Jump to content

Borax

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, seeBorax (disambiguation).
Not to be confused withBorex,Borox,orBorat.

Borax
Borax crystals
Ball-and-stick model of the unit cell of borax decahydrate
Names
IUPAC name
disodium;3,7-dioxido-2,4,6,8,9-pentaoxa-1,3,5,7-tetraborabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane;decahydrate[1]
Other names
  • Borax decahydrate
  • Sodium borate decahydrate
  • Sodium tetraborate decahydrate
  • Sodium tetrahydroxy tetraborate hexahydrate
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
EC Number
E number E285(preservatives)
KEGG
RTECS number
  • VZ2275000
UNII
  • InChI=1S/B4O7.2Na.10H2O/c5-1-7-3-9-2(6)10-4(8-1)11-3;;;;;;;;;;;;/h;;;10*1H2/q-2;2*+1;;;;;;;;;;
    Key: CDMADVZSLOHIFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
  • InChI=1/B4O7.2Na.10H2O/c5-1-7-3-9-2(6)10-4(8-1)11-3;;;;;;;;;;;;/h;;;10*1H2/q-2;2*+1;;;;;;;;;;
    Key: CDMADVZSLOHIFP-UHFFFAOYAP
  • [Na+].[Na+].O0B(O)O[B-]1(O)OB(O)O[B-]0(O)O1.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O
Properties
Na2B4O5(OH)4·8H2O
Molar mass 381.36g·mol−1
Appearance White or colorless crystalline solid
Density 1.73 g/cm3(decahydrate, solid)[2]
Melting point 743 °C (1,369 °F; 1,016 K) (anhydrous)[2]
75 °C (decahydrate, decomposes)[2]
Boiling point 1,575 °C (2,867 °F; 1,848 K) (anhydrous)[2]
31.7 g/L[2]
−85.0·10−6cm3/mol (anhydrous)[2]: p.4.135 
n1=1.447,n2=1.469,n3=1.472 (decahydrate)[2]: p.4.139 
Structure[3]
Monoclinic,mS92,No. 15
C2/c
2/m
a= 1.1885 nm,b= 1.0654 nm,c= 1.2206 nm
α = 90°, β = 106.623°°, γ = 90°
1.4810 nm3
4
Pharmacology
S01AX07(WHO)
Hazards
GHSlabelling:
GHS08: Health hazard
H360
P201,P308+P313
NFPA 704(fire diamond)
[7]
NFPA 704 four-colored diamondHealth 1: Exposure would cause irritation but only minor residual injury. E.g. turpentineFlammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. waterInstability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogenSpecial hazards (white): no code
1
0
0
NIOSH(US health exposure limits):
PEL(Permissible)
 none[4]
REL(Recommended)
 TWA 1 mg/m3(anhydrous and pentahydrate)[4][5]
TWA 5 mg/m3(decahydrate)[6]
IDLH(Immediate danger)
 N.D.[4]
Related compounds
Otheranions
 Sodium aluminate
Othercations
 Lithium tetraborate
Related compounds
 Boric acid,sodium perborate
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in theirstandard state(at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

Borax(also referred to assodium borate,tincal(/ˈtɪŋkəl/) andtincar(/ˈtɪŋkər/)) is asalt(ioniccompound), ahydratedor anhydrousborateofsodium,with thechemical formulaNa2H20B4O17(also written asNa2B4O7·10H2O[1][a]).

It is a colorless crystalline solid that dissolves in water to make abasicsolution.

It is commonly available in powder or granular form and has many industrial and household uses, including as apesticide,as a metal solderingflux,as a component ofglass,enamel,andpottery glazes,fortanningof skins andhides,for artificial aging of wood, as a preservative against woodfungus,and as a pharmaceuticalkalizer.In chemical laboratories, it is used as abufferingagent.[1][8]

The termstincalandtincarrefer to native borax, historically mined from dry lake beds in various parts of Asia.[9]

History[edit]

Borax was first discovered in dry lake beds inTibet.Native tincal from Tibet,Persia,and other parts of Asia was traded via theSilk Roadto theArabian Peninsulain the 8th century AD.[9]

Borax first came into common use in the late 19th century whenFrancis Marion Smith'sPacific Coast Borax Companybegan to market and popularize a large variety of applications under the20 Mule Team Boraxtrademark,named forthe methodby which borax was originally hauled out of theCalifornia and Nevada deserts.[10][11]

Etymology[edit]

The English wordboraxis Latinized: theMiddle Englishform wasboras,fromOld Frenchboras, bourras.That may have been fromMedieval Latinbaurach(another English spelling),borac(-/um/em), borax,along withSpanishborrax(>borraj) andItalianborrace,in the 9th century, and fromArabicburaq(بورق) as mentioned for example inkitab al-tabikhofIbn Sayyar al-Warraq.

The wordstincalandtincarwere adopted intoEnglishin the 17th century fromMalaytingkaland fromUrdu/PersianArabicتنکار‎tinkār/tankār;thus the two forms in English. These all appear to be related to theSanskritटांकणṭānkaṇa.[12][13]

Chemistry[edit]

The structure of borax according toX-ray crystallography.

From the chemical perspective, borax contains the [B4O5(OH)4]2−ion. In this structure, there are two four-coordinate boron centers and two three-coordinate boron centers.

It is aproton conductorat temperatures above 21 °C. Conductivity is maximum along theb-axis.[14]

Borax is also easily converted toboric acidand otherborates,which have many applications. Its reaction with hydrochloric acid to form boric acid is:

Na2B4O7·10H2O + 2 HCl → 4 H3BO3+ 2 NaCl + 5 H2O

Borax is sufficiently stable to find use as aprimary standardfor acid-basetitrimetry.[15]: p.316 

Molten borax dissolves many metal oxides to form glasses. This property is important for its uses in metallurgy and for theborax bead testof qualitative chemical analysis.

Borax is soluble in a variety of solvents; however, it is notably insoluble in ethanol.[1]

Solubility of borax in some solvents[16]
Organic solvent Temperature
°C (°F) 		Borax % by weight
in saturated solution
Glycerol 98.5% 20 (68) 52.60
Glycerol 86.5% 20 (68) 47.19
Ethylene glycol 25 (77) 41.60
Diethylene glycol 25 (77) 18.60
Methanol 25 (77) 19.90
Aqueous ethanol 46.5% 15.5 (60) 2.48
Acetone 25 (77) 0.60
Ethyl acetate 25 (77) 0.14
Solubility of borax in water[16]
Temperature
°C (°F) 		Borax % by weight in saturated solution
0 (32) 1.99
5 (41) 2.46
10 (50) 3.09
15 (59) 3.79
20 (68) 4.70
25 (77) 5.80
30 (86) 7.20
35 (95) 9.02
40 (104) 11.22
45 (113) 14.21
50 (122) 17.91
55 (131) 23.22
60 (140) 30.32
65 (149) 33.89
70 (158) 36.94
75 (167) 40.18
80 (176) 44.31
85 (185) 48.52
90 (194) 53.18
95 (203) 58.94
100 (212) 65.63

The termboraxproperly refers to the so-called "decahydrate"Na2B4O7·10H2O,but that name is not consistent with its structure. It is actually octahydrate. Theanionis nottetraborate[B4O7]2−buttetrahydroxy tetraborate[B4O5(OH)4]2−,[14]so the more correct formula should beNa2B4O5(OH)4·8H2O.However, the term may be applied also to the related compounds. Borax "pentahydrate" has the formulaNa2B4O7·5H2O,which is actually a trihydrateNa2B4O5(OH)4·3H2O.It is a colorless solid with a density of 1.880 kg/m3that crystallizes from water solutions above 60.8 °C in therhombohedral crystal system.It occurs naturally as the mineraltinkhanite.[17]It can be obtained by heating the decahydrate above 61 °C.[18]Borax "dihydrate" has the formulaNa2B4O7·2H2O,which is actually anhydrous, with the correct formulaNa2B4O5(OH)4.It can be obtained by heating the "decahydrate" or "pentahydrate" to above 116-120 °C.[18]Anhydrous borax is sodium tetraborate proper, with formulaNa2B4O7.It can be obtained by heating any hydrate to 300 °C.[18]It has one amorphous (glassy) form and three crystalline forms – α, β, and γ, with melting points of 1015, 993 and 936 K respectively. α-Na2B4O7is the stable form.[18]

Natural sources[edit]

Main article:Borax (mineral)
Borax "cottonball"

Borax occurs naturally inevaporitedeposits produced by the repeated evaporation ofseasonal lakes.The most commercially important deposits are found in:Turkey;Boron, California;andSearles Lake,California.Also, borax has been found at many other locations in theSouthwestern United States,theAtacama desertinChile,newly discovered deposits inBolivia,and inTibetandRomania.Borax can also be produced synthetically from other boron compounds.[19]

Naturally occurring borax (known by the trade name Rasorite–46 in the United States and many other countries) is refined by a process ofrecrystallization.[20]

Tractionsteam engine hauling borax,Death Valley National Park,California, 1904

Uses[edit]

Borax-basedlaundry detergent

Borax is used in pest control solutions because it is toxic to ants. Because it is slow-acting, worker ants will carry the borax to their nests and poison the rest of the colony.[21]

Borax is used in various household laundry and cleaning products,[22][23]including the20 Mule Team Boraxlaundry booster,Boraxopowdered hand soap, and sometooth bleachingformulas.[24][25]

Borate ions (commonly supplied as boric acid) are used in biochemical and chemical laboratories to makebuffers,e.g. forpolyacrylamide gel electrophoresisof DNA and RNA, such asTBE buffer(borate buffered tris-hydroxymethylaminomethonium)[26][27]or the newer SB buffer orBBS buffer(borate buffered saline) in coating procedures. Borate buffers (usually at pH 8) are also used as preferential equilibration solutions indimethyl pimelimidate(DMP) based crosslinking reactions.[citation needed]

Borax as a source of borate has been used to take advantage of the co-comple xing ability of borate with other agents in water to form complex ions with various substances. Borate and a suitablepolymerbed are used tochromatographnon-glycatedhemoglobindifferentially fromglycated hemoglobin(chieflyHbA1c), which is an indicator of long-termhyperglycemiaindiabetes mellitus.

Borax alone does not have a high affinity forhardness cations,although it has been used for water-softening. Its chemical equation forwater-softeningis given below:

Ca2+(aq) +Na2B4O7(aq) → CaB4O7(s)↓ + 2 Na+(aq)
Mg2+(aq) + Na2B4O7(aq) → MgB4O7(s)↓ + 2 Na+(aq)

Thesodiumions introduced do not make water "hard". This method is suitable for removing both temporary and permanent types of hardness.

A mixture of borax andammonium chlorideis used as afluxwhenweldingironandsteel.It lowers the melting point of the unwantediron oxide(scale), allowing it to run off. Borax is also mixed with water as a flux whensolderingjewelrymetalssuch asgoldorsilver,where it allows the moltensoldertowetthe metal and flow evenly into the joint.[citation needed]Borax is also a good flux for "pre-tinning"tungstenwith zinc, making the tungsten soft-solderable.[28]Borax is often used as a flux forforge welding.[29]

Oldsteam tractorwith borax wagons,Death Valley National Park

Inartisanal gold mining,borax is sometimes used as part of a process known as theborax method(as a flux) meant to eliminate the need for toxic mercury in thegold extractionprocess, although it cannot directly replace mercury. Borax was reportedly used by gold miners in parts of thePhilippinesin the 1900s.[30][31]There is evidence that, in addition to reducing the environmental impact, this method achieves better gold recovery for suitable ores and is less expensive. This borax method is used in northernLuzonin the Philippines, but miners have been reluctant to adopt it elsewhere for reasons that are not well understood.[32]The method has also been promoted in Bolivia[33]and Tanzania.[34]

A rubbery polymer sometimes calledSlime,Flubber,'gluep' or 'glurch' (or erroneously calledSilly Putty,which is based on silicone polymers), can be made bycross-linkingpolyvinyl alcoholwith borax. Making flubber frompolyvinyl acetate-basedglues,such asElmer's Glue,and borax is a common elementary science demonstration.[35][36]

Borax, given theE numberE285,is used as afood additivebut this use is banned in some countries, such asAustralia,China,Thailandand theUnited States.[37]As a consequence, certain foods, such ascaviar,produced for sale in the United States contain higher levels ofsaltto assist preservation.[38]In addition to its use as a preservative, borax imparts a firm, rubbery texture to food. InChina,borax (Chinese:Bằng sa;pinyin:péng shāorChinese:Nguyệt thạch;pinyin:yuè shí) has been found in foods including wheat and rice noodles namedlamian(Chinese:Mì sợi;pinyin:lāmiàn),shahe fen(Chinese:Sa bún phở;pinyin:shāhéfěn),char kway teow(Chinese:Quả điều;pinyin:guǒ tiáo), andchee cheong fun(Chinese:Bánh cuốn;pinyin:chángfěn)[clarification needed][39]InIndonesia,it is a common, but forbidden,[40]additive to such foods as noodles,bakso(meatballs), and steamed rice. When consumed with boric acid, numerous studies have demonstrated a negative[clarification needed]association between borax and various types of cancers.[41]Boric acid and borax are low in toxicity for acute oral exposures, at approximately the same acute toxicity as salt. The average dose for asymptomatic ingestion cases, which accounts for 88% of all ingestions, is around 0.9 grams. However, the range of reported asymptomatic doses is wide, from 0.01 to 88.8 g.[42]

Rio Tinto borax mine pit,Boron, California

Other uses include:

Toxicity[edit]

According to one study, borax is not acutely toxic. ItsLD50(median lethal dose) score is tested at 2.66 g/kg in rats, meaning that a significant dose of the chemical is needed to cause severe symptoms or death. The lethal dose is not necessarily the same for humans. On pesticide information websites it is listed as a non-lethal compound and of no hazardous concerns.[citation needed]

Borax has been in use as an insecticide in the United States with various restrictions since 1946. All restrictions were removed in February 1986 due to the low toxicity of borax, as reported in two EPA documents relating to boric acid and borax.[61][62]

EPA has determined that, because they are of low toxicity and occur naturally, boric acid and its sodium salts should be exempted from the requirement of a tolerance (maximum residue limit) for all raw agricultural commodities.[61]

Although it cited inconclusive data, a re-evaluation in 2006 by the EPA still found that "There were no signs of toxicity observed during the study and no evidence of cytotoxicity to the target organ."[63]In the reevaluation, a study of toxicity due to overexposure was checked and the findings were that "The residential handler inhalation risks due to boric acid and its sodium salts as active ingredients are not a risk concern and do not exceed the level of concern..." but that there could be some risk of irritation to children inhaling it if used as a powder for cleaning rugs.

Overexposure to borax dust can cause respiratory irritation, while no skin irritation is known to exist due to external borax exposure. Ingestion may cause gastrointestinal distress includingnausea,persistent vomiting, abdominal pain, anddiarrhea.Effects on the vascular system andhuman braininclude headaches and lethargy but are less frequent. In severe cases, a "beefy" red rash affecting the palms, soles, buttocks and scrotum has occurred.[64]

The Indonesian Directorate of Consumer Protection warns of the risk ofliver cancerwith high consumption of borax over a period of 5–10 years.[58]

Borax was added to theSubstance of Very High Concern (SVHC)candidate list on December 16, 2010. The SVHC candidate list is part of theEURegulations on theRegistration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals2006 (REACH), and the addition was based on the revised classification of borax astoxic for reproductioncategory 1B under theCLP Regulations.Substances and mixtures imported into the EU which contain borax are now required to be labelled with the warnings "May damage fertility" and "May damage the unborn child".[65]It was proposed for addition to REACH Annex XIV by theECHAon July 1, 2015.[66]If this recommendation is approved, all imports and uses of borax in the EU will have to be authorized by the ECHA.[needs update]

A review of the boron toxicity (as boric acid and borates) published in 2012 in theJournal of Toxicology and Environmental Healthconcluded: "It clearly appears that human B [boron] exposures, even in the highest exposed cohorts, are too low to reach the blood (and target tissue) concentrations that would be required to exert adverse effects on reproductive functions."[67]A draft risk assessment released byHealth Canadain July 2016 has found that overexposure to boric acid has the potential to cause developmental and reproductive health effects. Since people are already exposed to boric acid naturally through their diets and water, Health Canada advised that exposure from other sources should be reduced as much as possible, especially for children and pregnant women.

The concern is not with any one product, but rather multiple exposures from a variety of sources. With this in mind, the department also announced that certain pesticides that contain boric acid, which are commonly used in homes, will have their registrations cancelled and be phased out of the marketplace. As well, new, more protective label directions are being introduced for other boric acid pesticides that continue to be registered in Canada (for example, enclosed bait stations and spot treatments using gel formulations).[68]

See also[edit]

Explanatory footnotes[edit]

  1. ^It is also written asNa2B4O7·10H2O,which shows that it is a decahydrated tetraborate.

References[edit]

  1. ^abcdePubChem."Borax".pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.RetrievedDecember 27,2021.
  2. ^abcdefgHaynes, William M., ed. (2011).CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics(92nd ed.).CRC Press.ISBN978-1439855119.
  3. ^Levy, H. A.; Lisensky, G. C. (1978). "Crystal structures of sodium sulfate decahydrate (Glauber's salt) and sodium tetraborate decahydrate (borax). Redetermination by neutron diffraction".Acta Crystallographica Section B.34(12): 3502–3510.Bibcode:1978AcCrB..34.3502L.doi:10.1107/S0567740878011504.
  4. ^abcNIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards."#0057".National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health(NIOSH).
  5. ^NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards."#0059".National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health(NIOSH).
  6. ^NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards."#0058".National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health(NIOSH).
  7. ^"Potential Commodities NFPA 704"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on May 17, 2016.RetrievedDecember 9,2018.
  8. ^"CompTox Chemicals Dashboard".comptox.epa.gov.RetrievedJanuary 1,2022.
  9. ^ab"Borax (Na2B4O7·10H2O ) – Sodium Borate – Occurrence, Discovery and Applications ".Amoz.August 16, 2004.
  10. ^"American Borax Production".Scientific American.Vol. 37, no. 12. September 22, 1877. pp. 184–185.JSTOR26062263..The article states that the distance betweenColumbus, NevadaandWadsworth, Nevadais "about 360 miles" whereas today the distance on modern roads is about 160 miles.
  11. ^Hildebrand, G. H. (1982) "Borax Pioneer: Francis Marion Smith." San Diego: Howell-North Books. p. 267ISBN0-8310-7148-6
  12. ^"Tincal".Oxford English Dictionary(Online ed.).Oxford University Press.(Subscription orparticipating institution membershiprequired.)
  13. ^Chemical Age of India, Vol. 37, No.10 & 11 (1976)
  14. ^abS.Maričić, V.Pravdić, and Z.Veksli (1962): "Proton conductivity in borax, Na2[B4O5(OH)4]-8H2O ".Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids,volume 23, issue 11, pages 1651-1659.doi:10.1016/0022-3697(62)90248-2
  15. ^Mendham, J.; Denney, R. C.; Barnes, J. D.; Thomas, M. J. K. (2000),Vogel's Quantitative Chemical Analysis(6th ed.), New York: Prentice Hall,ISBN0-582-22628-7
  16. ^abBorax decahydrate.borax
  17. ^Mehmet Akgül and Osman Çamlıbe (2021) "The use of borax pentahydrate of inorganic filler in medium density fiberboard production".Maderas, Ciencia y tecnología,volume 23, Epub 28-Ene-2021.doi:10.4067/s0718-221x2021000100422
  18. ^abcdÖmer Şahin and A. Nusret Bulutcu (2002):"Dehydration Behaviour of Borax Pentahydrate to Anhydrous Borax by Multi-Stage Heating in a Fluidized".Turkish Journal of Chemistry,volume 26, article 10, pages 89–96.
  19. ^"Borax - The Chemical Company".thechemco.RetrievedApril 8,2024.
  20. ^Wizniak, Jaime (July 2005)."Borax, Boric Acid, and Boron – From exotic to commodity"(PDF).Indian Journal of Chemical Technology.12(4).ISSN0975-0991.
  21. ^Klotz, John H.; Greenberg, Les; Amrhein, Christopher; Rust, Michael K. (August 1, 2000). "Toxicity and Repellency of Borate-Sucrose Water Baits to Argentine Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)".Journal of Economic Entomology.93(4): 1256–1258.doi:10.1603/0022-0493-93.4.1256.PMID10985039.S2CID17829851.
  22. ^Sodium borate decahydrate (borax)in theConsumer Product Information Database
  23. ^"The Many, Many Uses of Borax for Laundry".U.S. Borax.RetrievedJune 13,2022.
  24. ^Hammond, C. R. (2004).The Elements, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition.CRC press.ISBN978-0-8493-0485-9.
  25. ^O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index — An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013., p. 1595
  26. ^Peacock, Andrew C.; Dingman, C. Wesley (1967). "Resolution of Multiple Ribonucleic Acid Species by Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis".Biochemistry.6(6): 1818–1827.doi:10.1021/bi00858a033.PMID6035921.
  27. ^Anderson, S. (1981)."Shotgun DNA sequencing using cloned DNase I-generated fragments".Nucleic Acids Research.9(13): 3015–27.doi:10.1093/nar/9.13.3015.PMC327328.PMID6269069.
  28. ^Dodd, J.G. (1966). "Soft soldering to tungsten wire".Am. J. Phys.34(10): xvi.Bibcode:1966AmJPh..34D..16D.doi:10.1119/1.1972398.
  29. ^abMoehring, Jack; Willman, Michael; Pulscher, Isaac; Rowe, Devin (December 2016). "Bladesmithing at South Dakota School of Mines and Technology".JOM.68(12): 3186–3192.Bibcode:2016JOM....68l3186M.doi:10.1007/s11837-016-2139-z.ISSN1047-4838.S2CID137747858.
  30. ^"March 2012 ipad ewaste Filipino Borax, Pakistans Pollution, Artisanal Gold Mining".Blacksmithinstitute.org.Archived fromthe originalon October 13, 2016.RetrievedAugust 7,2016.
  31. ^"The borax method"(PDF).Borax replacing mercury in small-scale mining.The Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS). Archived fromthe original(PDF)on December 6, 2008.RetrievedAugust 2,2008.
  32. ^Appel, Peter W.U.; Na-Oy, Leoncio (June 1, 2012)."The Borax Method of Gold Extraction for Small-Scale Miners".Journal of Health and Pollution.2(3): 5–10.doi:10.5696/2156-9614-2.3.5.
  33. ^Appel, Peter W. U.; Andersen, Astrid; Na-Oy, Leoncio D.; Onos, Rudy (December 1, 2015)."Introduction of Mercury-free Gold Extraction Methods to Medium-Scale Miners and Education of Health Care Providers to Reduce the use of Mercury in Sorata, Bolivia".Journal of Health and Pollution.5(9): 12–17.doi:10.5696/2156-9614-5-9.12.PMC6221499.PMID30524772.
  34. ^Appel, Peter W.U.; Jønsson, Jesper Bosse (December 31, 1969)."Borax – an alternative to mercury for gold extraction by small-scale miners: introducing the method in Tanzania".Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) Bulletin.20:87–90.doi:10.34194/geusb.v20.4988.
  35. ^Parratore, Phil (1998).Wacky Science: A Cookbook for Elementary Teachers.Dubuque, IA: Kendall Hunt. p. 26.ISBN978-0-7872-2741-8.
  36. ^"Slime Recipe — How to Make Borax and White Glue Slime".Chemistry.about.Archived fromthe originalon August 26, 2007.RetrievedAugust 7,2016.
  37. ^Reiley, Laura (April 22, 2019)."After China turned it into a cheap snack, caviar is at risk of losing its status as a luxury good".The Washington Post.RetrievedApril 22,2019.
  38. ^"Caviar glossary".The Caviar Guide a gourmet review of caviars & fish roe.Hanson Ltd, Geneva, Switzerland. Archived fromthe originalon December 8, 2008.RetrievedJuly 7,2008.
  39. ^"Chinese Ingredients: Borax Powder, Mushroom Extract".Chowhound.chow.September 11, 2005. Archived fromthe originalon July 6, 2015.RetrievedAugust 7,2016.
  40. ^"BAHAN BERBAHAYA YANG DILARANG UNTUK PANGAN".pom.go.id.Archived fromthe originalon June 26, 2021.RetrievedJune 26,2021.
  41. ^Wu, Lun; Wei, Ying; Zhou, Wen-Bo; Zhang, You-Shun; Chen, Qin-Hua; Liu, Ming-Xing; Zhu, Zheng-Peng; Zhou, Jiao; Yang, Li-Hua; Wang, Hong-Mei; Wei, Guang-Min; Wang, Sheng; Tang, Zhi-Gang (July 1, 2019)."Gene expression alterations of human liver cancer cells following borax exposure".Oncology Reports.42(1): 115–130.doi:10.3892/or.2019.7169.ISSN1021-335X.PMC6549072.PMID31180554.
  42. ^"Boric Acid Technical Fact Sheet".npic.orst.edu.RetrievedDecember 13,2022.
  43. ^"Alphabetical information on pottery glaze making materials and clay body ingredients".Sheffield Pottery.RetrievedDecember 4,2019.
  44. ^abSchubert, David M. (2003)."Borates in Industrial Use".In Roesky, Herbert W.; Atwood, David A. (eds.).Group 13 Chemistry III: Industrial Applications.Structure and Bonding 105. Vol. 105. Berlin: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 1–40.doi:10.1007/3-540-46110-8_1.ISBN978-3-540-46110-4.OCLC262687393.
  45. ^Shen, Kelvin K.; O’Connor, Roderick (1998), Pritchard, Geoffrey (ed.), "Flame retardants: Borates",Plastics Additives: An A-Z reference,Polymer Science and Technology Series, vol. 1, Springer Netherlands, pp. 268–276,doi:10.1007/978-94-011-5862-6_30,ISBN978-94-011-5862-6
  46. ^"Centre for Alternative Technology".Cat.org.uk.Archived fromthe originalon August 1, 2012.RetrievedAugust 7,2016.
  47. ^Murray, Lynda M. (1989)."Least toxic pest control: how infestations of termites, ants, fleas, ticks, and beetles can be controlled without causing short- or long-term indoor air quality changes and health risks"(PDF).nepis.epa.gov.United States Environmental Protection Agency. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on June 26, 2022.RetrievedJune 25,2022.
  48. ^Suárez, Juan C. (2011), "Bioadhesives", in da Silva, Lucas F. M.; Öchsner, Andreas; Adams, Robert D. (eds.),Handbook of Adhesion Technology,Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 1385–1408,doi:10.1007/978-3-642-01169-6_53,ISBN978-3-642-01168-9
  49. ^"Curing eggs for steelhead, steelhead egg cures, Buzz Ramsey, Bill Swann, Andy Martin".wildriversfishing.RetrievedApril 16,2021.
  50. ^[1],"Buffer System for Swimming Pools and Related Structures", issued 2008-11-17
  51. ^"Development of Boron-based materials for nuclear applications"(PDF).Archived(PDF)from the original on September 22, 2010.
  52. ^"Borax".Nature.berkeley.edu.RetrievedAugust 7,2016.
  53. ^"Boron Basics".spectrumanalytic.
  54. ^"Learning Taxidermy Fish".Taxidermy Hobbyist | The Art Of Taxidermy.March 17, 2011.RetrievedApril 16,2021.
  55. ^Marie, Anne."How To Color Fire – Fun Fireplace Instructions".Chemistry.about.Archived fromthe originalon October 21, 2016.RetrievedAugust 7,2016.
  56. ^Nicholls, Walter (November 10, 1991)."THE CUSTOM OF THE COUNTRY HAM".The Washington Post.
  57. ^"Report of the State Board of Health of the State of New Hampshire..., Volume 19".1906. pp. 169–171.
  58. ^ab"Watch Out For The Food We Consume".Directorate of Consumer Protection, Jakarta, Indonesia. 2006. Archived fromthe originalon December 28, 2008.RetrievedFebruary 10,2009.
  59. ^C.M.G. Lattes, R.H.Fowler, and R.Cuer (1947): "Range-Energy Relation for Protons and a-Particles in the New Ilford 'Nuclear Research' Emulsions".Nature,volume 159, pages 301-302
  60. ^C.M.G.Lattes and G.P.S.Occhialini (1947): "Determination of the Energy and Momentum of Fast Neutrons in Cosmic Rays".Nature,volume 159 (1947),, pages 331-332
  61. ^ab"Pesticide Reregistration Status"(PDF).Epa.gov.RetrievedAugust 7,2016.
  62. ^"Pesticides"(PDF).Epa.gov.August 20, 2015.RetrievedAugust 7,2016.
  63. ^"Regulations.gov".Archived fromthe originalon May 3, 2015.RetrievedApril 27,2015.
  64. ^Reigart, J. Routt (2009).Recognition and Management of Pesticide Poisonings (5th Ed. ).DIANE Publishing. p. 76.ISBN978-1-4379-1452-8.RetrievedJune 4,2020.
  65. ^Member state committee draft support document for identification of disodium tetraborate, anhydrous as a substance of very high concern because of its CMR properties.Adopted on June 9, 2010. Echa.europa.eu. Retrieved on February 17, 2012.
  66. ^Recommendation of the European Chemicals Agency of 1 July 2015 for the inclusion of substances in Annex XIV to REACH (List of Substances subject to Authorisation)ArchivedJuly 14, 2015, at theWayback MachineEcha.europa.eu. Retrieved on July 6, 2015.
  67. ^Bolt, Hermann M.; Başaran, Nurşen; Duydu, Yalçın (2012). "Human Environmental and Occupational Exposures to Boric Acid: Reconciliation with Experimental Reproductive Toxicity Data".Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A.75(8–10): 508–514.Bibcode:2012JTEHA..75..508B.doi:10.1080/15287394.2012.675301.PMID22686310.S2CID31972554.
  68. ^"Information Update – Health Canada advises Canadians to avoid homemade craft and pesticide recipes using boric acid – Recalls & alerts".Healthycanadians.gc.ca.July 22, 2016.RetrievedAugust 7,2016.

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related toBorax.
Look upboraxin Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikisourcehas the text of the 1879American CyclopædiaarticleBorax.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Borax&oldid=1234793945"