Boeing AH-64 Apache

This article is about the American attack helicopter. For the highway, seeAH64 (highway).

AH-64 Apache
An AH-64 Apache from the U.S. Army's101st Aviation Regimentin Iraq
Role	Attack helicopter
National origin	United States
Manufacturer	Hughes Helicopters(1975–1984) McDonnell Douglas(1984–1997) Boeing Defense, Space & Security(1997–present)
First flight	30 September 1975
Introduction	April 1986
Status	In service
Primary users	United States Army Israeli Air Force Royal Saudi Land Forces British Army Air Corps
Produced	1975–present
Number built	5,000+ as of March 2024
Variants	AgustaWestland Apache

TheBoeing AH-64 Apache(/əˈpætʃi/ə-PATCH-ee) is an American twin-turboshaftattack helicopterwith a tailwheel-typelanding gearand a tandem cockpit for a crew of two. Nose-mounted sensors helpacquire targetsand providenight vision.It carries a30 mm (1.18 in)M230 chain gununder its forward fuselage and fourhardpointson stub-wing pylons for armament and stores, typicallyAGM-114 Hellfiremissiles andHydra 70rocket pods.Redundantsystems help it survive combat damage.

The Apache began as theModel 77developed byHughes Helicoptersfor theUnited States Army'sAdvanced Attack Helicopterprogram to replace theAH-1 Cobra.The prototype YAH-64 first flew on 30 September 1975. The U.S. Army selected the YAH-64 over theBell YAH-63in 1976, and later approved full production in 1982. After acquiring Hughes Helicopters in 1984,McDonnell Douglascontinued AH-64 production and development. The helicopter was introduced to U.S. Army service in April 1986. The advanced AH-64D Apache Longbow was delivered to the Army in March 1997. Production has been continued byBoeing Defense, Space & Security.As of March 2024, over 5,000 Apaches have been delivered to the U.S. Army and 18 international partners and allies.

Primarily operated by the U.S. Army, the AH-64 has also become the primary attack helicopter of multiple nations, includingGreece,Japan,Israel,theNetherlands,Singapore,and theUnited Arab Emirates.It has been built under license in theUnited Kingdomas theAgustaWestland Apache.American AH-64s have served in conflicts inPanama,thePersian Gulf,Kosovo,Afghanistan,andIraq.Israel used the Apache to fight inLebanonand theGaza Strip.British and Dutch Apaches were deployed to wars in Afghanistan and Iraq in 2001.

Development

Advanced Attack Helicopter

Main article:Advanced Attack Helicopter

An earlyHughesYAH-64 prototype with T-tail

After theAH-56 Cheyennewas cancelled in 1972 in favor of projects like theU.S. Air ForceA-10 Thunderbolt IIand theMarine CorpsAV-8A Harrier,the United States Army sought an aircraft to fill an anti-armor attack role that would still be under Army command.The 1948Key West Agreementforbade the Army from owning combat fixed-wing aircraft. The Army wanted an aircraft better than theAH-1 Cobrain firepower, performance, and range. It would have the maneuverability for terrain followingnap-of-the-earth(NoE) flying.To this end, the U.S. Army issued a Request For Proposals (RFP) for the Advanced Attack Helicopter (AAH) program on 15 November 1972.As a sign of the importance of this project, in September 1973 the Army designated its five most important projects as the "Big Five", with the AAH included.

Proposals were submitted byBell,Boeing Vertol/Grummanteam,Hughes,Lockheed,andSikorsky.In July 1973, the U.S. Department of Defense selected finalists Bell and Hughes Aircraft's Toolco Aircraft Division (laterHughes Helicopters). This began the phase 1 of the competition.Each company built prototype helicopters and went through a flight test program. Hughes'Model 77/YAH-64Aprototype first flew on 30 September 1975, while Bell'sModel 409/YAH-63Aprototype first flew on 1 October 1975. After evaluating the test results, the Army selected Hughes' YAH-64A over Bell's YAH-63A in 1976. Reasons for selecting the YAH-64A included its more damage tolerant four-blade main rotor and the instability of the YAH-63'stricycle landing geararrangement.

A YAH-64A prototype in 1982

The AH-64A then entered phase 2 of the AAH program under which three pre-production AH-64s would be built, additionally, the two YAH-64A flight prototypes and the ground test unit were upgraded to the same standard.Weapons and sensor systems were integrated and tested during this time, including the laser-guidedAGM-114 Hellfiremissile.Development of the Hellfire missile had begun in 1974, originally known by the name ofHelicopter Launched, Fire and Forget Missile('Hellfire' being a shortened acronym),for the purpose of arming helicopter platforms with an effective anti-tank missile.

Into production

In 1981, three pre-production AH-64As were handed over to the U.S. Army for Operational Test II. The Army testing was successful, but afterward it was decided to upgrade to the more powerfulT700-GE-701version of engine, rated at 1,690shp(1,260kW). The AH-64 was named theApachein late 1981, after theApachetribe, following the tradition of naming Army helicopters after Native American tribes. It was approved for full-scale production in 1982.In 1983, the first production helicopter was rolled out at Hughes Helicopter's facility atMesa, Arizona.Hughes Helicopters was purchased byMcDonnell Douglasfor $470 million in 1984 (equivalent to $1,378,000,000 in 2023).The helicopter unit later became part of The Boeing Company with the merger ofBoeingand McDonnell Douglas in August 1997.In 1986, the incremental or flyaway cost for the AH-64A was $7M and the average unit cost was approximately $13.9M based on total costs.

A 1985 Department of Defense engineering analysis by the inspector general's office reported that significant design deficiencies still needed to be addressed by the contractor. The Army project manager Col.William H. Forsterpublished a list of 101 action items. In 1986, the four 22-foot-long main rotor blades, each made from steel and composite material glued together to maximize strength and minimize weight by the Composite Structures Division of Alcoa Composites, were added to the list. The steel-composite rotors could not meet the Army specification for a life of 1500 flight hours, and needed replacement after just 146 hours. After six changes to the design, the rotor blade life was extended to 1400 hours by early 1991.

Further development

During the 1980s, McDonnell Douglas studied an AH-64B, featuring an updated cockpit, newfire control systemand other upgrades. In 1988, funding was approved for a multi-stage upgrade program to improve sensor and weapon systems.Technological advance led to the program's cancellation in favor of more ambitious changes. In August 1990, development of the AH-64D Apache Longbow was approved by theDefense Acquisition Board.The first AH-64D prototype flew on 15 April 1992.Prototype testing ended in April 1995. During testing, six AH-64D helicopters were pitted against a bigger group of AH-64As. The results demonstrated the AH-64D to have a sevenfold increase in survivability and fourfold increase in lethality compared to the AH-64A.On 13 October 1995, full-scale production was approved;a $1.9-billion five-year contract was signed in August 1996 to upgrade 232 AH-64As into AH-64Ds.On 17 March 1997, the first production AH-64D flew. It was delivered on 31 March.

A YAH-64A in 1984

Portions of the Apache are produced by other aerospace firms.AgustaWestlandhas produced a number of components for the Apache both for the international market and for theBritish Army'sAgustaWestland Apache.Since 2004,Korea Aerospace Industrieshas been the sole manufacturer of the Apache's fuselage.Fuselage production had previously been performed byTeledyne Ryan Aeronautical.The transfer of fuselage production led to a prolonged legal dispute between Teledyne Ryan and Boeing.

The AH-64D program cost a total of $11 billion (~$15.6 billion in 2023) through 2007.In April 2006, Boeing was awarded a $67.6 million (~$98.3 million in 2023) fixed-price contract for the remanufacture of several existing U.S. AH-64As to the AH-64D configuration. Between May 2009 and July 2011, a further five contracts were issued to remanufacture batches of AH-64As into AH-64Ds.Since 2008, nations operating the older Apaches have been urged to undertake modernization programs as support for the AH-64A is withdrawn.

By May 2019, Boeing tested in awind tunnelacompoundApache scale model with apusher propeller,a small wing to increase range and speed, and a counter-torquetail rotorlike the cancelledLockheed AH-56 Cheyenneof the 1960s. It competed for the U.S. Army'sFLRAAunveiled in April, developed from theFuture Vertical LiftCapability Set 3 (medium rotorcraft) without the attack requirement, while the U.S. Army'sFARAshould replace the retiredBell OH-58 Kiowascout and up to half of the AH-64 fleet.

Design

Overview

Apache version	Engine version	Engine power
AH-64A+/D	General Electric T700-701	1,696shp(1,265 kW)
AH-64A+/D	General Electric T700-701C	1,890 shp (1,410 kW)
AH-64E	General Electric T700-701D	1,994 shp (1,487 kW)
WAH-64D	Rolls-Royce Turbomeca RTM322	2,100 shp (1,600 kW)

AH-64 Apache in flight

The AH-64 Apache has a four-blade main rotor and a four-blade tail rotor.The crew sits in tandem, with the pilot sitting behind and above the co-pilot/gunner.Both crew members are capable of flying the aircraft and performing methods of weapon engagements independently.The AH-64 is powered by twoGeneral Electric T700turboshaftengines with high-mounted exhausts on either side of the fuselage.Various models of engines have been used on the Apache; those in British service use engines fromRolls-Royce.In 2004,General Electric Aviationbegan producing more powerful T700-GE-701D engines, rated at 2,000 shp (1,500 kW) for AH-64Ds.

The crew compartment and rotor blades are designed to sustain a hit from23 mm (0.91 in)rounds. The airframe includes some 2,500 lb (1,100 kg) of protection and has aself-sealing fuel systemto protect againstballistic projectiles.This compartment also incorporates a transparent blast shield between the pilot and gunner seats so that at least one crew member can survive in the event of a direct hit, but the canopy and windows are otherwise unrated against ballistic threats.

The aircraft was designed to meet thecrashworthinessrequirements of MIL-STD-1290,which specifies minimum requirement for crash impact energy attenuation to minimize crew injuries and fatalities. This was achieved through incorporation of increased structural strength, crashworthy landing gear, seats and fuel system.

On a standard day, when temperatures are 59 °F (15 °C), the AH-64 has a vertical rate of climb of 1,775 feet per minute (541 m/min), and a service ceiling of 21,000 feet (6,400 m).However, on a hot day, when temperatures are 70 °F (21 °C), its vertical rate of climb is reduced to 1,595 fpm (486 m/min), and service ceiling is reduced to 19,400 feet (5,900 m) due to less dense air.

Avionics and targeting

The gunner's position in the AH-64D Longbow Apache.

One of the revolutionary features of the Apache was itshelmet mounted display,the Integrated Helmet and Display Sighting System (IHADSS);among its capabilities, either the pilot or gunner canslavethe helicopter's 30 mm automatic M230 Chain Gun to their helmet, making the gun track head movements to point where they look. The M230E1 can be alternatively fixed to a locked forward firing position, or controlled via theTarget Acquisition and Designation System(TADS).On more modern AH-64s, the TADS/PNVS has been replaced byLockheed Martin'sArrowhead(MTADS) targeting system.

U.S. Army engagement training is performed under the Aerial Weapons Scoring System Integration with Longbow Apache Tactical Engagement Simulation System (AWSS-LBA TESS), using live 30 mm and rocket ammunition as well as simulated Hellfire missiles. TheSmart Onboard Data Interface Module(SMODIM) transmits Apache data to an AWSS ground station for gunnery evaluation.The AH-64's standard of performance foraerial gunneryis to achieve at least 1 hit for every 30 shots fired at a wheeled vehicle at a range of 800–1,200 m (870–1,310 yd).

British Apache pilot with IHADSS

The AH-64 was designed to perform in front-line environments, and to operate at night or day and during adverse weather conditions.Various sensors and onboard avionics allows the Apache to perform in these conditions; such systems include theTarget Acquisition and Designation System, Pilot Night Vision System(TADS/PNVS), passiveinfrared countermeasures,GPS,and the IHADSS.Longbow-equipped Apaches can locate up to 256 targets simultaneously within 50 km (31 mi).In August 2012, 24 U.S. Army AH-64Ds were equipped with the Ground Fire Acquisition System (GFAS), which detects and targets ground-based weapons fire sources in all-light conditions and with a 120°visual field.The GFAS consists of twosensor podsworking with the AH-64's other sensors, and athermographic camerathat precisely locates muzzle flashes.

In 2014, it was announced that new targeting and surveillance sensors were under development to provide high-resolution color imagery to crews, replacing older low definition black-and-white imaging systems.Lockheed received the first contract in January 2016, upgrading the Arrowhead turret to provide higher-resolution color imaging with longer ranges and a wider field of view.In 2014, the U.S. Army was adapting its Apaches for increased maritime performance as part of the Pentagon's rebalance to the Pacific. Additional avionics and sensor improvements includes an extended-range radar capable of detecting small ships in littoral environments, software adaptions to handle maritime targets, and addingLink 16data-links for better communications with friendly assets.

Armament and configurations

Mission	Hellfire	30 mm rounds	Hydra 70	Maximum speed (knots)	Rate of climb (ft/min)	Endurance (hours)
Anti-Armor	16	1,200	0	148	990	2.5
Covering Force	8	1,200	38	150	860	2.5
Escort	0	1,200	76	153	800	2.5

The AH-64 is adaptable to numerous different roles within its context asClose Combat Attack(CCA).In addition to the 30 mmM230E1 Chain Gun,the Apache carries a range of external stores and weapons on its stub-wing pylons, typically a mixture ofAGM-114 Hellfireanti-tank missiles, andHydra 70general-purpose unguided 70 mm (2.756 in) rockets.The Hellfire is designed to defeat stationary or moving tanks as far away as 6,500 meters.

Since 2005, the Hellfire missile outfitted with athermobaricwarhead is designated AGM-114N; this missile version is intended for use against ground forces and urban warfare operations.In October 2015, the U.S. Army ordered its first batch ofAdvanced Precision Kill Weapon System(APKWS) guided 70 mm rockets for the Apache.

Starting in the 1980s, theStingerandAIM-9 Sidewinderair-to-air missilesand theAGM-122 Sidearmanti-radiation missile were evaluated for use upon the AH-64.The Stinger was initially selected; the U.S. Army was also considering theStarstreakair-to-air missile.External fuel tanks can also be carried on the stub wings to increase range and mission time.The stub-wing pylons have mounting points for maintenance access; these mountings can also be used to secure personnel externally for emergency transport.Stinger missiles are often used on non-U.S. Apaches, as foreign forces do not have as many air superiority aircraft to control the skies.The AH-64E initially lacked the ability to use the Stinger to make room for self-defense equipment, but the capability was added back following a South Korean demand.

AH-64 Apache weapon loadout

The AH-64E is able to controlunmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs), used by the U.S. Army to perform aerial scouting missions previously performed by theOH-58 Kiowa.Apaches can request to take control of anRQ-7 ShadoworMQ-1C Grey Eaglefrom ground control stations to safely scout via datalink communications. There are four levels of UAV interoperability (LOI): LOI 1 indirectly receives payload data; LOI 2 receives payload data through direct communication; LOI 3 deploys the UAV's armaments; and LOI 4 takes over flight control. UAVs can search for enemies and, if equipped with alaser designator,target them for the Apache or other friendly aircraft.

Boeing has suggested that the AH-64 could be fitted with adirected energy weapon.The company has developed a small laser weapon, initially designed to engage small UAVs, that uses a high-resolution telescope to direct a 2–10 kW beam with the diameter of apennyout to a range of 5.4 nmi (10.0 km; 6.2 mi). On the Apache, the laser could be used to destroy enemy communications or radio equipment.On 26 June 2017, the Army andRaytheonannounced they had successfully completed the first-ever helicopter-based flight demonstration of a high energy laser system from an AH-64.

On 14 July 2016, it was reported that the AH-64 had successfully completed testing of theMBDABrimstoneanti-armor missile.In January 2020, the U.S. Army announced it was fielding theSpike NLOSmissile on AH-64E Apaches as an interim solution to acquire new munitions that provide greater stand-off capabilities.

Operational history

United States

Twentieth century

AH-64A Apache helicopter returns from SOLID SHIELD '89 excercise

AH-64 on excercies, 1997

AH-64A onOperation Joint Guardin the Balkans, 1998

In January 1984, the U.S. Army formally accepted its first production AH-64A and training of the first pilots began later that year.The first operational Apache unit, 7th Battalion, 17th Cavalry Brigade, began training on the AH-64A in April 1986 atFort Hood,Texas.Two operational units with 68 AH-64s first deployed to Europe in September 1987 and took part in large military exercises there.

Upon fielding the Apache, capabilities such as the FLIR's use in extensive night operations made it clear that it was capable of operating beyond the forward line of own troops (FLOT) to which previous attack helicopters were normally restricted.It was discovered that the Apache was coincidentally fitted with theHave QuickUHFradio system used by the U.S. Air Force, allowing inter-service coordination and joint operations such as the joint air attack teams (JAAT). The Apache has operated extensively with close air support (CAS) aircraft, such as the USAF'sFairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt IIand the USMC'sMcDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II,often acting as a target designator to conserve the Apache's own munitions.The Apache was first used in combat in 1989, duringOperation Just Cause,the invasion ofPanama.It participated in over 240 combat hours, attacking various targets, mostly at night.General Carl Stiner,the commander of the operation, stated: "You could fire that Hellfire missile through a window from four miles away at night."

Nearly half of all U.S. Apaches were deployed toSaudi ArabiafollowingIraq's invasion ofKuwaitin 1990.DuringOperation Desert Stormon 17 January 1991, eight AH-64As guided by fourMH-53 Pave Low IIIsdestroyed part of Iraq's radar network in the operation's first attack,allowing theattack aircraftto evade detection.Each Apache carried an asymmetric load of Hydra 70 rockets, Hellfires, and one auxiliary fuel tank.During the 100-hour ground war, a total of 277 AH-64s took part, destroying 278 tanks, numerous armored personnel carriers and otherIraqivehicles,for a total of over 500 kills.One AH-64 was lost in the war, crashing after a close rangerocket-propelled grenade(RPG) hit; the crew survived.While effective in combat, the AH-64 presented serious logistical difficulties. Findings reported in 1990 stated "maintenance units could not keep up with the Apache's unexpectedly high work load..."To provide spare parts for combat operations, the U.S. Army unofficially grounded all other AH-64s worldwide; Apaches in the theater flew only one-fifth of planned flight-hours.Such problems were evident before the Gulf War.

The AH-64 played roles in the Balkans during separate conflicts inBosniaandKosovoin the 1990s.DuringTask Force Hawk,24 Apaches were deployed to a land base inAlbaniain 1999 for combat in Kosovo. These required 26,000 tons of equipment to be transported over 550 C-17 flights, at a cost ofUS$480 million.During these deployments, the AH-64 encountered problems, such as deficiencies in training,night vision equipment,fuel tanks, and survivability.

In 2000, Major GeneralDick Cody,101st Airborne's commanding officer, wrote a strongly worded memo to the Chief of Staff about training and equipment failures.Almost no pilots were qualified to fly with night vision goggles, preventing nighttime operations.The Washington Postprinted a front-page article on the failures, commenting: "The vaunted helicopters came to symbolise everything wrong with the Army as it enters the 21st century: Its inability to move quickly, its resistance to change, its obsession with casualties, its post-Cold War identity crisis".Although no Apache combat missions took place, two were lost in training exercises.An effective network of Yugoslav air defenses stopped Apaches from being deployed on combat missions in Kosovo.

21st century

See also:List of aviation shootdowns and accidents during the Iraq WarandList of aviation accidents and incidents in the war in Afghanistan

AH-64 overBaghdad,Iraq on a reconnaissance mission, 2007

AH-64D helicopters gather for an operation

AH-64 during an extraction exercise atCamp Bondsteel,Kosovo in 2007 with a soldier on the avionics bay.

Extraction exercise with soldier "riding shotgun" on an Apache

AH-64 stationed in Alaska, backdropped by the northern lights

Ski-equipped AH-64D on exercises in Alaska

U.S. Apaches served inOperation Enduring FreedominAfghanistanfrom 2001.It was the only Army platform capable of providing accurate CAS duties forOperation Anaconda,often taking fire and quickly repaired during the intense early fighting.Apaches often flew in small teams with little autonomy to react to threats and opportunities, requiring lengthy dialogue with centrallymicromanagedcommand structures.U.S. AH-64Ds typically flew in Afghanistan and Iraq without the Longbow Radar in the absence of armored threats.On 21 December 2009, a pair of U.S. Apaches attacked a British-held base in afriendly fireincident, killing one British soldier.

In 2003, the AH-64 participated in the invasion of Iraq duringOperation Iraqi Freedom.On 24 March 2003, 31 Apaches were damaged; one was shot down in anunsuccessful attackon anIraqi Republican Guardarmored brigade nearKarbala.Iraqi tank crews had set up a "flak trap" among terrain and effectively employed theirguns.Iraqi officials claimed a farmer with aBrnorifle shot down the Apache,but the farmer denied involvement.The AH-64 came down intact and the crewwere captured;it was destroyed via air strike the following day.This incident had significant consequences for the AH-64 helicopter because it revealed an important vulnerability. Despite being considered by army aviators as flying tanks at the time, it became clear that the AH-64 was actually highly susceptible to rifle fire. As a result, the army quietly disclosed in early 2006 that AH-64s would no longer have a major role in carrying out attacks deep inside enemy lines.

AH-64 engaging Taliban insurgents over Afghanistan

By the end of U.S. military operations in Iraq in December 2011, several Apaches had been shot down by enemy fire and lost in accidents. In 2006, an Apache was downed by a Soviet-madeStrela 2(SA-7) in Iraq, despite it being typically able to avoid such missiles.In 2007, four Apaches were destroyed on the ground by insurgentmortarfire using web-publishedgeotaggedphotographs taken by soldiers.Several AH-64s were lost toaccidents in Afghanistan.Most Apaches that took heavy damage were able to continue their missions and return safely.By 2011, the U.S. Army Apache fleet had accumulated more than 3 million flight hours since the first prototype flew in 1975.A DOD audit released in May 2011 found that Boeing had frequently overcharged the U.S. Army for routine spare parts in helicopters like the Apache, ranging from 33.3 percent to 177,475 percent.

On 21 February 2013, the1st Battalion (Attack), 229th Aviation RegimentatJoint Base Lewis–McChordbecame the first U.S. Army unit to field the AH-64E Apache Guardian; a total of 24 AH-64E were received by mid-2013.On 27 November 2013, the AH-64E achieved initial operating capability (IOC).In March 2014, the 1st–229th Attack Reconnaissance Battalion deployed 24 AH-64Es to Afghanistan in the type's first combat deployment.From April through September 2014, AH-64Es in combat maintained an 88 percent readiness rate.The unit's deployment ended in November 2014, with the AH-64E accumulating 11,000 flight hours, each helicopter averaging 66 hours per month. The AH-64E flies 20 mph (32 km/h) faster than the AH-64D, cutting response time by 57 percent, and has betterfuel efficiency,increasing time on station from 2.5–3 hours to 3–3.5 hours; Taliban forces were reportedly surprised by the AH-64E attacking sooner and for longer periods. AH-64Es also worked with medium and largeunmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs) to find targets and maintain positive ID, conducting 60 percent of the unit's direct-fire engagements in conjunction with UAVs; Guardian pilots often controlled UAVs and accessed their video feeds to use their greater altitudes and endurance to see the battlespace from standoff ranges.

In 2014, the Army began implementing a plan to move all Apaches from the Army Reserve and National Guard to the active Army to serve as scout helicopters to replace theOH-58 Kiowa.Using the AH-64 to scout would be less expensive than Kiowa upgrades or purchasing a new scout helicopter. AH-64Es can control UAVs like theMQ-1C Grey Eagleto perform aerial scouting missions; a 2010 study found the teaming of Apaches and UAVs was the most cost-effective alternative to a new helicopter and would meet 80 percent of reconnaissance requirements, compared to 20 percent with existing OH-58s and 50 percent with upgraded OH-58s. National Guard units, who would lose their attack helicopters, criticized the proposal.In March 2015, the first heavy attack reconnaissance unit was formed with 24 Apaches and 12 Shadow UAVs.

In July 2014, the Pentagon announced that Apaches had been dispatched to Baghdad to protect embassy personnel fromIslamic Statemilitant attacks. On 4 October 2014, Apaches began performing missions inOperation Inherent Resolveagainst Islamic State ground forces.In October 2014, U.S. Army AH-64s and Air Force fighters participated in four air strikes on Islamic State units northeast of Fallujah.In June 2016, Apaches were used in support of the Iraqi Army'sMosul offensiveand provided support during theBattle of Mosul,sometimes flying night missions supporting Iraqi operations.In December 2019, two Apaches provided overwatch for U.S. Marines to secure the U.S. embassy in Baghdad, Iraq after armed militants, supported by Iran, attempted to storm the facility.

In March 2024, two Apache crashes with 2 days caused an increased scrutiny and made national news.

Israel

IAF AH-64D "Saraph"

TheIsraeli Air Force(IAF) first received AH-64As in 1990,for a fleet of 42 by 2000.The IAF's choice to buy Apaches over upgrading itsAH-1 Cobraattack helicopters was controversial.In 2000, Israel was interested in acquiring up to 48 AH-64Ds, but U.S. reluctance to share thesource codecomplicated the prospect.In April 2005, Boeing delivered the IAF's first AH-64D.In 2001, the U.S. government was allegedly investigating misuse of the Apache and other U.S.-supplied military equipment againstPalestinians.In 2009, the sale of six AH-64Ds was reportedly blocked by the Obama Administration, pending interagency review, over concerns they may pose a threat to civilian Palestinians in Gaza.In IAF service, the AH-64A was namedPeten(Hebrew:פתן,forCobra), while the AH-64D was namedSaraph(Hebrew:שרף,for venomous/fiery winged serpent).

Israeli AH-64D

During the 1990s, Israeli AH-64As frequently attackedHezbollahoutposts inLebanon.On 13 April 1996, duringOperation Grapes of Wrath,an Apachefired two Hellfire missiles at an ambulance in Lebanon,killing six civilians.During theal-Aqsa Intifadain the 2000s, AH-64s were used to kill seniorHamasfigures, such asAhmed Yassin,Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi,andAdnan al-Ghoul.Human Rights Watchdocumented instances of IAF Apaches attacking civilian homes during the2002 Jenin operation,killing one civilian.Consequently, HRW urged the US government to seek written assurances from Israel that Apaches would not be used to violatehumanitarian lawin the future.

In 2004, Israeli AH-64scarried out theassassination of Ahmed Yassinand also killed 7 bystanders.Ahmed Yassin was the spiritual leader of Hamas; given that he was also blind, paraplegic and in awheelchair,Palestinians saw the killing as "a cowardly execution of a frail old man in a wheelchair who did not attempt to hide".The attack also killed 7 bystanders, and was internationally condemned.

IAF Apaches played a prominent role in the2006 Lebanon War,launching strikes into Lebanon targeting Hezbollah forces.IAF Apaches also attacked civilian targets, killing many, including women and children.During this war, two AH-64As collided, killing one pilot and critically wounding three.In another incident in the conflict, an IAF AH-64D crashed due to a main rotor malfunction, killing the two crew.In late 2007, the IAF put further purchases and deliveries of AH-64Ds on hold while its performance envelope was investigated.Israeli officials praised the Apache for its role inOperation Cast Leadin 2008, against Hamas inGaza.IAF Apaches have often patrolled the skies over Gaza; strikes against insurgents by these helicopters has become a frequent occurrence.

In the 2010s, the IAF pursued upgrades to its AH-64A fleet as new AH-64D orders had been blocked.In June 2010, Israel decided not to upgrade all AH-64As to AH-64Ds due to funding constraints and lack of U.S. cooperation.In December 2010, the IAF was examining the adoption of a new missile system as a cheaper and lightweight complement to the Hellfire missile, either the American Hydra 70 or the CanadianCRV7.By 2013, IAF AH-64As were receiving a comprehensive upgrade of their avionics and electrical systems.The AH-64As are being upgraded to the AH-64Ai configuration, which is near the AH-64D standard.IAF Apaches can carrySpikeanti-tank missiles instead of the Hellfire.The latest AH-64D-I integrates Israeli systems such asEltacommunications suite,Elbitmission management system, Rafael Combat Net system andElisraself-protection suite.

IAF AH-64s occasionally saw use in theair-to-airrole. The first operational air-to-air kill took place on 24 May 2001, when an IAF shot down a Lebanese civilianCessna 152aircraft. Israeli and Lebanese officials presented differing versions: Lebanon said Israel first intercepted the aircraft over Lebanese airspace and its pilot, flying without his instructor, mistakenly entered Israeli airspace, while Israel says the aircraft was already in Israeli airspace when it was intercepted and repeatedly refused to answer or comply withair traffic control(ATC) warnings.The second air-to-air kill occurred on 10 February 2018, after an IranianUAVentered Israeli airspace from Syria, an AH-64 destroyed it with a missile.

United Kingdom

Main article:AgustaWestland Apache

UK Army Air CorpsWestland WAH-64D Apache Longbow displays at a UK airshow

British WAH-64D

The UK currently operates a modified version of the AH-64D Block I Apache Longbow; initially called the Westland WAH-64 Apache, it is designated the Apache AH1 by the British Army.Westlandbuilt 67 WAH-64 Apaches under license from Boeing,following a competition between theEurocopter Tigerand the Apache for the British Army's new Attack Helicopter in 1995.Important deviations made by AgustaWestland from the U.S. Apache variants include changing to more powerfulRolls-Royceengines,and the addition of a folding blade assembly for use on naval ships.

On 11 July 2016, the Ministry of Defence confirmed a U.S.Foreign Military Sale(FMS) worth $2.3 billion (~$2.86 billion in 2023) for 50 AH-64Es to be built in Mesa, Arizona. Leonardo Helicopters in the UK will maintain the current fleet of Apaches until 2023–2024, with a long-term plan for Leonardo and other UK companies to "do most of the work" on the new fleet.The deal included an initial support contract for maintenance, spare parts, and training simulators; components from the older WAH-64s "will be reused and incorporated into the new helicopters where possible." The type entered service with the British Army in 2022.Approval for the re-manufacture of fifty of the UK's WAH-64 Mk 1 fleet to AH-64E Apache Guardian standard was given by theDefense Security Cooperation Agencyin August 2015.They utilize theGeneral Electric T700engine rather than the Turbomeca RTM322 of the WAH-64; the first off-the-shelf purchase of a GE engine by the Ministry of Defence.The first two AH-64Es were delivered to the British Army on 26 November 2020.The older AH1 (WAH-64) were retired by 2024 in favour of the AH-64E models.

Netherlands

Royal Netherlands Air ForceAH-64D at theFarnborough Airshow,2006

Rear view of Dutch AH-64D

The Dutch government initially showed an interest in acquiring Apache helicopters in the late 1980s, when it stated that it may purchase as many as 52.A competition held in 1994 against theEurocopter Tigerand theBell AH-1 SuperCobraled to theRoyal Netherlands Air Forceordering 30 AH-64D Apaches in 1995.Deliveries began in 1998and ended in 2002.The RNLAF Apaches are equipped with the Apache Modular Aircraft Survivability Equipment (AMASE) self-protection system to counter infrared (IR) missile threats.

The RNLAF Apaches' first deployment was in 2001 toDjibouti,Africa.They were also deployed alongside U.S. AH-64s in support of NATOpeacekeepingforces inBosnia and Herzegovina.In 2004, six Dutch AH-64s were deployed as part of the Netherlands contribution to theMultinational force in Iraqto support the Dutch ground forces.The Apaches performed close combat support and display of force missions, along with providing reconnaissance information to ground forces. In February 2006, the Netherlands' contribution to NATO forces in Afghanistan was increased from 600 to 1,400 troops and 6 AH-64s were sent in support.

ARoyal Netherlands Air ForceAH-64D Apache from theApache Solo Display Team

Shortly after Apaches were deployed toHamid Karzai International Airport,as part of the Dutch contribution to ISAF, on 10 April 2004, a pair of Dutch Apaches came under light gunfire close toKabul.On 17 December 2007, an RNLAF Apache flew intopower linesduring a night flying exercise in the Netherlands, forcing an emergency landing and causing a lengthy blackout in the region.On 17 March 2015, a RNLAF Apache crashed during a training mission in Mali. Both pilots died. TheMinistry of Defenceopened an investigation into the cause of the crash.

In February 2018, the Netherlands decided to upgrade all their AH-64Ds to the latest AH-64E standard via a FMS contract with the US, along with 17 APG-78 fire control radar units.In November 2021, the process to upgrade AH-64Ds began and RNLAF is to receive the upgraded AH-64Es between 2023 and 2025.

Saudi Arabia

See also:Saudi Arabian-led intervention in YemenandList of aviation shootdowns and accidents during the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen

Following the 1991Gulf War,during which many U.S. Apaches operated from bases within Saudi territory,Saudi Arabiapurchased twelve AH-64As for theRoyal Saudi Land Force.It has been speculated that the Saudi purchase motivated Israel to also procure Apaches.In August 2006, Saudi Arabia began negotiations for Apache upgrades worth up to $400M (~$582 million in 2023), possibly remanufacturing their AH-64As to the AH-64D configuration.In September 2008, the U.S. Government approved a Saudi Arabian request to buy 12 AH-64Ds.In October 2010, Saudi Arabia requested a further 70 AH-64Ds as part of a possible massive arms deal.

Royal Saudi Land Forces AH-64A, 2005

In November 2009, the Royal Saudi Land Force, as part of a military effort against insurgent border intrusions, launchedOperation Scorched Earth;this involved Apaches launching air strikes againstHouthirebels operating inside neighboringYemen.In January 2010 the rebels claimed to have shot down an Apache; this was denied by the Saudi military.In late January 2010, the leader of the Shiite rebels announced their withdrawal from Saudi territory, this announcement followed a key battle on 12 January when Saudi forces reportedly took control of the border village of Al Jabiri.

As an escalation of theYemeni Civil War,starting on 26 March 2015, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and several other regional allies started amilitary operation in Yemen.Both the Saudi Army Aviation and the United Arab Emirates Air Force used their AH-64s in combat against an alliance between elements of the Yemeni Army loyal to the former presidentSalehand theHouthis.The Apaches were mostly involved in border patrol and strikes in Northwestern Yemen. Over the years, several Saudi and an Emirati Apaches were lost to incidents and enemy fire, although exact numbers have not been independently confirmed.On 17 March 2017, an Apache reportedly attacked a Somali refugee boat, killing 42 refugees.Saudi Arabia denied involvement, though it and the United Arab Emirates are the only militaries using Apaches during the conflict.

United Arab Emirates

AnUAEAFApache conducts deck landing qualifications aboard theUSSFort McHenry.

TheUnited Arab Emiratespurchased 30 AH-64As between 1991 and 1994,and began upgrading to AH-64D specification in 2008.In December 2016, the U.S. State Department approved a proposed sale of another 37 AH-64Es andCongresswas notified; this consisted of 28 re-manufactured and nine new-build helicopters.

A UAE AH-64 was reportedly lost on 17 October 2017;a replacement was approved by the US in 2019.

Egypt

In 1995, theEgyptian Air Forceplaced an order for 36 AH-64As.These Apaches were delivered with the same avionics as the U.S. fleet at that time, except for indigenous radio equipment.In 2000, Boeing announced an order to remanufacture Egypt's Apache fleet to the AH-64D configuration,except for Longbow radar, which had been excluded by the U.S. government.In 2009, Egypt requested a further 12 AH-64D Block IIs with Longbow radars through a FMS.

In August 2012, the Egyptian Armed Forces undertook a large-scale military operation to regain control of theSinai Peninsulafrom armed militants. Air cover throughout the operation was provided by the Egyptian Air Force's Apaches, which reportedly destroyed three vehicles and killed at least 20 militants.Up to five Egyptian Apaches were temporarily stationed in the Sinai following an agreement between Egypt and Israel.In September 2015, an Egyptian Apache attacked a group of foreign tourists in theWestern Desert,killing 12 people and injuring 10. The AH-64s fired at the civilians with rockets and 30mm machine guns for several hours, even though survivors said they waved the white flag.The Egyptian Interior Ministry stated that the group, whom were mistaken for militants, were in a restricted area.The tourists were reportedly accompanied by Egyptian police, and their vehicles were marked with logos of the tourist company.

In November 2018, the U.S. Department of State approved the sale of ten AH-64Es and associated equipment to Egypt, valued at US$1 billion, pending the sale clearing Congress.

The Apache entered service with Egyptian Armed Services, and in the 2020s was being further upgraded.

India

Indian Air Force

An IAF AH-64E in 2019

In 2008, theIndian Air Force(IAF) released a tender for 22 attack helicopters; there were six contending submissions: Sikorsky'sUH-60 Black Hawk,the AH-64D, Bell'sAH-1 Super Cobra,Eurocopter'sTiger,Mil'sMi-28and AgustaWestland'sA129 Mangusta.In October 2008, Boeing and Bell withdrew.In 2009, the competition was restarted.In December 2010, India requested the sale of 22 Apaches and associated equipment.On 5 October 2012, IAF ChiefNAK Browneconfirmed the Apache's selection.The IAF sought control of the 22 Apaches for air combat missions, while theArmy Aviation Corpsargued that they would be better used in army operations.In April 2013, the IndianMinistry of Defence(MoD) decided that the 22 AH-64s would go to the IAF.India ordered the 22 AH-64Es in 2015.

On 11 May 2019, the IAF received its first AH-64E in a ceremony at Boeing's Mesa, Arizona facility.On 3 September 2019, 8 AH-64Es were inducted into the IAF's125 Helicopter SquadronatPathankotAir Base, Punjab.

Indian Army

On 12 June 2018, the U.S. Department of State approved a possible FMS to India for six more AH-64Es and associated equipment in an estimated $930 million deal. The U.S. Defense Security Cooperation Agency notified Congress for approval.In February 2020, another six for the Indian Army were ordered, including weapons, equipment, and training; deliveries are planned to begin in 2023.Theseattack helicoptersare often interlinked withsquadronsof indigenousHAL Prachandattack helicopters. On 1 January 2024, senior Army officials toldIndia TodaythatThe Indian Army Aviation Corpsis expected to induct the first batch of Apache helicopters in February-March of this year. This is to enable the army to protect its tanks on the battlefield when theIndian Air Forceis unavailable. They will be deployed toJodhpur,near theIndia–Pakistan border,enhancing the security of the area against Pakistani tanks.On 15 March 2024,Army Aviation Corpsraised an attack squadron atJodhpurwhich will operate Apache.The first batch of three Apache will be inducted in May 2024 and the rest will be inducted by July 2024.

Other users

TwoRepublic of China ArmyAH-64Es deploying flares, 2020

Kuwait Land Force AH-64 on a live fire excercise

Greecereceived 20 AH-64As by 1995; another 12 AH-64Ds were ordered in September 2003.

Singaporepurchased 20 AH-64Ds in two batches between 1999 and 2001.In October 2010, training was suspended following the forced crash-landing of an Apache.

In 2005,Kuwaitpurchased 16 AH-64Ds.

On 26 August 2013,Indonesiaand the U.S. finalized a contract for eight AH-64E Apaches worth $500 million (~$645 million in 2023).The first was displayed on 5 October 2017 as part of a military exercise in Indonesia, to mark the 72nd anniversary of its armed forces.The first batch of AH-64s for theIndonesian Armyarrived in Indonesia on 18 December 2017.

Indonesian Army AviationAH-64E in 2018

Japanordered 50 AH-64Ds,which were built under license byFuji Heavy Industries,designated "AH-64DJP". The first helicopter was delivered to theJGSDFin early 2006.The order was halted after 13 aircraft were delivered due to cost.In 2017, it was announced that the targeting systems of the 13 aircraft would be upgraded.One was destroyed in a crash in February 2018 with the deaths of both crew.

In June 2011,Taiwan(Republic of China) agreed to the purchase of 30 AH-64Es with weapons and associated equipment.On 5 November 2013, Taiwan received the first six AH-64s.On 25 April 2014, a Taiwanese AH-64E crashed into a three-story building during a training flight in bad weather conditions, the first AH-64E airframe loss.An investigation ruled out mechanical failure and concluded that the pilots had rapidly descended through clouds at low altitude without checking flight instruments to maintain adequate height; the Army expanded simulator training in response.In October 2014, Taiwan's fifth and final batch of AH-64Es was delivered.

In 2009,South Koreashowed interest in the Apache,potentially related to plans to withdraw many U.S. Apaches from the country.On 21 September 2012, the U.S. Congress was notified of the possible purchase of 36 AH-64E, along with associated equipment and armament.It competed against theBell AH-1Z Viperand theTAI/AgustaWestland T-129;in April 2013, South Korea announced plans to buy 36 AH-64Es.The first four AH-64Es were delivered in May 2016,and all 36 were deployed by January 2017.

Future and possible users

Two US Army Apaches during Exercise Talisman Sabre 2019, in Queensland, Australia

Iraq requested the sale of 24 AH-64s in April 2013;In January 2014, a sale, including the helicopters, associated parts, maintenance, and training, was cleared by the U.S. Congress.However, the proposal was not accepted by the Iraqi government and expired in August 2014.

In July 2012,Qatarrequested the sale of 24 AH-64Es with associated equipment and support.The sale was approved on 27 March 2014.In March 2019, Qatar received the first of 24 AH-64Es ordered.

In July 2016, the UK placed an order for 50 AH-64Es through the U.S. FMS program instead of upgrading their Westland-built WAH-64s.

In July 2019,Australiaissued a request for information for Project Land 4503 to replace theArmy'sEurocopter Tiger ARHhelicopters.On 15 January 2021, the AustralianMinister for DefenceLinda Reynoldsannounced that the AH-64E had been selected to replace the Tiger ARH.A fleet of 29 AH-64Es will be acquired with a plannedinitial operational capabilityof 12 helicopters in 2026 andfull operational capabilityin 2028.

In October 2019, theBangladesh Air Force(BAF) was offered two types of attack helicopters and selected the AH-64, pending government approval.However, due to the Apache's high costs, the BAF choose the competing RussianMi-28NENight Hunter.

In November 2019, the U.S. State Department approved a FMS to Morocco of 24 AH-64Es (with an option for a further 12), this allows Morocco to negotiate an order.

On 30 April 2020, the U.S. Defense Security Cooperation Agency announced it had received U.S. State Department approval and notified Congress of a possible sale to the Philippines of either six AH-1Z attack helicopters and related equipment for an estimated cost of $450 million or six AH-64Es and related equipment for an estimated cost of $1.5 billion.

On 21 April 2022,PolishMinistry of National Defenceshortlisted two models in competition for the "Kruk" (Raven) Program aimed at modernizing thePolish Land Forces' fleet of attack helicopters, with the competitors being the AH-64E and Bell's AH-1Z Viper.On 8 September 2022, Polish Minister of DefenceMariusz Błaszczakannounced that the AH-64E has won and set out to procure 96 helicopters to form six squadrons.

Variants

AH-64A

Israeli Air ForceAH-64APeten

The AH-64A is the original production attack helicopter. The crew sit in tandem in anarmoredcompartment. It is powered by two GE T700 turboshaft engines. The A-model was equipped with the −701 engine version until 1990 when the engines were switched to the more powerful −701C version.

U.S. Army AH-64As are being converted to AH-64Ds. The service's last AH-64A was taken out of service in July 2012 before conversion at Boeing's facility in Mesa, Arizona.On 25 September 2012, Boeing received a $136.8M contract to remanufacture the last 16 AH-64As into the AH-64D Block II version and this was planned to be completed by December 2013.

AH-64B

In 1991, after Operation Desert Storm, the AH-64B was a proposed upgrade to 254 AH-64As. The upgrade would have included new rotor blades, a Global Positioning System (GPS), improved navigation systems and new radios. U.S. Congress approved $82M to begin the Apache B upgrade. The B program was canceled in 1992.The radio, navigation, and GPS modifications were later installed on most AH-64As via other upgrades.

AH-64C

Additional funding from Congress in late 1991 resulted in a program to upgrade AH-64As to an AH-64B+ version. More funding changed the plan to upgrade to AH-64C, which would include all of the changes to be included in the AH-64D except for mast-mounted radar and newer −700C engine versions. However, the C designation was dropped after 1993.With AH-64As receiving the newer engine from 1990, the only difference between the AH-64C and the AH-64D was the radar, which could be moved from one aircraft to another; thus, the decision was made to simply designate both versions as AH-64D.

AH-64D

An AH-64D tests theAGM-179 JAGMat theYuma Proving Ground

TheAH-64D Apache Longbowis equipped with a glass cockpit and advanced sensors, the most noticeable of which being theAN/APG-78 Longbowmillimeter-wavefire-control radar(FCR) target acquisition system and the Radar FrequencyInterferometer(RFI), housed in a dome located above the main rotor.Theradome's raised position enables target detection while the helicopter is behind obstacles (e.g. terrain, trees or buildings). The AN/APG-78 is capable of simultaneously tracking up to 128 targets and engaging up to 16 at once; an attack can be initiated within 30 seconds.A radiomodemintegrated with the sensor suite allows data to be shared with ground units and other Apaches, allowing them to fire on targets detected by a single helicopter.

The aircraft is powered by a pair of upratedT700-GE-701Cengines. The forward fuselage was expanded to accommodate new systems to improvesurvivability,navigation,and 'tactical internet' communications capabilities. In February 2003, the first Block II Apache was delivered to the U.S. Army, featuring digital communications upgrades. The Japanese Apache AH-64DJP variant is based on the AH-64D;it can be equipped with theAIM-92 Stingerair-to-air missilesfor self-defense.

AH-64E

AH-64E undergoes landing qualification on an amphibious assault ship, the USS Peleliu

AH-64E Apache Guardian

Formerly known as AH-64D Block III, in 2012, it was redesignated asAH-64E Guardian.It has improved digital connectivity, theJoint Tactical Information Distribution System,more powerful T700-GE-701D engines with upgradedface geartransmission to handle more power,capability to controlunmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs), fullIFRcapability, and improved landing gear.New composite rotor blades, which completed testing in 2004, increase cruise speed, climb rate, and payload capacity.Deliveries began in November 2011.Full-rate production was approved on 24 October 2012,634 AH-64Ds will be upgraded into AH-64Es.

Changes in production lots 4 through 6 include a cognitive decision aiding system and new self-diagnostic abilities. The updated Longbow radar has an oversea capacity, potentially enabling naval strikes; anAESA radaris under consideration.It will have aL-3 CommunicationsMUMT-X datalink in place of two older counterparts, communicating on C, D, L, and Ku frequency bands to transmit and receive data and video with all Army UAVs.Lots 5 and 6 will haveLink 16data links.The AH-64E is to be fit for maritime use.The U.S. Army expressed interest in extended-range fuel tanks for greater endurance.As of April 2020,500 AH-64Es have been delivered.

Work on a further upgraded AH-64E, version 6.5 was initiated by the U.S. Army in 2021, and first flew in 2023.The AH-64E is reported to have had problems with its electrical generation systems causing increased scrutiny.

AH-64F

In 2014, Boeing conceptualized an Apache upgrade prior to the introduction of the U.S. Army's anticipated attack version of theFuture Vertical Lift(FVL) aircraft, forecast to replace the Apache by 2040. The conceptualAH-64Fwould have greater speed via a new 3,000 shp turboshaft engine from theImproved Turbine Engine Program,retractable landing gear, stub wings to offload lift from the main rotor during cruise, and a tail rotor that can articulate 90 degrees to provide forward thrust.In October 2016, the Army revealed they would not pursue another Apache upgrade to focus on funding FVL; the Army will continue buying the Apache through the 2020s until Boeing's production line ends in 2026, then FVL is slated to come online in 2030.

Piasecki Speed Apache

In the late 1990s, Piasecki conceived a proposal for an Apache with a tail–mounted ducted pusher rotor to enhance speed. However, the Speed Apache was not proceeded with.

Compound Apache

In October 2018, Boeing began testing theAH-64E Block 2 Compound,acompound helicopterdesign which added a larger fixed wing and a pusher propeller to the Apache airframe to provide additional lift and thrust, respectively. In addition, the engine exhaust was redirected downwards.Collectively, the modifications were anticipated to improve speed to 185 kn (343 km/h; 213 mph), range to 460 nmi (850 km; 530 mi), payload to 5,900 lb (2,700 kg), and fuel economy. A 30% scale model completed wind tunnel testing in January 2019. The Compound Apache has been pitched as an interim replacement for the Apache before its replacement under theFuture Vertical Liftprogram.

Sea Apache

A U.S. Army AH-64A Apache aboardUSSNassauduring Joint Shipboard Weapons and Ordnance training

During the 1980snaval versionsof the AH-64A for theUnited States Marine CorpsandNavywere examined.Multiple concepts were studied with altered landing gear arrangements, improved avionics and weapons.The USMC conducted a two-week evaluation of the Apache in September 1981, including shipboard operation tests. Funding for a naval version was not provided; the USMC continued to use theAH-1.

TheCanadian Forces Maritime Commandalso examined naval Apaches.In 2004,British ArmyAgustaWestland Apaches were deployed upon theRoyal Navy'sHMSOcean,aLanding Platform Helicopter,for suitability testing; there was U.S. interest in the trials.During the2011 military intervention in Libya,the British Army extensively used Apaches from HMSOcean.In 2013, US AH-64Ds were tested on several U.S. Navy ships.

Export Apaches

Several models have been derived from the AH-64A, AH-64D and AH-64E for export. The British-builtAgustaWestland Apache(assembled from kits purchased from Boeing) is based on the AH-64D Block I with several different systems, including more powerful engines, folding rotor blades, and other modifications for operation from Royal Navy vessels.

Block modification

While a major change in design or role will cause the type designator suffix to change, for example from AH-64D to AH-64E, the helicopters are also subject to block modification. Block modification is the combining of equipment changes into blocks of modification work orders, the modifications in the block (sometimes called a block package) are all done to the helicopter at the same time.

Operators

Map with AH-64 Apache operators in blue

AHellenic ArmyAH-64

An AH-64E Apache of theIndian Air Force

AFuji Heavy Industrieslicense built Apache for theJapanese GSDF

A U.S. Army ski equipped AH-64 trainingFort Wainwright,Alaska

The AH-64 has had some modest success on the export market. It has been popular in the middle east, where its role the Gulf War established a bit of reputation. Its main user continues to be the U.S. Army, and the largest user in Europe will be Poland.

Australia

• Australian Army– 29 AH-64Es on order

Egypt

• Egyptian Air Force– 46 AH-64Ds

Greece

• Hellenic Army– 28 AH-64A/Ds

India

• Indian Air Force– 22 AH-64Es in inventory as of July 2020
• Indian Army– 6 AH-64Es on order

Indonesian ArmyAH-64E Apache helicopter

Indonesia

• Indonesian Army8 AH-64Es

Israel

• Israeli Air Force– 48 AH-64A/Ds

Japan

• Japan Ground Self-Defense Force– 12 AH-64DIn December 2022, the Japanese government decided to replace 12 AH-64D, 47AH-1S,33OH-1,and 26U-125Awith unmanned aerial vehicles. Japan plans to increase its defense budget from 1.24% of GDP in fiscal 2021 to around 2.0% within 10 years, and has decided to retire these helicopters and aircraft as part of an effort to spend its defense budget efficiently.

Kuwait

• Kuwait Air Force– 24 AH-64Ds

Morocco

• Royal Moroccan Air Force– 36 AH-64Es on order

Netherlands

• Royal Netherlands Air Force– 28 AH-64Es

Poland

• Polish Land Forces– 96 on order, 8 leased

Qatar

• Qatar Emiri Air Force– 24 AH-64Es

Saudi Arabia

• Royal Saudi Land Forces– 47 AH-64A/D/Es
• Saudi Arabia National Guard– 12 AH-64Es

Singapore

• Republic of Singapore Air Force– 19 AH-64Ds

South Korea

• Republic of Korea Army– 36 AH-64Es

Taiwan (Republic of China)

• Republic of China Army– 29 AH-64Es

United Arab Emirates

• United Arab Emirates Air Force– 28 AH-64D/Es

United Kingdom

• British Army– 38 AH-64Es, to be increased to 50 in 2024.

United States

• United States Army– 819 AH-64D/Es

Specifications (AH-64A/D)

M789 HEDP30 mmrounds being loaded into an AH-64D

Data fromJane's All the World's Aircraft 2000–2001,Jane's All the World's Aircraft 2010–2011,Apache AH-64 Boeing (McDonnell Douglas) 1976–2005

General characteristics

• Crew:2 (pilot, and co-pilot/gunner)
• Length:58 ft 2 in (17.73 m)
  
• Fuselage length:49 ft 5 in (15.06 m)
• Height:12 ft 8 in (3.87 m)
• Empty weight:11,387 lb (5,165 kg)
• Gross weight:17,650 lb (8,006 kg)
• Max takeoff weight:23,000 lb (10,433 kg)
• Powerplant:2 ×General Electric T700-GE-701turboshaftengines, 1,690 shp (1,260 kW) each (upgraded to 1,890 shp (1,409 kW) T700-GE-701C for AH-64A/D from 1990)
• Main rotor diameter:48 ft 0 in (14.63 m)
• Main rotor area:1,908.5 sq ft (177.31 m²) 4-bladed main-rotor and 4-bladed tail-rotor in non-orthogonal alignment
• Blade section:root:HH-02;tip:NACA 64A006

Performance

• Maximum speed:158 kn (182 mph, 293 km/h)
• Cruise speed:143 kn (165 mph, 265 km/h)
• Never exceed speed:197 kn (227 mph, 365 km/h)
• Range:257 nmi (296 mi, 476 km) with Longbow radar mast
• Combat range:260 nmi (300 mi, 480 km)
• Ferry range:1,024 nmi (1,178 mi, 1,896 km)
• Service ceiling:20,000 ft (6,100 m)
• Disk loading:9.8 lb/sq ft (48 kg/m²)
• Power/mass:0.18 hp/lb (0.30 kW/kg)

Armament

• Guns:1×30 mm(1.18 in)M230 Chain Gunwith 1,200 rounds as part of theArea Weapon Subsystem
• Hardpoints:Four pylon stations on the stub wings. Longbows also have a station on each wingtip for anAIM-92 Stingertwin missile pack.
• Rockets:Hydra 7070 mm,CRV770 mm, andAPKWS70 mmair-to-ground rockets
• Missiles:TypicallyAGM-114 Hellfirevariants;Air-to-Air Stinger (ATAS);AGM-65 MaverickandSpike missilesmay also be carried.

Avionics

• Lockheed Martin/Northrop GrummanAN/APG-78 Longbowfire-control radar(Note: can only be mounted on the AH-64D/E)

Notable appearances in media

Main article:AH-64 Apache in fiction

See also

• Aviation and Missile Research, Development, and Engineering Center
• United States Army Aviation and Missile Command

Related development

• AgustaWestland Apache
• Bell YAH-63

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

• Agusta A129 Mangusta
• Bell AH-1 SuperCobra
• Bell AH-1Z Viper
• CAIC Z-10
• Denel Rooivalk
• Eurocopter Tiger
• HAL Prachand
• Harbin WZ-19
• IAIO Toufan
• Kamov Ka-50
• Mil Mi-24
• Mil Mi-28
• Panha 2091
• TAI/AgustaWestland T129

Related lists

• List of active United States military aircraft
• List of aviation shootdowns and accidents during the Iraq War
• List of rotorcraft

References

Bibliography

• Bernstein, Jonathan.AH-64 Apache units of operations: Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom.Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2005.ISBN1-84176-848-0.
• Bishop, Chris.Apache AH-64 Boeing (McDonnell Douglas) 1976–2005.Osprey Publishing, 2005.ISBN1-84176-816-2.
• Donald, David. "AH-64A/D Apache and AH-64D Longbow Apache".Modern Battlefield Warplanes.AIRtime Publishing Inc, 2004.ISBN1-880588-76-5.
• Feldman, Shai.The Middle East Strategic Balance, 2003–2004.Sussex Academic Press, 2004.ISBN1-8451-9003-3.
• Fisk, Robert.The Great War for Civilisation: The Conquest of the Middle East.Fourth Estate, 2005.ISBN978-1-4000-7517-1
• Government Accounting Office.Staff Study: Advanced Attack Helicopter.Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Accounting Office, 1974.
• Luttwak, Edward.Strategy: the Logic of War and Peace.Harvard University Press, 2001.ISBN0-674-00703-4.
• Office of the Assistant Vice Chief of Staff of the Army (OAVCSA).An Abridged History of the Army Attack Helicopter Program.Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army. 1973.
• Powers, Adam.United States Israeli Relations.Nova Publishers, 2002.ISBN1-59033-133-8.
• Richardson, Doug and Lindsay Peacock.Combat Aircraft: AH-64 Apache.London: Salamander Books, 1992.ISBN0-86101-675-0.
• Thomas, Adams K.The Army After Next: The First Postindustrial Army.Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006.ISBN0-275-98107-X.
• TM 1-1520-251-10Technical Manual for Helicopter, Attack, AH-64D Longbow Apache,U.S. Army.
• Williams, James W.A History of Army Aviation: From Its Beginnings to the War on Terror.iUniverse, 2005.ISBN0-595-36608-2.

External links

• Official website
• AH-64 Apache U.S. Army fact file(archived fromthe originalon 2011-05-01)
• Apache overview with supporting images on HowStuffWorks
• Top 10: Helicopters – AH-64D Apache.Discovery Channel, 8 May 2007.
• AH-64E U.S. Army video describing Apache Block III technologies
• Apache Helicopter Acoustic Analysis
• "Boeing eyes X-49A technology for Apache attack helicopter".
• US Army overview of the Apache Longbow Block III