Donato Bramante
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Donato Bramante | |
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![]() Donato Bramante | |
Born | Donato di Pascuccio d'Antonio 1444 |
Died | 11 April 1514 | (aged 69–70)
Known for |
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Notable work | San Pietro in Montorio |
Movement | High Renaissance |
Donato Bramante[pron 1](1444 – 11 April 1514),[4]born asDonato di Pascuccio d'Antonio[5]and also known asBramante Lazzari,[6][7]was an Italian architect and painter. He introducedRenaissance architecturetoMilanand theHigh Renaissancestyle toRome,where his plan forSt. Peter's Basilicaformed the basis of the design executed byMichelangelo.HisTempietto(San Pietro in Montorio) marked the beginning of the High Renaissance in Rome (1502) whenPope Julius IIappointed him to build a sanctuary over the spot wherePeterwas martyred.
Life
[edit]Urbino
[edit]Bramante was born under the nameDonato d'Augnolo,[7]Donato di Pascuccio d'Antonio, or Donato Pascuccio d'Antonio[citation needed]inFermignanonearUrbino.Here, in 1467,Luciano Lauranawas adding to thePalazzo Ducaleanarcadedcourtyardand other Renaissance features toFederico da Montefeltro's ducal palace. Bramante's architecture has eclipsed his painting skills: he knew the paintersMelozzo da ForlìandPiero della Francescawell, who were interested in the rules ofperspectiveand illusionistic features inAndrea Mantegna's painting.
Milan
[edit]Around 1474, Bramante moved toMilan,a city with a deep Gothic architectural tradition, and built several churches in the new Antique style. The Duke,Ludovico Sforza,made him virtually his court architect, beginning in 1476, with commissions that culminated in the famoustrompe-l'œilchoir of the church ofSanta Maria presso San Satiro(1482–1486).[citation needed]Space was limited, and Bramante made a theatricalapseinbas-relief,combining the painterly arts of perspective with Roman details. There is an octagonal sacristy, surmounted by adome.In Milan, Bramante also built the tribune ofSanta Maria delle Grazie(1492–99); other early works include theCloisters of Sant'Ambrogio,Milan (1497–1498), and some other constructions inPavia(where he worked on theCathedral,setting the design and creating the crypt and part of the apse[8]) and possiblyLegnano.However, in 1499, with his Sforza patron driven from Milan by an invading French army, Bramante made his way to Rome, where he was already known to the powerfulCardinal Riario.[citation needed]
Rome
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Tempietto_di_San_Pietro_in_Montorio.jpg/220px-Tempietto_di_San_Pietro_in_Montorio.jpg)
In Rome, he was soon recognized byCardinal Della Rovere,shortly to becomePope Julius II.For Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile or possibly Julius II, Bramante designed one of the most harmonious buildings of the Renaissance: theTempietto(1502) ofSan Pietro in Montorioon theJaniculum.[9]Despite its small scale, the construction has all the rigorous proportions and symmetry of Classical structures, surrounded by slender Doric columns, surmounted by a dome. According to a later engraving bySebastiano Serlio,Bramante planned to set it within a colonnaded courtyard. In November 1503, Julius engaged Bramante for the construction of the grandest European architectural commission of the 16th century, the complete rebuilding ofSt Peter's Basilica.The cornerstone of the first of the great piers of thecrossingwas laid with ceremony on 17 April 1506. Very few drawings by Bramante survive, though some by his assistants do, demonstrating the extent of the team which had been assembled. Bramante's vision for St Peter's, a centralized Greek cross plan that symbolized sublime perfection for him and his generation (compareSanta Maria della ConsolazioneatTodi,influenced by Bramante's work) was fundamentally altered by the extension of thenaveafter his death in 1514. Bramante's plan envisaged four great chapels filling the corner spaces between the equaltransepts,each one capped with a smaller dome surrounding the great dome over the crossing. So Bramante's original plan was very much more Romano-Byzantine in its forms than the basilica that was actually built. (SeeSt Peter's Basilicafor further details.)[citation needed]
Bramante also worked on several other commissions. Among his earliest works in Rome, before the Basilica's construction was under way, is the cloister (1500–1504) ofSanta Maria della PacenearPiazza Navona.[citation needed]
Works
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- Casa Fontana-Silvestri;Milan, ca. 1480
- Santa Maria presso San Satiro;Milan, ca. 1482–1486
- Palazzo Visconti frescoes;Pinacoteca Di Brera,Milan, 1486-1487
- Pavia Cathedral(project for the dome and crypt); Pavia, ca. 1488-1492
- Palazzo della Cancelleria;Rome, ca. 1489-1513
- Christ at the Column (Bramante);Pinacoteca Di Brera,Milan, ca. 1490
- Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio(project for refectory); Milan, ca. 1492
- Cascina Pozzobonelli;Milan, 1492
- Castello Sforzesco(tower); Vigevano, 1492-1494
- Santa Maria delle Grazie(cloister and apse); Milan, 1492–1498
- Castello Sforzesco(project for loggia bridge and frescoes); Milan, ca. 1494
- Cloisters of Sant'Ambrogio;design 1497, two built in 1505 and 1620-1630 respectively
- Chiostro del Bramante;Santa Maria della Pace,Rome, ca. 1500-1504
- Milan Cathedral(central cupola); Milan, design 1488, built 1500-1510
- TheTempietto,San Pietro in Montorio;Rome, 1502
- Basilica of San Magno;Legnano, 1504-1513
- Cortile del Belvedere(plan); Rome, 1505
- TheBramante Staircase;Vatican Museums,Vatican City, 1505
- St. Peter's Basilica;Rome, design 1503, ground breaking 1506
- Cortile del Belvedere;Vatican City, Rome, 1506
- Forte Michelangelo ;Port of Civitavecchia,Civitavecchia, 1508-1535
- San Giovanni in Oleo;ca. 1509
- Palazzo Caprini(also known asRaphael's House); Rome, started around 1510 (demolished in the 17th century)
- Basilica della Santa Casa(facade, design of marble screen, 12 inner chapels); Loreto
- Vatican loggias;Apostolic Palace,Vatican City
In addition to building, Bramante wrote about architecture and composed eightysonnets.[10]
See also
[edit]Footnotes
[edit]Notes
[edit]References
[edit]11.^Guagliumi Silvia.(2014) Donato Bramante.Pittore e sommo architetto in Lombardia e a Roma.L'uomo, le idee e l'opera.
Silvia Editrice ISBN 978-88-96036-63-1.
- ^"Bramante, Donato".LexicoUK English Dictionary.Oxford University Press.Archived fromthe originalon 24 October 2020.
- ^"Bramante".The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language(5th ed.). HarperCollins.Retrieved13 August2019.
- ^"Bramante".Merriam-Webster Dictionary.Merriam-Webster.Retrieved13 August2019.
- ^Davies, Paul;Hemsoll, David(1996)."Bramante, Donato".In Turner, Jane (ed.).The Dictionary of Art.Vol. IV. New York: Grove. pp. 642–653.ISBN1-884446-00-0.
- ^Forsyth, Joseph(2001).Remarks on Antiquities, Arts, and Letters During an Excursion in Italy, in the Years 1802 and 1803.University of Delaware Press.p.289.
- ^Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878),Encyclopædia Britannica,vol. 4 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, pp. 213–14 ,
- ^abChisholm, Hugh,ed. (1911), ,Encyclopædia Britannica,vol. 4 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 418
- ^"Duomo di Pavia".Lombardia Beni Culturali.Retrieved30 July2022.
- ^Freiberg, Jack (2014).Bramante's Tempietto, the Roman Renaissance, and the Spanish Crown.Cambridge University Press.ISBN978-1-107-04297-1.
- ^Weigert, Hans (1961). Busch, Harald; Lohse, Bernd (eds.).Buildings of Europe: Renaissance Europe.New York:The Macmillan Company.p. ix.
External links
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- Donato Bramante - World History Encyclopedia
- Sauer, Joseph (1907).Catholic Encyclopedia.Vol. 2. .