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Borna (duke)

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Borna
Duke of Croatia
Reignc. 810–821
PredecessorVišeslav
SuccessorVladislav
Diedbetween January and October 821[1]
ReligionChristianity

Bornawas the duke ofCroatiafromc. 810to 821 andvassalof theFrankish Empire.He resided inNinand was the ruler of most of theCroatsin northernDalmatia.[2]

Borna's predecessor wasVišeslav,possibly his father.[3]After his death in 821, he was succeeded by his nephewVladislav.

He is mentioned in theRoyal Frankish Annals(Annales regni Francorum) in entries regarding 818–821. His titles were "Dukeof theGuduscani"(a Croatian tribe fromLikaand northernDalmatia)[4][5]in 818; "Duke of Dalmatia" in 819; "Duke of Dalmatia and Liburnia" in 821. Historiography treats him as a ruler ofDalmatian Croatia.

History

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Map showing imperial boundaries in 814, withCroatiaas tributary to Charlemagne.

Borna is documented in the "Royal Frankish Annals"(Annales regni Francorum). He is first mentioned regarding an 818 meeting atHerstalofFrankish EmperorLouis the Piouswith envoys of theObotrites,Borna (duke of the Guduscani), and of theTimociani,who had recently revolted against the Bulgars and switched sides to the Franks, and alsoLjudevit,duke of theSlavs in Lower Pannonia,the commander of theMarch of Friuli.[6]Historiography predominantly treats theGuduscanias a tribe inLika,along the riverGacka.

In July 819, another Frankish assembly was held atIngelheim,and because of Ljudevit's rebellion against the Franks, Frankish troops were sent from Italy to Pannonia, but returned without accomplishment.[7]Ljudevit sent envoys to the Franks with conditions that were not accepted by the Frankish emperor; Ljudevit continued the rebellion and sent envoys to neighbouring tribes to join him, managing to win over the Timociani who had initially submitted to the Franks.[7]A small Frankish army clashed with Ljudevit's army in Carinthia, destroyed much of it and drove it out.[8]Borna, now the "Duke of Dalmatia", with a large armymet Ljudevit's advancing armyon theKupariver.[9]The Guduscani deserted Borna at the first encounter, but he fled safely with his bodyguard.[9]During this battle, Dragomuž (Dragomosus), Ljudevit's father-in-law who had joined Borna with the outbreak of the rebellion, fell.[9]Borna conquered the Guduscani again after they had returned home.[9]In December, Ljudevit used the opportunity to attack Dalmatia with a large army, ravaging the country.[9]Borna attacked Ljudevit with crack troops, after storing as much as he could in his castles, seeing that he was no match for him.[9]Worn down, attacked in the rear and flank, with heavy losses, Ljudevit was forced to retreat from Borna's territory.[9]Ljudevit had 3,000 lost soldiers, and Borna seized more than 300 horses, and spoils of all kinds, then informed the Frankish emperor through his envoys of this.[9]

In January 820 another Frankish assembly was held in Aachen.[9]It was decided that Ljudevit's rebellion be quelled with three armies from three directions.[9]Borna offered his opinions on the operation, first through envoys and then in person.[10]Inspringtime,the three armies were dispatched, the first from Italy through theNoric Alps,the second throughCarinthia,the third fromBavariathroughUpper Pannonia.[10]The first and third moved slowly, one hindered by enemies and the other by the long route, while the second crossed theDrava,successfully overcoming three enemy encounters, moving fast.[10]The armies united and ravaged the land, and returned home without significant losses, while Ljudevit had stayed safe in a mountainous castle.[10]Carniola,on the border with Friuli, and the Carinthians that had defected from the Franks to Ljudevit, surrendered to the Franks.[10]

In February 821 another Frankish assembly was held in Aachen.[11]War against Ljudevit was planned, with three armies to ravage lands of traitors.[11]Meanwhile, Borna, now mentioned as the "Duke of Dalmatia and Liburnia", died, and was succeeded by his nephew (by his sister),[12]Vladislav,by the people's will and emperor's approval.[13]Ljudevit's lands were ravaged, the armies returning home by October.[13]

Historiography

[edit]
Monument to Borna inOtočac

There are differing views over Borna's tribal belonging and regnal title in historiography.

A. K. Miošić(1801) called him a "Dalmatian king" (kragl Dalmatinski) and then "Slavic king" (kragl Slovinskii).[14]A. Dimitzcalled him "Duke of the Dalmatian Slavs".[15][self-published source]

Croatian historiography treats him as a ruler of "Dalmatian Croatia":V. Klaić(1886) called him a "White Croatian duke" that later became the "Duke of Dalmatian Croats".[16]F. Šišić(1920) deemed him a "Dalmatian-Croatian duke".[17]A. P. Vlasto(1970) called him a "Dalmatian Croat" ruler, and believed he was at least nominally Christian.[18]T. Macan(1971) called him a "duke of the southern Croatian duchy".[19]I. Perić(1997) called him a "Croatian-Dalmatian duke".[20]Similarly, Croatian historianNeven Budakalso mentions him as "first known Croatian duke".[21]

R. Novaković(1973) does not support that he was a duke of Dalmatian Croatia, as no contemporary sources name him as such.[22]According to him, Borna could only be the duke of that area that was at the time under Frankish supreme rule, and that he was active only in the area included in the rebellion against Frankish rule, that is, only west of theUna river.[22]It is possible that Borna was the duke of an archonty not yet part of Croatia in the beginning of the 9th century, neither was Croatia at all included in the events of Ljudevit's rebellion.[23]The war was fought only in the area under Frankish rule, while Dalmatian Croatia was outside those events, as it at that time was under Byzantine supreme rule.[23]M. Atlagićand B. Milutinović (2002) treat him as a Dalmatian Slavic ruler.[24]Another view is that it seems that after the Timociani did not receive aid, a part of them settled inSlavonia,it seems also that Borna moved with them;S. Prvanović(1962) viewed him as a duke fromTimok-Kučevothat founded the first Croatian state,[25][full citation needed]whileM. S. Milojević(1872) treated him as a Frankish vassal in "Littoral Croatia" that originally held three counties in the Timok region.[26]Prvanović claimed thatF. Rackihad falsified the RFA, that Borna actually was the duke of Guduscani and Timociani, combined, and that Racki had put a comma after Guduscani, based on the identification with Gacka in Lika and presumption that due to the geographical distance between the two meant that the two could not have had nearer contact nor a joint duke.[27]Prvanović was not the first to put the Guduscani in the Timok region; 19th-centuryP. J. ŠafárikandV. Karićlocated them around the Timok and Danube.[27][28][full citation needed]

Fine Jr.first (1983, 1991) called him a ruler of "Dalmatian Croatia", in c. 810–821,[29]having succeededVišeslavand "who resided atNinand seems to have been the ruler of most of the Croatians in northern Dalmatia, was also a Frankish Vassal. "[30]then (2010) called him simply a Slavic prince, and also noted that the Franks did not use the term "Croats", suggesting that those usually called Croats in scholarship did not actually use that name.[31]B. W. Scholz(1970) uses the original titles found in the primary source, and in the index uses "duke of Dalmatia".[32]R. McKitterick(1983) called him a "leader of the Dalmatian Croats".[33]C. R. Bowlus(1995) treated him as the "duxof the Guduscani and Timocian Slavs "and a" Dalmatian prince ".[34]F. Curta(2006) treats him as a Slavic ruler, of the Guduscani, a Slavic tribe in theGackaregion (modern Croatia).[35]Garipzanov, Geary and Urbańczyk (2008) call him "Duke of Dalmatia and Liburnia".[36]

Identification with other rulers

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Marquart, inOsteuropäische u. ostasiatische Streifzöge(1903), identifiedDe Administrando Imperio'sPorinosandPorgawith Borna.[37]Krumbacher(1906) supported that Porinos and Borna were the same, but not Porga.[37]However, on the mere basis of the chronology of arrival and baptism in the 7th century, as well the non-Slavic origin of personal names of early Croatian rulers in the 7th century, Porga could not be Borna orBranimir(r. 879–892), with whom some scholars tried to identify him with.[38]

Titles

[edit]

In theRoyal Frankish AnnalsBorna is named "Duke of the Guduscani" (Latin:ducis Guduscanorum) in 818.[39]In 819 he is the "Duke of Dalmatia" (Latin:dux Dalmatiae),[40]while in 821 he is the "Duke of Dalmatia and Liburnia" (Latin:dux Dalmatiae atque Liburniae).[41]

The gradual ascent of his title should be due to his growing importance during the Frankish conflict with Ljudevit.[42]

References

[edit]
  1. ^Živković 2011,p. 390.
  2. ^John Van Antwerp Fine: The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century, 1991, p. 255
  3. ^Lučić, Josip (1989),"Borna",Croatian Biographical Lexicon(HBL)(in Croatian),Miroslav Krleža Lexicographical Institute
  4. ^"Gačani".Croatian Encyclopedia.Retrieved10 October2019.
  5. ^Ćošković, Pejo (1998)."GAČANI (Guduscani)".Croatian Biographical Lexicon.Retrieved10 October2019.
  6. ^Scholz 1970,p. 104.
  7. ^abScholz 1970,p. 105.
  8. ^Scholz 1970,pp. 105–106.
  9. ^abcdefghijScholz 1970,p. 106.
  10. ^abcdeScholz 1970,p. 107.
  11. ^abScholz 1970,p. 108.
  12. ^Živković 2011,p. 394.
  13. ^abScholz 1970,p. 109.
  14. ^Andrija Kačić Miošić (1801).Razgovor ugodni naroda Slovinskoga.Czesar. p. 6.
  15. ^August Dimitz (11 June 2013).History of Carniola: From Ancient Times to the Year 1813 With Special Consideration of Cultural Development.Xlibris Corporation. pp. 85–.ISBN978-1-4836-0409-1.
  16. ^Vjekoslav Klaić (1886).Pripoviesti iz hrvatske poviesti.Društvo Sv. Jeronima. pp.34–37.
  17. ^Ferdo Šišić (1920).Pregled povijesti hrvatskoga naroda: od najstarijih dana do l. decembra 1918.S. Kugli, knjižara kr. Sveučilišta i Jogoslav. akademije. p. 73.
  18. ^A. P. Vlasto (1970).The Entry of the Slavs Into Christendom: An Introduction to the Medieval History of the Slavs.CUP Archive. pp. 190–191.ISBN978-0-521-07459-9.
  19. ^Trpimir Macan (1971).Povijest hrvatskog naroda: Karte izradila Nela Krstić.Skolska knjiga. p. 20.
  20. ^Ivo Perić (1997).Povijest Hrvata.Centar za transfer tehnologije.ISBN978-953-97327-0-5.
  21. ^Budak, Neven (1994).PRVA STOLJEĆA HRVATSKE(PDF).Zagreb: Hrvatska sveučilišna naklada. p. 55.ISBN953-169-032-4.Retrieved8 November2017.
  22. ^abNovaković 1973,p. 14.
  23. ^abNovaković 1973,p. 13.
  24. ^Marko Atlagić; Branislav Milutinović (2002).Извори за историју Срба до XV века.Faculty of Philosophy,University of Priština.pp. 131–132.ISBN9788680273037.
  25. ^Contributions onomatologiques.Vol. 17. Akademija[which?].2004. p. 14.[author missing][ISBN missing]
  26. ^Miloš S. Milojević (1872).Odlomci Istorije Srba i srpskih jugoslavenskih zemalja u Turskoj i Austriji.U državnoj štampariji. pp. 73–89.
  27. ^abJarčević 1998.
  28. ^Arkiv za povjestnicu jugoslavensku...Tiskom L. Gaja. 1857. pp. 274–.[author missing][ISBN missing]
  29. ^Fine 1991,p. 296.
  30. ^Fine 1991,p. 255.
  31. ^John V. A. Fine (2010).When Ethnicity Did Not Matter in the Balkans: A Study of Identity in Pre-Nationalist Croatia, Dalmatia, and Slavonia in the Medieval and Early-Modern Periods.University of Michigan Press. p. 35.ISBN978-0-472-02560-2.
  32. ^Scholz 1970.
  33. ^Rosamond McKitterick (1983).The Frankish Kingdoms Under the Carolingians, 751-987.Longman. p. 129.ISBN978-0-582-49005-5.
  34. ^Charles R. Bowlus (1995).Franks, Moravians, and Magyars: The Struggle for the Middle Danube, 788-907.University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 61–63, 69.ISBN978-0-8122-3276-9.
  35. ^Florin Curta (2006).Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250.Cambridge University Press. p.135.ISBN978-0-521-81539-0.
  36. ^Ildar H. Garipzanov; Patrick J. Geary; Przemysław Urbańczyk (2008).Franks, Northmen, and Slavs: Identities and State Formation in Early Medieval Europe.Isd. p. 232.ISBN978-2-503-52615-7.
  37. ^abKarl Krumbacher (1906).Byzantinische Zeitschrift: Bibliographische Notizen und kleinere Mitteilungen, Volume 15.B.G. Teubner. p. 560.5) Marquart, Osteuropäische u. ostasiatische Streifzöge (1903) p. XVIII, is right in identifying Porinos with Borna (Ann. r. Franc, s. a. 819). But he does not convince me that Porga is also the same, or that there was no actual foundation for the significance of the reign of Heraclius in Croatian history.
  38. ^Živković 2012,pp. 54, 142–143.
  39. ^Annales regni FrancorumDCCCXVIII (year 818)
  40. ^Katičić 1998,p. 184; Ann. Reg. Fr. MGH, SS, I, 206
  41. ^Katičić 1998,p. 184; Ann. Reg. Fr. MGH, SS, I, 207
  42. ^Živković 2011,p. 388.

Sources

[edit]
Preceded by Duke of Croatia
c. 810 – 821
Succeeded by
First
Oldest and only known
Duke of the Guduscani
818
Elevation
Elevation Duke of Dalmatia
819
Elevation
Elevation Duke of Dalmatia and Liburnia
821
Succeeded by