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Bolton

Coordinates:53°34′42″N2°25′48″W/ 53.57833°N 2.43000°W/53.57833; -2.43000
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This article is about the town in Greater Manchester. For other uses, seeBolton (disambiguation).

Bolton
Town
Bolton is located in Greater Manchester
Bolton
Bolton
Location withinGreater Manchester
Population296,000 (2021 Census)[1]
OS grid referenceSD715095
Metropolitan borough
Metropolitan county
  • Greater Manchester
Region
CountryEngland
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Areas of the town
List
Post townBOLTON
Postcode districtBL1-BL7
Dialling code01204
PoliceGreater Manchester
FireGreater Manchester
AmbulanceNorth West
UK Parliament
Websitebolton.gov.uk
List of places
UK
England
Greater Manchester
53°34′42″N2°25′48″W/ 53.57833°N 2.43000°W/53.57833; -2.43000

Bolton(/ˈboʊltən/ⓘBOHL-tən,locally/ˈboʊtən/BOH-tən)[2]is a town inGreater Manchesterin England. In the foothills of theWest Pennine Moors,Bolton is betweenManchester,Blackburn,Wigan,BuryandSalford.It is surrounded by several towns and villages that form the widerborough,of which Bolton is theadministrative centre.The town is within thehistoric countyboundaries ofLancashire.

A formermill town,Bolton has been a centre for textile production since the 14th century whenFlemishweavers settled in the area, introducing a wool and cotton-weaving tradition. It was a 19th-centuryboomtown,development largely coincided with the introduction oftextile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution.At its peak in 1929, its 216cotton millsand 26 bleaching and dyeing works made it one of the largest and most productive centres ofcotton spinningin the world. The British cotton industry declined sharply after theFirst World Warand, by the 1980s, cotton manufacture had virtually ceased in the town.

The town has a population of 139,403, whilst the wider metropolitan borough has a population of 262,400. Bolton originated as a small settlement in the moorland known asBolton le Moors.In theEnglish Civil War,the town was aParliamentarianoutpost in 1644 in a staunchlyRoyalistregion and, as a result, the RoyalistPrince Rupert of the Rhineledthe 1644 storming of Boltonof 3,000 Royalist troops in which is also referred to asThe Bolton Massacre,with 1,600 residents perished and 700 were taken prisoner.

Bolton Wanderersfootball club now play home games at theUniversity of Bolton StadiuminHorwich.Cultural interests include theOctagon Theatreand theBolton Museumand Art Gallery, as well as one of the earliest public libraries established after thePublic Libraries Act 1850.

History

[edit]

Toponymy

[edit]

Bolton is a common Northern English name derived from theOld Englishbothl-tun,meaning a settlement with a dwelling.[3][4]The first recorded use of the name, in the formBoelton,dates from 1185 to describe Bolton le Moors, though this may not be in relation to a dwelling.[5]It was recorded as Bothelton in 1212, Botelton in 1257, Boulton in 1288, and Bolton after 1307.[6] Later forms of Botheltun were Bodeltown, Botheltun-le-Moors, Bowelton, Boltune, Bolton-super-Moras, Bolton-in-ye-Moors, Bolton-le-Moors.[7]

The town's motto ofSupera Morasmeans "overcome difficulties" (or "delays" ), and is a pun on the Bolton-super-Moras version of the name meaning literally, "Bolton on the moors".[8]The name itself is referred to in thebadgeof the Bolton Metropolitan Borough Council using a form of visual pun, arebus,in combining motifs of arrow for 'bolt' and heraldic crown for 'tun', the term for the central high point of a defensive position that is the etymon of the suffix of Bolton.[8]

Early history to the Civil War

[edit]

There is evidence of human existence on the moors around Bolton since the early part of theBronze Age,including astone circleonCheetham CloseaboveEgerton,[9]and Bronze Age burial mounds onWinter Hill.[10]A Bronze Age mound was excavated in Victorian times outside Haulgh Hall. The Romans built roads from Manchester toRibchesterto the east and a road along what is now the A6 to the west. It is claimed thatAgricolabuilt a fort atBlackrodby clearing land above the forest. Evidence of aSaxonsettlement exists in the form of religious objects found when the Victorian parish church was built.[11]

In 1067Great Boltonwas the property ofRoger de Poitouand after 1100, of Roger de Meresheys. Bolton became the property of thePilkingtonfamily until they forfeited the land in theWars of the Roses.The land was given to theStanley familyand thus theEarls of Derbywho became royalists in theEnglish Civil War.The area surrounding Bolton was subsequently divided into four parts including the Stanley family, theEarl of Bradford,a Freeman and various other parties.[12]Great Bolton andLittle Boltonwere part of the Marsey fee, in 1212 Little Bolton was held by Roger de Bolton as plough-land, by the service of the twelfth part of a knight's fee to Randle de Marsey.[13]The parish church in Bolton has an early foundation although the exact date is unknown; it was given by the lord of the manor to theGilbertinecanons ofMattersey Prioryin Nottinghamshire, founded by Roger de Marsey.[14]

Ye Olde Man & Scythe

A charter to hold a market in Churchgate was granted on 14 December 1251 by KingHenry III of England.[15]Bolton became a market town and borough by a charter from the Earl of Derby, William de Ferrers, on 14 January 1253, and a market was held until the 18th century.Burgageplots were laid out on Churchgate and Deansgate in the centre of themedievaltown close to whereYe Olde Man & Scythepublic house, dating from 1251, is situated today.[16] In 1337 Flemish weavers settled and introduced the manufacture of woollen cloth.[17]More Flemish weavers, fleeing theHuguenotpersecutions, settled here in the 17th century. The second wave of settlers wovefustian,a rough cloth made of linen and cotton.[18]Diggingsea coalwas recorded in 1374.[6]There was an outbreak of the plague in the town in 1623.[6]

During theEnglish Civil War,the people of Bolton werePuritansand supported theParliamentariancause.[14]A parliamentary garrison in the town was attacked twice without success but on 28 May 1644 Prince Rupert'sRoyalistarmy with troops under the command of theEarl of Derbyattacked again. The attack became known as theBolton Massacrein which 1,500 died, 700 were taken prisoner and the town plundered.[18]The attackers took to referring to the town as the "Geneva of the North", referencingGeneva's dominantCalvinism,although historian Malcolm Hardman says this was a description borne "more of irritation than accuracy".[19]At the end of the Civil War, Lord Derby was tried as a traitor at Chester and condemned to death. When his appeal for pardon to parliament was rejected he attempted to escape but was recaptured. For his part in the massacre, he was executed outside Ye Olde Man & Scythe Inn on 15 October 1651.[6]

Industrial Revolution onward

[edit]
Swan Lane Mills

Bolton was a 19th-centuryboomtownand, at its zenith in 1929, its 216cotton millsand 26 bleaching and dyeing works made it one of the largest and most productive centres ofcotton spinningin the world. The British cotton industry declined sharply after the First World War and, by the 1980s, cotton manufacture had virtually ceased in Bolton.

A tradition of cottage spinning and weaving and improvements to spinning technology by local inventors,Richard ArkwrightandSamuel Crompton,led to rapid growth of the textile industry in the 19th century. Crompton, whilst living atHall i' th' Wood,invented thespinning mulein 1779. Streams draining the surroundingmoorlandinto the River Croal provided the water necessary for thebleachworks that were a feature of this area.[20]Bleaching usingchlorinewas introduced in the 1790s by the Ainsworths at Halliwell Bleachworks. Bolton and the surrounding villages had more than thirty bleachworks including theLever Bank Bleach Worksin the Irwell Valley.[21]The mule revolutionised cotton spinning by combining the roller drafting of Arkwright's water frame with the carriage drafting and spindle tip twisting ofJames Hargreaves'sspinning jenny,producing a high quality yarn. Self-acting mules were used in Bolton mills until the 1960s producing fine yarn.[21]The earliest mills were situated by the streams and river as atBarrow Bridge,but steam power led to the construction of the large multi-storey mills and their chimneys that dominated Bolton's skyline, some of which survive today.[18]

Growth of the textile industry was assisted by the availability of coal in the area. By 1896 John Fletcher had coal mines atLadyshoreinLittle Lever;The Earl of Bradford had a coal mine atGreat Lever;the Darcy Lever Coal Company had mines atDarcy Leverand there were coal mines atTonge,Breightmet,DeaneandDoffcocker.Some of these pits were close to theManchester Bolton & Bury Canalproviding the owners with markets in Bolton and Manchester.[22]Coal mining declined in the 20th century.

Important transport links contributed to the growth of the town and the textile industry; the Manchester Bolton & Bury Canal[18]constructed in 1791, connected the town toBuryandManchesterproviding transport for coal and other basic materials. TheBolton and Leigh Railway,the oldest in Lancashire, opened to goods traffic in 1828 andGreat Moor Street stationopened to passengers in 1831. The railway initially connected Bolton to theLeeds and Liverpool CanalinLeigh,an important link with theport of Liverpoolfor the import of rawcottonfrom America, but was extended in 1829 to link up with theManchester to Liverpool Line.[18]Local firms built locomotives for the railway, in 1830 "Union" was built byRothwell, Hick and Companyand two locomotives, "Salamander" and "Veteran" were built by Crook and Dean.[23]

Bolton's first Mayor, Charles James Darbishire was sympathetic toChartismand a supporter of theAnti-Corn Law League.In August 1839 Bolton was besieged by Chartist rioters and theRiot Actwas read and special constables sworn in. The mayor accompanied soldiers called to rescue special constables atLittle Bolton Town Hall,which was besieged by a mob, and the incident ended without bloodshed.[24]Derby Barrackswas established in Fletcher Street in the early 1860s.[25]

One of two statues prominent on Victoria Square nearBolton Town Hallis that ofSamuel Taylor Chadwick(1809 – 3 May 1876) aphilanthropistwho donated funds toBolton Hospitalto create an ear, nose and throat ward. Built houses for people living in cellars, through Bolton Council fought for better public health including cleaner water, established the Chadwick Orphanage, improved the BoltonWorkhouseand funded the towns natural history museum that was the basis of the presentBolton Museumat Le Mans Crescent, the original museum was in a building atQueens Park.[26]The second statue at Victoria Square is in memory of a former Bolton MayorSir Benjamin Alfred Dobson(1847–1898) who died in office in 1898, he was a textile machinery manufacturer and chairman ofDobson & Barlow,a significant employer in the town.[27][28][29]By 1900 Bolton was Lancashire's third largest engineering centre after Manchester and Oldham. About 9,000 men were employed in the industry, half of them working for Dobson and Barlow in Kay Street.[30]

Another engineering companyHick, Hargreaves & Cobased at the Soho Foundry made Lancashire boilers and heavy machinery.[31]Thomas Ryder and Sonof Turner Bridge manufactured machine tools for the international motor industry.Wrought ironwas produced for more than 100 years atThomas Walmsley and Sons' Atlas Forge.[32]

By 1911 the textile industry in Bolton employed about 36,000 people.[33]As of 1920, theBolton Cardroom Unionhad more than 15,000 members, while theBolton Weavers' Associationrepresented 13,500 workers.[34]The last mill to be constructed was Sir John Holden's Mill in 1927.[33]The cotton industry declined from the 1920s. A brief upturn after the Second World War was not sustained, and the industry had virtually vanished by the end of the 20th century.

During the night of 26 September 1916, Bolton was the target for an aerial offensive.L21,aZeppelincommanded byOberleutnantKurt Frankenburg of theImperial German Navy,dropped twenty-one bombs on the town, five of them on the working class area of Kirk Street, killing thirteen residents and destroying six houses. Further attacks followed on other parts of the town, including three incendiaries dropped close to the Town Hall.[35][36]

Lord Leverhulme

[edit]

In 1899 William Lever,Lord Leverhulme,bought Hall i'th' Wood as a memorial to Samuel Crompton inventor of the spinning mule. Lever restored the dilapidated building and presented it to the town in 1902, having turned it into a museum furnished with household goods typical of domestic family life in the 16th and 17th centuries. Lever re-endowedBolton Schools,giving land and his house on Chorley New Road. He presented the town with 67 acres (270,000 m2) of land for a public park which the corporation namedLeverhulme Parkin 1914.[37]In 1902 he gave the people of Bolton Lever Park atRivington.In 1911, Lever consultedThomas Mawson,landscape architectand lecturer in Landscape Design at the University of Liverpool, regardingtown planningin Bolton. Mawson published "Bolton – a Study in Town Planning and Civic Art" and gave lectures entitled "Bolton Housing and Town Planning Society" which formed the basis of an illustrated book "Bolton – as it is and as it might be". In 1924, Leverhulme presented Bolton Council with an ambitious plan to rebuild the town centre based on Mawson's designs funded partly by himself. The council declined in favour of extending the town hall and building the civic centre.[38]

Governance

[edit]
The coat of arms of the formerBolton County Borough Council

Lying within the county boundaries ofLancashire,until the early 19th century,Great BoltonandLittle Boltonwere two of the eighteentownshipsof theecclesiastical parishofBolton le Moors.[39][40]These townships were separated by theRiver Croal,Little Bolton on the north bank and Great Bolton on the south.[6][13][14]BoltonPoor Law Unionwas formed on 1 February 1837. It continued using existing poorhouses at Fletcher Street and Turton but in 1856 started to build a newworkhouseat Fishpool Farm in Farnworth. Townleys Hospital was built on the site which is nowRoyal Bolton Hospital.[41]

In 1838 Great Bolton, most of Little Bolton and the Haulgh area ofTonge with Haulghwere incorporated under theMunicipal Corporations Act 1835as amunicipal borough,the second to be created in England. Further additions were made adding part ofRumworthin 1872 and part ofHalliwellin 1877.[42][43]In 1889 Bolton was grantedCounty Boroughstatus and became self-governing and independent fromLancashire County Counciljurisdiction. In 1898, the borough was extended further by adding thecivil parishesof Breightmet, Darcy Lever, Great Lever, the rest of Halliwell,Heaton,Lostock,Middle Hulton,the rest of Rumworth which had been renamed Deane in 1894, Smithills, and Tonge plus Astley Bridge Urban District, and part ofOver Hultoncivil parish.[42][43]TheCounty Borough of Boltonwas abolished in 1974 and became a constituent part of the Metropolitan Borough of Bolton in Greater Manchester.[42][43]Bolton unsuccessfully applied for city status in 2011.[44][45]

Bolton Councilis divided into twenty wards, each of which elects three councillors for a term of up to four years.[46]

Under theReform Act of 1832,aParliamentary Boroughwas established.[7]TheBolton constituencywas represented by twoMembers of Parliament(MPs).[47]The Parliamentary Borough continued until 1950 when it was abolished and replaced with two parliamentary constituencies,Bolton EastandBolton West,each with one Member of Parliament.[47]In 1983 Bolton East was abolished and two new constituencies were created,Bolton North East,andBolton South Eastcovering most of the formerFarnworth constituency.At the same time major boundary changes also took place to Bolton West, which took over most of the formerWesthoughton constituency.[47][48]Under thetown twinningscheme the local council have twinned Bolton withLe Mansin France, since 1967,[49][50]andPaderbornin Germany, since 1975.[49]

It is surrounded by several neighbouring towns and villages that together form theBorough of Bolton,of which Bolton is theadministrative centre.The town of Bolton has a population of 139,403, whilst the wider metropolitan borough has a population of 262,400.

Geography

[edit]
Further information:Geography of Greater Manchester
A panoramic view of Bolton and environs from the north-west, taken fromWinter Hill.

Close to theWest Pennine Moors,Bolton is 10 miles (16 km) north-west ofManchester.

The early name, Bolton le Moors, described the position of the town amid the low hills on the edge of theWest Pennine Moorssoutheast ofRivington Pike(456 m). Bolton lies on relatively flat land on both sides of the clough or steep-banked valley through which theRiver Croalflows in a southeasterly direction towards theRiver Irwell.[6]The geological formation around Bolton consists ofsandstonesof theCarboniferousseries andCoal Measures;in the northern part of Bolton the lower Coal Measures are mixed with underlyingMillstone Grit.[14]

Climate in the Greater Manchester area is generally similar to theclimate of England,although owing to protection from the mountains in North Wales it experiences slightly lower than average rainfall except during the summer months, when rainfall is higher than average.[51]Bolton has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round. TheKöppen Climate Classificationsubtype for this climate is "Cfb"(Marine West Coast Climate/Oceanic climate).[52][53]


Demography

[edit]
Bolton compared
2021 Census Bolton Bolton
(borough) 		Greater
Manchester 		England
Total population 296,000 295,963 2,867,752 56,490,048
White 71.9% 72% 76.4% 81%
Asian 20.1% 19.8% 13.5% 9.7%
Black 3.8% 3.8% 4.7% 4.2%
Source: Office for National Statistics[54]

At the time of theUnited Kingdom Census 2001,according to theOffice for National Statistics,the Urban Subdivision of Bolton[55]was part of theGreater Manchester Urban Areaand had a total resident population of 139,403, of which 67,823 (48.7%) were male and 71,580 (51.3%) were female,[56]living in 57,827 households.[57]The settlement occupied 4,446 hectares (17.17 sq mi), compared with 2,992 hectares (11.55 sq mi) in the 1991 census, though the 2001 Urban census area contains a large rural area to the south of the town. Its population density was 31.35 people per hectare compared with an average of 40.20 across the Greater Manchester Urban Area.[56]The median age of the population was 35, compared with 36 within the Greater Manchester Urban Area and 37 across England and Wales.[58]

The majority of the population of Bolton were born in England (87.10%); 2.05% were born elsewhere within the United Kingdom, 1.45% within the rest of the European Union, and 9.38% elsewhere in the world.[59]

Data on religious beliefs across the town in the 2001 census show that 67.9% declared themselves to beChristian,12.5% stated that they wereMuslim,8.6% said they held no religion, and 3.4% reported themselves asHindu.[60]

Population change

[edit]
For earlier population figures, seeGreat BoltonandLittle Bolton.
Population changesin Bolton since 1891
YearPopulation±%
1891146,487—
1901168,215+14.8%
1911180,851+7.5%
1921178,683−1.2%
YearPopulation±%
1931177,250−0.8%
1939163,823−7.6%
1951167,167+2.0%
1961160,789−3.8%
YearPopulation±%
1971154,223−4.1%
1981143,921−6.7%
1991139,020−3.4%
2001139,403+0.3%
Sources: County Borough 1891–1971.[7][61][62]Urban Subdivision 1981–2001.[56][63][64]

Economy

[edit]
Bolton compared
2001 UK Census Bolton GM Urban Area England
Population (16–74) 97,859 1,606,414 35,532,091
Full-time employment 37.0% 40.1% 40.8%
Part-time employment 11.7% 11.2% 11.8%
Self-employed 6.7% 6.6% 8.3%
Unemployed 4.2% 3.6% 3.3%
Retired 13.0% 13.0% 13.5%
Source: Office for National Statistics[65]

At the time of the 2001 Census, 56,390 people resident in Bolton were in employment. Of these, 21.13% worked in the wholesale and retail trade, including repair of motor vehicles; 18.71% worked within manufacturing industry; 11.00% worked within the health and social work sector and 6.81% were employed in the transport, storage and communication industries.[66]

In the last quarter of the 20th century heavy industry was replaced by service-based activities including data processing, call centres, hi-tech electronics and IT companies. The town retains some traditional industries employing people in paper-manufacturing, packaging, textiles, transportation, steel foundries and building materials. Missiles were produced at theBritish Aerospace(BAe) factory inLostock,now closed. TheReebokbrand's European headquarters are located at theReebok Stadium.Bolton is also the home of the family bakery,Warburtons,established in 1876 on Blackburn Road. On 13 February 2003, Bolton was grantedFairtrade Townstatus.[67]

Bolton attracts visitors to its shopping centres, markets, public houses, restaurants and cafes in the town centre as well retail parks and leisure facilities close to the town centre and in the surrounding towns and suburbs.[68][69]Tourism plays a part in the economy, visitor attractions includeHall i' th' Wood,Smithills Halland Country Park, Last Drop Village,Barrow Bridgeand theBolton Steam Museum.[70][71]

There are several regeneration projects planned for Bolton over the next ten years, including Church Wharf by Ask Developments and Bluemantle[72]and Merchant's Quarter by local developer Charles Topham group, which together will contribute 1,000,000 square feet (93,000 m2) of business space.[73]The Bolton Innovation Zone is a large £300 million development with the University of Bolton at its core. Bolton is pursuing major redevelopment projects in its town centre, including the regeneration of Crompton Place and Church Wharf areas, aimed at promoting residential, commercial, and leisure spaces.[74]

Landmarks

[edit]
See also:Grade I listed buildings in Greater Manchester,Grade II* listed buildings in Greater Manchester,andList of public art in Greater Manchester
The 14th-centurySmithills Hallis now a museum.

Situated in the town centre on the site of a former market is theGrade II*listedtown hall,an imposingneoclassicalbuilding designed by William Hill and opened in June 1873 byAlbert Edward, Prince of Wales.[16]In the 1930s the building was extended byBradshaw Gass & Hope.[16][75]Within the Town Hall are the 'Albert Halls and several function rooms. The original, single Albert Hall was destroyed by fire on 14 November 1981. After rebuilding work, it was replaced by the presentAlbert Halls,which were opened in 1985.[75]The halls underwent a major restoration project, reopening in 2017.[76]

The Great Hall ofSmithills Hallwas built in the 14th century when William de Radcliffe received the Manor of Smithills from the Hultons, the chapel dates from the 16th century and was extended during the 19th. Smithills Hall was where, in 1555,George Marshwas tried for heresy during theMarian Persecutions.After being "examined" at Smithills, according to local tradition, George Marsh stamped his foot so hard to re-affirm his faith, that a footprint was left in the stone floor. It is a Grade I listed building and is now a museum.[77][78]

Hall i' th' Wood,now a museum, is a late mediaeval yeoman farmer's house built by Laurence Brownlow. Around 1637 it was owned by the Norris family, who added the stone west wing. In the 18th century it was divided up into tenements.Samuel Cromptonlived and worked there. In the 19th century it deteriorated further until in 1895 it was bought by industrialistWilliam Hesketh Lever,who restored it and presented it toBolton Councilin 1900.[79]

Bolton's 26 conservation areas contain 700 listed buildings, many of which are in the town centre, and there is parkland including theVictorianQueen's Park,Leverhulme Parkand other open spaces in the surrounding area.[80][81]These include Le Mans Crescent, Ye Olde Man & Scythe, Little Bolton Town Hall, the Market Place, Wood Street andHoly Trinity Church.The Market Hallof 1854 is a Grade II listed building.[82]Outside the town centre can be found Mere Hall,Firwood Fold,Haulgh Hall, Park Cottage, St Mary's Church, Deane, Lostock Hall Gatehouse andAll Souls Church.Notable mills still overlooking parts of the town are Sir John Holden's Mill[83]andSwan Lane Mills.[84]

Most views northwards are dominated by Rivington Pike and theWinter Hill TV Maston the West Pennine Moors above the town.[85]

Transport

[edit]

Bolton is well served by the local road network and national routes. TheA6,a major north–southtrunk road,passes to the west through Hunger Hill and Westhoughton. TheA666dual carriageway,is a spur to and from theM61motorwaythrough the town centre to Astley Bridge, Egerton, Darwen and Blackburn. The M61 has three dedicated junctions serving the borough.

A network of local buses coordinated byTransport for Greater Manchesterserves the Bolton district and beyond;[86]bus operators includeGo North WestandDiamond North West,both under theTfGMbranding ofBee Network.Bolton is also served by theNational Expresscoach network. The bus station onMoor Lanewas scheduled to be replaced by a new interchange in the town centre next to the railway station by the end of 2014, at a cost of £48 million.[87]

Bolton Interchangeis managed byNorthern;the railway station is part of a town centretransport interchangewith services to Manchester, Wigan, Southport, Kirkby, Blackburn, Preston, Blackpool, Barrow in Furness, Windermere, Glasgow, Edinburgh and intermediate stations operated by Northern andTransPennine Express.[88][89]

Education

[edit]
See also:List of schools in Bolton

Bolton School,aprivate day school,was founded on a site next to the parish church in 1524 as a grammar school for boys; it merged around 1656 with a free grammar school (Lever's grammar) that had been founded shortly after 1641.[7][90][91][92]In 1898, it moved to its present site in Chorley New Road, and in 1913 merged with Bolton Girls' Day School.[93]In 1855 the Bolton Church Institute was founded by CanonJames Sladenear to the parish church. The school becameCanon Slade School,which has since relocated toBradshaw.[94]The town's other secondary schools includeBolton St Catherine's Academy,Ladybridge High School,Rivington and Blackrod High School,Sharples School,Smithills School,Thornleigh Salesian College,andUniversity Collegiate School.Bolton Collegeprovides further education from sites throughout the borough.[95]Bolton Sixth Form Collegecomprises the Town Centre Campus and Farnworth Campus.[96]TheBolton TIC(Technical Innovation Centre), opened in 2006, supports local schools by providing additional technical training.[97]TheUniversity of Bolton,formerly the Bolton Institute of Higher Education, gained university status in 2005.[98]

Religion

[edit]
See also:List of churches in Greater Manchester
Bolton Parish Church
Bolton Parish Church Interior
Religion in Bolton 2001[99]
UK Census 2001 Bolton
(borough)		 Greater
Manchester		 England
Christian 74.56% 78.01% 71.74%
No religion 8.75% 10.48% 14.59%
Muslim 7.07% 3.04% 3.1%
Buddhist 0.10% 0.18% 0.28%
Hindu 2.00% 0.40% 1.11%
Jewish 0.06% 0.42% 0.52%
Sikh 0.03% 0.10% 0.67%
Other religions 0.15% 0.16% 0.29%
Religion not stated 7.28% 7.23% 7.69%

There is evidence from Saxon times ofChristianchurches and at the time of the Civil War a Puritan andnonconformistpresence in the town. TheUnitarianswere among the early dissenting congregations which eventually includedMethodists,Baptists, Seventh Day Adventist and other denominations. More than forty churches were built during the Victorian era, but some have now been closed, demolished or converted to other uses.[100][101]

Today, the parish ofBolton-le-Moorscovers a small area in the town centre,[102]but until the 19th century it covered a much larger area, divided into eighteen chapelries and townships.[14][103]The neighbouring ancient parish ofDeanecentred aroundSt Mary's Churchonce covered a large area to the west and south of Bolton,[104]and the township ofGreat Leverwas part of the ancient parish ofMiddleton.[103]

TheChurch of St Peter,commonly known as Bolton Parish Church, is an example of thegothic revival style.Built between 1866 and 1871 ofLongridgestone to designs byPaley,thechurchis 67 ft (20.4 m) in width, 156 ft (47.5 m) in length, and 82 ft (25.0 m) in height. Thetoweris 180 ft (54.9 m) high with 13bells.[11]The first church on the same site was built inAnglo-Saxontimes. It was rebuilt inNormantimes and again in the early 15th century. Little is known of the first two earlier churches, but the third building was a solid, squat building with a sturdy square tower at the west end. It was modified over the years until it fell into disrepair and was demolished in 1866.[14]Fragments of stone and other artefacts from these first three buildings are displayed in the museum corner of the present church.[11]

St Mary's Deane, once the only church in a parish of ten townships in the hundred of Salford, is a church established in Saxon times. The current building dates from 1250 with extensions and restoration in the 19th century and is aGrade II*listed building.[105]

St George's Church was built between 1794 and 1796 when Little Bolton was a separate township. Built by Peter Rothwell and paid for by the Ainsworth family.[106]in 1975 it was leased to Bolton Council, and became a craft centre in 1994.[107]St Patrick's Roman Catholic Churchon Great Moor Street, was built in 1861.[108]

The New Zakaria Mosque, the first mosque in Bolton, served the Muslim community from Pakistan and India from the 1960s. The first place of worship for Hindus was in the former St Barnabas Church, converted into a Hindu temple.[100]

Sport

[edit]

Bolton Wanderers F.C.is anEnglish Football Leagueclub which was formed in 1874 and for 102 years played atBurnden Park.The club moved to theToughsheet Community StadiuminHorwichin 1997. The club has won fourFA Cups,the most recent in 1958, and spent 73 seasons in the top division of the English league – more than any club never to have been league champions.[109]

Bolton Hockey Clubfields women's, men's, and junior teams and has more than 120 playing members.[110]The town has a local cricket leagues, theBolton Cricket League,[111]Bolton also has arugby unionclub,Bolton RUFCformed in 1872 situated on Avenue Street. The club operates four senior teams, as well as women's and junior sections.[112]Bolton Robots of Doomis abaseballclub started in 2003, playing home games at Stapleton Avenue. In addition to the adult team there is a junior team, Bolton Bears. Baseball in Bolton dates back to 1938 with a team called Bolton Scarlets.[113]An American football team, the Bolton Bulldogs, plays home games at Smithills School operating varsity and junior varsity teams.[114] Speedway racing,known as Dirt Track Racing, was staged atRaikes Parkin the pioneering days of 1928, but the speedway was short-lived.[115] Greyhound racingtook place at theRaikes Park Greyhound Stadiumfrom 1927 until 1996.[116]

Culture and society

[edit]
Bolton Civic Centre in 1994, Le Mans Crescent

According to a survey of theBritish Association for the Advancement of Science,Boltonians are the friendliest people in Britain.[117]Humphrey Spenderphotographed Bolton calling itWorktownfor theMass-ObservationProject, a social research organisation which aimed to record everyday life in Britain. His photographs provide a record of ordinary people living and working in a British pre-War industrial town.[118]

Bolton has several theatres including theOctagonand independent groups such asBolton Little Theatreand the Phoenix Theatre Company. ComedianPeter Kaywas a member of the Octagon youth theatre and worked in the box office for about four months, until being dismissed. ActressMaxine Peakemade her professional debut at the Octagon and directorDanny Boylewas inspired to start his career when he worked there as an usher.[119]Inside the Town Hall there is a theatre and conference complex, the Albert Halls. Le Mans Crescent, home to the central library, museum, art gallery, aquarium, magistrates' court and town hall, is to be the centre of a new Cultural Quarter. The library and museum are to be extended into the area now occupied by the Magistrates Court.Bolton Museumand Art Gallery houses a collection of local and international art.[120]Bolton Steam Museumhouses a variety of preservedsteam enginesin part of the old Atlas Mill.[121]A noted 1953 painting byL. S. Lowrydepicts match-day crowds atBurnden Park,the former home stadium ofBolton Wanderers Football Club.The painting is in the collection ofThe Lowryarts centre inSalford,and was exhibited at Bolton Museum and Art Gallery in 2023.[122]

Bolton Central Library was one of the earliest public libraries established after thePublic Libraries Act 1850,opening in October 1853 in the Exchange Building on the old market square (Victoria Square) before moving to Le Mans Crescent in July 1938.[123]The Bolton Symphony Orchestra performs regular concerts at the Albert Halls and Victoria Hall in the town centre.[124] The 2008 BBC Radio 3 Adult Choir of the Year[125]and five times gold-medal winning barbershop chorus The Cottontown Chorus is based in Bolton.[citation needed]

The town's daily newspaper isThe Bolton News,formerly theBolton Evening News.There is a weekly free paper, theBolton Journaland Bolton Council's monthly newspaper,Bolton Scene.The town is part of theBBC North WestandITV Granadatelevision regions, served by theWinter Hill transmitternearBelmont.Local radio is provided byGreatest Hits Radio Greater Manchester(formerlyTower FM), which broadcasts across Bolton andBury;Bolton FMbegan broadcasting in 2009.[126]

The fictional village of Newbank inBenjamin Disraeli's novelConingsbywas based in part on the industrial village ofBarrow Bridge.[127]Spring and Port Wineby playwright,Bill Naughtonwas filmed and set in Bolton andThe Family Waybased on Naughton's playAll in Good Timewas also filmed and set in the town.[128]Peter Kayfilmed comedy TV seriesThat Peter Kay Thingin the town.

Bolton has been used as a setting for film and television drama. Le Mans Crescent has featured as a London street in theJeremy Brettversion ofSherlock Holmes,a Russian secret service building in the 1990s comedy seriesSleepersand inPeaky Blindersin 2014.[129]The 1990s BBC dramaBetween the Linesfilmed an episode in Victoria Square.[130]

Bolton Community and Voluntary Services supports voluntary and community activities.[131]A network of volunteer groups look after the environment in Bolton supported by Bolton Green Umbrella.[132]

The firstBolton LGBT+ Pridewas held in 2015 and has been an ongoing annual event which since its second year has included a parade and live music.[133][134]

Public services

[edit]
See also:Healthcare in Greater Manchester

Bolton is policed by the Bolton Division ofGreater Manchester Police.The statutory emergency fire and rescue service is provided by theGreater Manchester Fire and Rescue Service,from Bolton Central, Bolton North, Horwich and Farnworth Fire Stations.[135]Hospital services are provided by theBolton NHS Foundation Trust,which providesAccident and Emergencyand other services at Royal Bolton Hospital in Farnworth.[136]Community health services, including GPs, district and community nurses, dentists and pharmacists, are co-ordinated by the Bolton Primary Care Trust.[137]Waste management is co-ordinated by the Greater Manchester Waste Disposal Authority.[138]Bolton's Distribution Network Operator for electricity is Electricity North West Ltd.[139]United Utilities manage Bolton's drinking and waste water.[140]

Notable people

[edit]
Main article:List of people from Bolton

Among the notable people born in Bolton are the Protestant martyrGeorge Marsh,1515–55,[78]the inventor of the spinning mule that revolutionised the textile industry,Samuel Crompton,1753–1827,[141]and industrialistLord Leverhulmeof Bolton-le-Moors, 1851–1925.[38]

More recently, people born and raised in Bolton includeFred Dibnah,a steeplejack who became a popular television historian of Britain's industrial past;[142]world champion boxerAmir Khan,who became theWBA Worldlight-welterweight championon 18 July 2009 at the age of 22, making him Britain's third-youngest world champion boxer;[143]comedianPeter Kay;[144]and president of theInternational Paralympic CommitteePhilip Craven.[145]Playwright and authorBill Naughtonwas born in Ireland but brought up in Bolton from an early age.[128]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
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Bibliography

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
  • Southern, Christine (1975),The Changing Face of Bolton,Hendon Publishing Lancs.,ISBN0-902907-76-X
[edit]
Wikivoyage has a travel guide forBolton.
Wikimedia Commons has media related toBolton.

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