0 (33.8)	3.1 (37.6)	8.0 (46.4)	8.0 (46.4)	10.0 (50.0)	8.9 (48.0)	4.9 (40.8)	0.0 (32.0)	−0.5 (31.1)	−4.2 (24.4)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches)	91.1 (3.59)	83.4 (3.28)	58.8 (2.31)	49.0 (1.93)	22.3 (0.88)	9.9 (0.39)	2.8 (0.11)	18.7 (0.74)	49.9 (1.96)	66.5 (2.62)	96.2 (3.79)	104.6 (4.12)	653.2 (25.72)
Average precipitation days(≥ 1.0 mm)	10.9	9.6	7.3	6.5	3.8	1.4	0.4	1.6	5.2	6.6	10.3	11.6	75.2
Averagerelative humidity(%)	83	80	78	78	75	70	68	69	75	78	83	83	77
Mean monthlysunshine hours	142.6	163.9	217.0	237.0	303.8	330.0	384.4	356.5	267.0	207.7	153.0	133.3	2,896.2
Mean dailysunshine hours	4.6	5.8	7.0	7.9	9.8	11.0	12.4	11.5	8.9	6.7	5.1	4.3	7.9
Source 1: Institut National de la Météorologie (extremes 1950–2021)
Source 2:Deutscher Wetterdienst(extremes 1901–1992)OGIMETArab Meteorology Book (humidity and sun),NOAA

Bizerte mean sea temperature

Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
14.6 °C (58.3 °F)	14.0 °C (57.2 °F)	14.3 °C (57.7 °F)	15.1 °C (59.2 °F)	17.2 °C (63.0 °F)	19.9 °C (67.8 °F)	23.4 °C (74.1 °F)	24.9 °C (76.8 °F)	23.8 °C (74.8 °F)	21.7 °C (71.1 °F)	18.8 °C (65.8 °F)	16.2 °C (61.2 °F)

Demography

In 2020 the estimated population of Bizerte was 182,662, with a density of 392.4/km².

Population structure

In 2014 theMalesrepresented 50.3% of the population and theFemales49.7%. The population aged 60 years and over represented 12.4% and the urban population represented 60.4% of the population.

Demographic evolution

Demographic evolution of Bizerte
and its delegations

	2004	2014	2020
Bizerte	144 889	167 759	182 622
Bizerte Nord	75 234	87 307	95 268
Bizerte Sud	45 227	55 659	62 426
Zarzouna	24 428	24 793	24 929
Source: Citypopulation.de

Architecture and landscape

Vieux Port

Le vieux port (the old port) of Bizerte is a port with its small pool surrounded by white houses, cafes and large boats in bright colors.The old port is the most charming place in Bizerte. The quay stretches in an arc along the Siena earth ramparts of the Kasbah and the low white houses. A modest boat painted in red and green slices through the calm water, a fisherman unloads his fish for the nearby market, another weighs anchor... Bizerte presents the familiar spectacle of a small Provençal or Spanish port which would have traded its bell tower for a minaret. The old port of Bizerte comes alive particularly at the end of the day, when the terraces of the bistros invade the quays.

Vieux Port of Bizerte

Medina

The Medina of Bizerte.

The medina corresponds to the old town of Bizerte. It stretches north of the modern city, above Avenue Bourguiba, and runs along the old port to the Kasbah (the fortress). Once protected by a rampart facing inland, it was brought down during the French protectorate to assert its power over the city. The medina is a sort of labyrinth of narrow streets that intersect in all directions. In the souks, the smells change from one alley to another, according to the shops of craftsmen and their products. The names of the streets correspond to the old corporations present here: rue des armuriers, rue des carpenters, weavers, jewelers... In narrow stalls you can see a craftsman at work. The tall octagonal-shaped minaret of the Great Mosque (dating from the 17th century) rises above the medina. At his side, the zaouïa of Sidi Mokhtar Dey, Boss of Bizerte.

The Medina of Bizerte is an old town that surrounds the picturesque Old Port district. It is a bustling center of traditional crafts. In its winding labyrinth of narrow alleys and covered souks are the workshops of metalworkers and carpenters, and butchers and grocery stores. The streets are named after the artisans who live and work there: the blacksmiths on rue des Forgerons, the gunsmiths on rue des Armuriers, carpenters on rue des Menuisiers and butchers on rue des bouchers. It is a very atmospheric place to walk, and unlike the Medinas of Hammamet and Monastir, it has not been restored so it oozes with all the exotic charm of the Orient.

Kasbah

View of The Kasbah of Bizerte.

The Kasbah is located in north of the old port, it has a single entrance from the West side. It has small dimensions: approximately 175m by 120m and has 8 towers and a walkway. It was built in the 17th century. On the other side of the canal, the kasbah rises its ramparts above the medina: it is accessed for the beautiful view of the city, the port, the lake and the sea. The origins of this fortress go back to the time of the Byzantine occupation: rectangular in shape, a tower occupies each corner. The entrance to the kasbah is a narrow arched passageway designed to slow down any invaders attempting to enter it at the time. The interior of the fortress is a maze of small alleys lined with houses. At the foot of the north-west rampart, the market place comes alive with the cry of the merchants, and the stalls give the impression of an organized jumble. Beyond stretches the Andalusian quarter, where the Moors from Spain took refuge in the 17th century. Further along, linked by a rampart of the kasbah, we can see the silhouette of the fort of Spain, which overlooks Bizerte at an altitude of about 40 meters on a height to the north. This fort dates from 1573, built during the Turkish domination by the Pasha of Algiers. It is built so as to be able to face the artillery, composed of thirteen sides with re-entrant angles. Now far from any threat, the fort has since been redeveloped into an open-air theater, which notably hosts the Bizerte International Festival (music, dance, film).

Education

Schoolyard of the ISG

Bizerte is served by the ISG (Institut Supérieur de Gestion)

Health

Hospital of Habib Bougata

There is in Bizerte a large hospitalHôpital Régional de Bizerte,one of the biggest in the region.

Economy

Bizerte's economy is very diverse. There are several military bases and year-round tourism. As a tourist centre the region is however not as popular as the eastern coast of Tunisia. There is manufacturing (textile, auto parts, cookware), fishing, fruits and vegetables, and wheat.

Miscellaneous

Jebel Aïn Chouna

• The port of Bizerte is being developed into a significant Mediterranean yachting marina that was scheduled to open in May 2012.The superyacht section of the marina will be called Goga Superyacht Marina, and will have berths for yachts of up to 110m in length. It is expected that this will give a significant boost to the local economy as the yacht owners and also the hundreds of professional crew will become year-round consumers. The service industries supplying the yachts will gradually develop and bring additional employment.
• The actorAbdelmajid Lakhalwas born in Bizerte.
• TheTeapackssong "Lo haya lano klum" is about how bandleaderKobi Oz' family were expelled from Bizerte by the Nazis in 1942.

Titular see

Hippo Diarrhytus is atitular seeof theRoman Catholic Church.In 1989–2002 it was held byTadeusz Kondrusiewicz,then by Jose Paala Salazar,O.P.in 2002–2004 and by Manfred Grothe since 14 October 2004. The city and see of Hippo Diarrhytus should not be confused with those ofHippo RegiuswhereSaint Augustineof Hippo was the bishop.

Serbian Army in Bizerte 1915–1919

Army

Serbian military cemetery in Bizerte

After theSerbian army's retreat through Albaniain 1915, duringWorld War I,part of the army was transported by the French navy to their naval base in Bizerte. Serbian soldiers, and a small number of civilians, arrived in Bizerte on three occasions. In December 1915 and early 1916, after the Albanian Golgotha, then later in 1916 after the first clashes on theSalonica frontin Greece and in the early 1917 when Serbian volunteers began to gather in Bizerte. During the entire war, the soldiers were transported to the Salonica front while the wounded were transported back to Tunisia. It is estimated that over 60,000 Serbian soldiers passed through the camp. The training of the volunteers was organized in the camp, education of the disabled but also the cultural events.French-Serbian dictionary was compiled and published byVeselin Čajkanovićin Bizerte. Out of 7,000 copies, 5,000 and 1,000 were distributed to Serbian and French soldiers, respectively, while the remaining 1,000 copies were sold, with money being donated to the war invalids.

Serbian wounded soldiers were originally placed in the Lambert barrack. Few days later they were relocated to the 5 km (3.1 mi) away camp Lazouaz. Almost 200 barracks were built in the camp complex.Citizens of Bizerte, French soldiers and administration were highly obliging to the Serbs, especially the Bizerte governor, admiralÉmile Guépratte.He was involved in the care of the soldiers on daily basis and organized ceremonial greetings for every ship upon arrival. The last Serbian soldiers left Bizerte on 18 August 1919.Admiral Guépratte directly disobeyed the order from the French High Command by which he was ordered to dislocate Serbs into the Sahara's hinterland.When Guépratte visitedBelgradefor the first time in 1930, he was awaited by the crowd which carried the admiral on their shoulders from theBelgrade Main railway stationto theSlavija Square.The street where the admiral was carried, today bears his name (Serbian:Улица адмирала Гепрата,lit. 'Admiral Guépratte Street').

Hospitals

In Northern Africa, Serbian wounded soldiers were treated in the hospitals in Bizerte,Tunis,Sousse,Sidi Abdala,Algiers,OranandAnnaba.From December 1915 to August 1919, a total of 41,153 Serbian soldiers were treated. In Tunisian hospitals, 833 soldiers died (typhus,malaria,wounds, hunger andfrostbites). In Sidi Abdala, local population helped the Serbs providing food, medicines and nurture. A total of 1,722 people died there.

Cemeteries

The dead in Bizerte, Sousse and Tunis were buried in the memorialossuaryon the Christian cemetery in Bizerte. Those who died in Sidi Abdala were interred on the joint French-Serbian military cemetery. Those two cemeteries are the largest of all in Northern Africa where Serbian soldiers were buried – a total of 24 cemeteries in Tunisia,AlgeriaandMorocco,with 3,005 buried soldiers.

Notable residents

• Georges Madon(1892–1924),ace pilot
• Claude Pujade-Renaud(born 1932), writer
• Maurice Poli(born 1933), actor
• Abdelmajid Lakhal(1939–2014), actor and theatre director
• Nikita Mandryka(1940–2021), cartoonist
• Lionel Duroy(born 1949), writer
• Pierre Cohen(born 1950), politician
• Jean-Marc Luisada(born 1958), pianist
• Mondher Kebaier(born 1970), football coach
• Hassen Bejaoui,(born 1975), former footballer
• Malek Jaziri(born 1984), tennis player
• Hamdi Harbaoui(born 1985), footballer
• Souheïl Ben Radhia(born 1985), footballer
• Farouk Ben Mustapha(born 1989), footballer
• Hamza Mathlouthi(born 1992), footballer
• Bilel Saidani(born 1993), footballer

International relations

Sister cities

Bizerte istwinnedwith:

Tangiers,Morocco, since 1976 Port Said,Egypt, since 1977 Annaba,Algeria, since 1985 Kalamata,Greece, since 1997 Palermo,Italy, since 2005 Saint Petersburg,Russia, since 2013 Rostock,Germany, since 2016

Cooperation agreement

• Clermont-Ferrand,France, (a program of rehabilitation of historic centers)
• Dunkerque,France,

Gallery

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See also

• European enclaves in North Africa before 1830

References

Bibliography

• Brown, Peter (2013),Through the Eye of a Needle: Wealth, the Fall of Rome, and the Making of Christianity in the West, 350–550 AD,Princeton: Princeton University Press,ISBN978-1400844531.
• Ghaki, Mansour (2015),"Toponymie et Onomastique Libyques: L'Apport de l'Écriture Punique/Néopunique"(PDF),La Lingua nella Vita e la Vita della Lingua: Itinerari e Percorsi degli Studi Berberi,Studi Africanistici: Quaderni di Studi Berberi e Libico-Berberi, Naples: Unior, pp. 65–71,ISBN978-88-6719-125-3,ISSN2283-5636,archived fromthe original(PDF)on 28 April 2020,retrieved2 November2018.(in French)

External links

• "Bizerte"in theEncyclopedia of the Orient
• Chisholm, Hugh,ed. (1911)."Bizerta".Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
• Pétridès, Sophron (1910)."Hippo Diarrhytus".In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).Catholic Encyclopedia.Vol. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company.