Braj Kachru

Braj Kachru
Born	Braj Bihari Kachru (1932-05-15)15 May 1932 Srinagar,Kashmir and Jammu,British India
Died	29 July 2016(2016-07-29)(aged 84) Urbana, Illinois,U.S.
Occupation	Linguist, author, journalist
Language	Kashmiri,Hindi,English
Nationality	Indian-American
Notable works	The Alchemy of English(1986)
Notable awards	Joint First Prize, Duke of Edinburgh Book Competition (1987)
Spouse	Yamuna Kachru
Children	Amita Kachru Shamit Kachru

Braj Bihari Kachru(15 May 1932 – 29 July 2016) was anIndian-Americanlinguist.He was Jubilee Professor of Linguistics at theUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.He published studies on theKashmiri language.

Personal life

Braj Bihari Kachru was a friend of Kashmiri poet and writerZinda KaulMasterji.Lala Sahab and his friends and colleagues had discussions on politics, literature and philosophy at his house. During their visits, Braj had the opportunity to interact withMasterjiand his father's other teacher colleagues.

In 1962 Kachru gained aPhDin Linguistics from theUniversity of Edinburgh.His wife was fellow linguistYamuna Kachru.Their son,Shamit Kachru,is astring theoristand professor atStanford University.He died on 29 July 2016.

Career

He researched in the fields of World Englishes and Kashmiri language and published several books and research papers related to the field.

Scholar and educationist

At theUniversity of Illinois,Braj headed the Department of Linguistics (1968–79), directed the Division of English as an International Language (1985–91), and was director of the Center for Advanced Study (June 1996 – January 2000).At the Linguistic Institute of theLinguistic Society of America,he was appointed director in 1978.He was president of American Association of Applied Linguistics (1984).He was named Jubilee Professor of Liberal Arts and Sciences at Illinois in 1992.In 1998, he became the Sir Edward Youde Memorial Fund Visiting Professor at Hong Kong University.He went on to become the president of theInternational Association for World Englishes(1997–99), and eventually theHonorary Fellowof the Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages, nowEnglish and Foreign Languages UniversityinHyderabad,India, in 2001.

Writer and author

Kachru has been on the editorial board ofJournal of Multilingual and Multicultural development,International Journal of the Sociology of Languages,Asian Englishes,andLinguistics and the Human Sciences.Along with authoringThe Alchemy of English: The Spread, Functions and Models of Non-Native Englishes,Kachru is also the associate editor forContributor to the Cambridge History of the English Languageand the acclaimedThe Oxford Companion to the English Language.

The circles of English

See also:World Englishes

To better understand the use of English in different countries, Kachru conceived the idea of threeconcentric circlesof the language.

Theinner circlerepresents the traditional bases of English: the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia,New Zealand,Ireland, anglophone Canada, and some of theCaribbeanterritories.The total number of English speakers in the inner circle is as high as 380 million, of whom some 120 million are outside the United States.

Next comes theouter circle,which includes countries where English is not the native tongue, but is important for historical reasons and plays a part in the nation's institutions, either as an official language or otherwise.This circle includesIndia,Nigeria,thePhilippines,Bangladesh,Pakistan,Malaysia,Tanzania,Kenya,non-Anglophone South Africa and Canada, etc. The total number of English speakers in the outer circle is estimated to range from 150 million to 300 million.

Finally, theexpanding circleencompasses those countries where English plays no historical or governmental role, but where it is nevertheless widely used as aforeign languageorlingua franca.This includes much of the rest of the world's population, includingChina,Russia,Japan,most ofEurope,Korea,Egypt,Indonesia,and other nations. The total in this expanding circle is the most difficult to estimated because English may be employed for specific, limited purposes, usuallybusiness English.The estimates of these users range from 100 million to one billion.

The inner circle (UK, US, etc.) is 'norm-providing'. That means that English languagenormsare developed in these countries – English is thefirst languagethere.The outer circle (mainlyNew Commonwealthcountries) is 'norm-developing'. The expanding circle, which includes much of the rest of the world, is 'norm-dependent' because it relies on the standards set by native speakers in the inner circle.

Bibliography

• The alchemy of English: the spread, functions, and models of non-native Englishes,University of Illinois Press, 1990ISBN0-252-06172-1
• World Englishes: critical concepts in linguistics, Volume 4,Publisher: Taylor & Francis, 2006,ISBN0-415-31509-3

Further reading

• Bolton, Kingsley, Daniel R. Davis, and S. N. Sridhar.:Braj B. Kachru's scholarly publications: A bibliography.World Englishes.https://doi.org/10.1111/weng.12411(July, 2019)
• Hilgendorf, Suzanne K.:Remembering Braj B. Kachru.World Englishes.https://doi.org/10.1111/weng.12384(July, 2019)
• Nelson, Cecil L.:Kachru, Braj B.Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics.https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal1330(November, 2012)
• Sridhar, S. N. and Kamal K. Sridhar:The intellectual trajectory of Braj B. Kachru.World Englishes.https://doi.org/10.1111/weng.12415(July, 2019)

External links

• Faculty Pageat theUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
• Braj Kachru: A Biographical Sketch