Bouyei people
 A Bouyei woman in front of her house in China | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
|---|---|
 China2,870,034 (2010)[1] Vietnam3,232 (2019)[2] | |
| Languages | |
| Bouyei•Mandarin Chinese | |
| Religion | |
| Shigongism•Buddhism | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Zhuang |
TheBouyei(also spelledPuyi,BuyeiandBuyi;self called:Buxqyaix,[puʔjai]or "Puzhong", "Burao", "Puman";Chinese:Dân tộc Bố Y;pinyin:Bùyīzú;Vietnamese:người Bố Y), otherwise known as the Zhongjia, are anethnic groupliving in Southern Mainland China. Numbering 2.5 million, they are the 11th largest of the 56ethnic groupsofficially recognized by thePeople's Republic of China.
The Bouyei mostly live inQianxinanandQiannan prefecturesof SouthernGuizhou Province,as well as inYunnanandSichuan Provinces.
Some 3,000 Bouyei also live in NorthernVietnam,where they are one of that nation's 54officially recognized ethnic groups.In Vietnam, they are located inMường Khương DistrictofLào CaiandQuản Bạ DistrictofHà Giang Province.
Names[edit]
The Bouyei consist of various subgroups. Below are their autonyms written in theInternational Phonetic Alphabetwithnumerical Chao tones.[3]
- pu˦˨ʔjɐi˦˨,Bộc càng
- pu˦˨ʔji˨,Bộc di
- pu˦˨noŋ˧˩,Bố nông
- pu˦˨loŋ˧˩,Bổ lung
- pu˦˨na˧˩,Bố kia
- pu˦˨tu˦˨,Bố thổ, bố đều
- pu˦˨ʔjaŋ˧,Bố ương
- pu˦˨zoŋ˧˩xa˧˥,Bố lung ha
Some clans within the Bouyei groups include:
- pu˦˨wu˦˨,Bố võ
- pu˦˨wei˧˩,Bố Vi
- pu˦˨lo˨˦,Bố lỗ
InCong gian g County,Guizhou, there is a group that refer to themselves as "Buyeyi, bố cũng ích", but are officially classified by the Chinese government as ethnicZhuang.[4]
Distribution[edit]
In China by county[edit]
- County-level distribution of the Bouyei, from the2000 Chinese census
(Only includes counties or county-equivalents containing >0.1% of China's Bouyei population.)
| Province | Prefecture | County | Bouyei Population | % of China's Bouyei Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Guizhou | Qiannan Buyei and Miao | Dushan(Độc sơn huyện) | 194,468 | 6.54% |
| Guizhou | Qiannan Buyei and Miao | Duyun(Đều đều thị) | 190,347 | 6.41% |
| Guizhou | Qianxinan Buyei and Miao | Wangmo(Vọng mô huyện) | 174,806 | 5.88% |
| Guizhou | Qiannan Buyei and Miao | Luodian(La điện huyện) | 158,494 | 5.33% |
| Guizhou | Qianxinan Buyei and Miao | Ceheng(Sách hừ huyện) | 158,019 | 5.32% |
| Guizhou | Qianxinan Buyei and Miao | Anlong(An long huyện) | 139,930 | 4.71% |
| Guizhou | Qiannan Buyei and Miao | Huishui(Huệ thủy huyện) | 135,943 | 4.58% |
| Guizhou | Anshun | Zhenning Buyei and Miao(Trấn ninh dân tộc Bố Y Miêu tộc huyện tự trị) | 131,962 | 4.44% |
| Guizhou | Qianxinan Buyei and Miao | Zhenfeng(Trinh phong huyện) | 125,058 | 4.21% |
| Guizhou | Qianxinan Buyei and Miao | Xingyi(Hưng nghĩa thị) | 124,901 | 4.2% |
| Guizhou | Qiannan Buyei and Miao | Pingtang(Bình đường huyện) | 107,473 | 3.62% |
| Guizhou | Qiannan Buyei and Miao | Libo(Lệ sóng huyện) | 93,681 | 3.15% |
| Guizhou | Qiannan Buyei and Miao | Guiding(Quý định huyện) | 92,607 | 3.12% |
| Guizhou | Anshun | Ziyun Miao and Buyei(Mây tía Miêu tộc dân tộc Bố Y huyện tự trị) | 86,513 | 2.91% |
| Guizhou | Qiannan Buyei and Miao | Changshun(Trường thuận huyện) | 81,022 | 2.73% |
| Guizhou | Anshun | Guanling Buyei and Miao(Quan lĩnh dân tộc Bố Y Miêu tộc huyện tự trị) | 68,967 | 2.32% |
| Guizhou | Qianxinan Buyei and Miao | Qinglong(Tình long huyện) | 64,001 | 2.15% |
| Guizhou | Anshun | Xixiu(Tây tú khu) | 62,497 | 2.1% |
| Guizhou | Qianxinan Buyei and Miao | Xingren(Hưng nhân huyện) | 50,210 | 1.69% |
| Guizhou | Qiannan Buyei and Miao | Sandu Shui(Tam đều thủy tộc huyện tự trị) | 49,877 | 1.68% |
| Guizhou | Guiyang | Huaxi(Hoa khê khu) | 41,446 | 1.4% |
| Guizhou | Liupanshui | Shuicheng(Thủy thành huyện) | 41,255 | 1.39% |
| Guizhou | Liupanshui | Liuzhi(Sáu chi đặc khu) | 35,772 | 1.2% |
| Guizhou | Qiannan Buyei and Miao | Longli(Long huyện) | 34,259 | 1.15% |
| Guizhou | Qiandongnan Miao and Dong | Ma gian g(Ma giang huyện) | 33,958 | 1.14% |
| Guizhou | Anshun | Pingba(Bình bá huyện) | 29,452 | 0.99% |
| Yunnan | Qujing | Luoping(La Bình huyện) | 25,152 | 0.85% |
| Guizhou | Guiyang | Qingzhen(Thanh trấn thị) | 25,017 | 0.84% |
| Guizhou | Qianxinan Buyei and Miao | Pu'an(Phổ an huyện) | 23,639 | 0.8% |
| Guizhou | Guiyang | Wudang(Ô đương khu) | 23,597 | 0.79% |
| Guizhou | Guiyang | Kaiyang(Khai Dương huyện) | 22,611 | 0.76% |
| Guizhou | Guiyang | Nanming(Nam minh khu) | 20,608 | 0.69% |
| Guizhou | Qiannan Buyei and Miao | Fuquan(Phúc tuyền thị) | 19,520 | 0.66% |
| Guizhou | Bijie | Qianxi(Kiềm tây huyện) | 17,447 | 0.59% |
| Guizhou | Liupanshui | Pan(Bàn huyện) | 16,072 | 0.54% |
| Guizhou | Guiyang | Baiyun(Mây trắng khu) | 15,116 | 0.51% |
| Guizhou | Anshun | Puding(Phổ định huyện) | 15,083 | 0.51% |
| Guizhou | Bijie | Zhijin(Dệt kim huyện) | 14,512 | 0.49% |
| Guizhou | Guiyang | Yunyan(Vân nham khu) | 14,293 | 0.48% |
| Guizhou | Guiyang | Xiaohe(Sông nhỏ khu) | 12,138 | 0.41% |
| Guizhou | Bijie | Weining Yi, Hui, and Miao(Uy ninh dân tộc Di hồi tộc Miêu tộc huyện tự trị) | 7,484 | 0.25% |
| Guizhou | Bijie | Nayong(Nạp ung huyện) | 7,222 | 0.24% |
| Guangxi | Hechi | Nandan(Nam đan huyện) | 6,822 | 0.23% |
| Guizhou | Guiyang | Xiuwen(Tu văn huyện) | 6,397 | 0.22% |
| Yunnan | Wenshan Zhuang and Miao | Maguan(Mã quan huyện) | 6,085 | 0.21% |
| Guangdong | Dongguan | none | 5,584 | 0.19% |
| Guizhou | Bijie | Dafang(Hào phóng huyện) | 5,294 | 0.18% |
| Guizhou | Liupanshui | Zhongshan(Chung Sơn khu) | 4,075 | 0.14% |
| Guizhou | Bijie | Jinsha(Kim sa huyện) | 3,804 | 0.13% |
| Yunnan | Kunming | Guandu(Quan độ khu) | 3,582 | 0.12% |
| Yunnan | Zhaotong | Qiaojia(Xảo gia huyện) | 3,063 | 0.1% |
In Vietnam[edit]
In Vietnam, theBố Yare recognized as one in 54 official ethnic groups. They mainly live in two localities:Mường Khương districtofLào Cai province(Tu Dí subgroup) andQuản Bạ districtofHà Giang province.[citation needed]
- Province-level distribution of the Bố Y, from the 2009 Census
| Province | Bố Y Population | % of Vietnam's Bố Y Population |
|---|---|---|
| Lào Cai | 1,398 | 61.5% |
| Hà Giang | 808 | 35.5% |
| Other | 67 | 2.9% |
Language[edit]
The Bouyei speak theBouyei language,which is very close toStandard Zhuanglanguage. There is a dialect continuum between these two. The Bouyei language has its own written form which was created by linguists in the 1950s based on the Latin Alpha bet and with spelling conventions similar for thePinyinsystem that had been devised to romaniseMandarin Chinese.
History[edit]
The Bouyei are the native Tai peoples of the plains of Guizhou. They are one of the oldest peoples of China, living in the area for more than 2,000 years. Prior to the establishment of theTang dynasty,the Bouyei andZhuangwere linked together; the differences between both ethnic groups grew greater and from year 900 already they were two different groups. TheQing dynastyabolished the system of local heads and commanded in its place to officials of the army which caused a change in the local economy; from then on, the land was in the hands of a few landowners, which caused the population to revolt. During the Nanlong Rebellion( nam lung khởi nghĩa ) of 1797 led byWang Nangxian,the Bouyei underwent a strong repression that caused many of them to emigrate to farawayVietnam.
Culture[edit]
Many Bouyei are agricultural farmers who commonly cultivate crops for consumption or sale like rice, millet, wheat, potatoes, maize, cocoa, tea, silk and many other types of crops. The Bouyei have also played a major role as intermediate merchants in the region. Due to changing economies, the Bouyei engage in both small-scale and large-scale commercial or business operations.[5]
Traditional Bouyei handicrafts andbatiksare renowned throughout the region. The Bouyei celebrate many festivals, both native and those derived from Han culture. One native festival is called the Ox King's Day( ngưu vương tiết ) on April 8, an annual celebration meant to honor oxen and their contribution to agricultural activities.[6] June 6 is an important traditional Buyei holiday forancestral worship.The story behind this tradition exists. According to Bouyei mythology, after Pangu became an expert in rice farming after creating the world, he married the daughter of theDragon King,and their union gave rise to the Buyei people.
The daughter of the Dragon King and Pangu had a son namedXinheng(Tân hoành). When Xinheng disrespected his mother, she returned to heaven and never came down, despite the repeated pleas of her husband and son. Pangu was forced to remarry and eventually died on the sixth day of the sixth month of thelunar calendar.
Xinheng's stepmother treated him badly and almost killed him. When Xinheng threatened to destroy her rice harvest, she realized her mistake. She made peace with him and they went on to pay their respects to Pangu annually on the sixth day of the sixth month of the lunar calendar.
There are Christian churches among the Bouyei ethnic group in China. Most of them are in Guizhou and Yunnan. There is Catholic influence.[7][8][9]
Notable Bouyei people[edit]
- Guo Jian( quách kiện ), artist
- Huang Xiaoyun( hoàng tiêu vân ), singer and actress
- Wang Nangxian,leader of the anti-ManchuWhite Lotus Rebellion
- Xiao Sha( tiếu toa ), gymnast
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^"2-1 cả nước các dân tộc phân tuổi tác, giới tính dân cư"(XLS).Stats.gov.cn.Retrieved31 August2017.
- ^"Report on Results of the 2019 Census".General Statistics Office of Vietnam.Retrieved1 May2020.
- ^Quý Châu tỉnh chí. Dân tộc chí[Guizhou Province Gazetteer: Ethnic Gazetteer]. Guiyang:Quý Châu dân tộc nhà xuất bản[Guizhou Nationalities Press]. 2002.
- ^Hồi tộc, bạch tộc, dân tộc Dao, dân tộc Choang, dân tộc Xa, mao nam tộc, dân tộc Mục Lao, mãn tộc, dân tộc Khương cuốn.Quý Châu "Sáu sơn sáu thủy" dân tộc điều tra tư liệu tuyển biên.Quý Châu dân tộc nhà xuất bản[Guizhou Nationalities Press]. 2008. p. 291.
- ^Olson, James Stuart (1998).An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of China.Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 32–33.ISBN978-0-313-28853-1.
- ^Wu, Helen Xiaoyan (2009). "Culture of [the] Bouyei (Buyi)".Encyclopedia of contemporary Chinese culture.Routledge. pp. 46–47.ISBN978-0-415-24129-8.OCLC902156338.
- ^World Christian Encyclopedia, 2001 edition, Volume 1, page 197
- ^Elazar, Gideon (September 19, 2019)."Nominalism: Negotiating ethnicity and Christian identity in contemporary Yunnan".Modern Asian Studies.53(5): 1415–1449.doi:10.1017/S0026749X17000610.S2CID191703741– via Cambridge University Press.
- ^Elazar, Gideon (July 3, 2017)."Translating culture: missionaries and linguists in contemporary Yunnan Province".Asian Ethnicity.18(3): 387–405.doi:10.1080/14631369.2016.1195248.S2CID147948986– via Taylor and Francis+NEJM.
- Yu, Cuirong ( dụ thúy dung ) (1980).Bố y ngữ giản chí[Introduction to the Buyi language]. Beijing:Publishing House of Minority Nationalities.
- Wu, Qilu ( Ngô khải lộc ) (2002).Bố y hán từ điển[Bouyei–Chinese dictionary]. Beijing:Publishing House of Minority Nationalities.ISBN7-105-04965-0.
External links[edit]
- The Bouyei ethnic minority(government homepage, in English)
- Buxqyaix Qyusmail – bố dựa vào tuyến(Bouyei online, in Bouyei and Chinese)
- Liêu người toàn dân tình hình chung(Outline of the whole Liao [Rao, Lao, Tai] people)
- Bouyei language page(from Ethnologue site)
- Dân tộc Bố Y võng diễn đàn[permanent dead link](the forum of Bouyei, in Bouyei and Chinese, the biggest site of Bouyei in China)
- Map share of ethnic by county of China
| Austroasiatic(Vietic) | |
|---|---|
| Austroasiatic (non-Vietic) | |
| Hmong–Dao | |
| Tai–Kadai | |
| Sino-Tibetan languages | |
| Malayo-Polynesian | |
| Expatriate | |
| |
