Branches of botany

Botanyis a natural science concerned with the study ofplants.The mainbranches of botany(also referred to as "plant science" ) are commonly divided into three groups: core topics, concerned with the study of the fundamental natural phenomena and processes of plant life, the classification and description of plant diversity; applied topics which study the ways in which plants may be used for economic benefit in horticulture, agriculture and forestry; and organismic topics which focus on plant groups such as algae, mosses or flowering plants.

Core topics[edit]

Cytology– cell structure
Epigenetics– Control of gene expression
Paleobotany– Study of fossil plants and plant evolution
Palynology– Pollen and spores
Plant biochemistry– Chemical processes of primary and secondary metabolism
Phenology– the timing of germination, flowering and fruiting
Phytochemistry– Plant secondary chemistry and chemical processes
Phytogeography– PlantBiogeography,the study of plant distributions
Phytosociology– Plant communities and interactions
Plant anatomy– Structure ofplant cellsand tissues
Plant ecology– Role and function of plants in the environment
Plant evolutionary developmental biology– Plant development from an evolutionary perspective
Plant genetics– Genetic inheritance in plants
Plant morphology– Structure of plants
Plant physiology– Life functions of plants
Plant reproduction– Processes of plant reproduction
Plant systematics– Classification and naming of plants
Plant taxonomy– Classification and naming of plants

Applied topics[edit]

Agronomy– Application of plant science to crop production
Arboriculture– Culture and propagation of trees
Astrobotany- The study of plants in space
Biotechnology– Use of plants to synthesize products
Dendrology– Study of woody plants, shrubs, trees and lianas
Economic botany– Study of plants of economic use or value
Ethnobotany– Plants and people. Use and selection of plants by humans
Forestry– Forest management and related studies
Horticulture– cultivation of garden plants
Marine botany– Study of aquatic plants and algae that live in seawater
Micropropagation– rapid propagation of plants using cell and tissue culture
Pharming (genetics)– Genetic engineering of plants to produce pharmaceuticals
Plant breeding– Breeding of plants with desirable genetic characters
Plant pathology(Phytopathology) –Plant diseases
Plant propagation– propagation of plants from seed, bulbs, tubers, cuttings and grafting
Pomology– Fruit and nuts
Seed technology- Seed technology is the science dealing with the methods of improving physical and genetical characteristics of seed.

Organismal topics[edit]

groups of organisms - clades, grades and guilds

Agrostology,or graminology – Poaceae (grasses)
Batology –Rubussubg.Rubus(brambles)
Bryology^[1],or muscology – mosses (sensu strictu) or mosses, liverworts, and hornworts (sensu lato)
Caricology - Caricaceae (sedges)
Charology - Charales (stoneworts)
Citrology-Citrus
Cycadology - Cycadophyta
Dendrology– trees
Hepaticology, or hepatology - Marchantiophyta (liverworts)
Lichenology– lichens
Mycology,mycetology, or fungology – fungi
Orchidology– Orchidaceae
Phycology,^[2]or algology – Algae
Pteridology,or filicology – ferns and their allies
Rhodology -Rosa
Sphagnology -Spaghnum
Synantherology– Asteraceae (composites)

study of chronological dating using plants

Acanthochronology– Cactaceae
Dendrochronology- wood

References[edit]

^"British Bryological Society".Archived fromthe originalon 2019-05-31.Retrieved2013-07-13.
^Harvey, William Henry. 1849. A Manual of the British Marine Algae... John van Voorst, London

^[1]

^Branches of Botany

[1] "British Bryological Society".Archived fromthe originalon 2019-05-31.Retrieved2013-07-13.

[2] Harvey, William Henry. 1849. A Manual of the British Marine Algae... John van Voorst, London

[3] Branches of Botany

[1]

[2]

[1]

v t e History of botany
Fields and disciplines	Agriculture Biogeography Bryology Cladistics Comparative anatomy Cytology Economic botany Ethnobotany Floristics Forestry Genetic engineering Horticulture Lichenology Molecular phylogenetics Mycology Natural history Numerical taxonomy Paleobotany Palynology Phycology Phytochemistry Phytogeography Plant anatomy Plant ecology Plant genetics Plant morphology Plant pathology Plant physiology Pteridology
Institutions	Jardin des Plantes Natural History Museum, London Orto botanico di Padova Orto botanico di Pisa Rothamsted Research Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Publications	Historia PlantarumandCauses of Plantsof Theophrastus c. 300 BC De Plantisof Nicolaus of Damascus c. 1st century BC De Materia Medicaof Dioscorides c. 60 AD Naturalis Historia77–79 AD De Vegetabilibusof Albertus Magnus c. 1256 Herbarum Vivae Icones1530 Libellus De Re Herbaria Novus1538 Kreütterbuchof Hieronymus Bock 1539 De plantis libri XVIof Caesalpino 1583 Stirpium Historiae1583 Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes1597 Prodromus Theatrici Botanici1620 Pinax theatri botanici1623 Anatome Plantarum1675 Anatomy of Plants1682 Historia Plantarumof John Ray 1686–1704 De Sexu Plantarum Epistola1694 Éléments de botanique1694 Vegetable Staticks1727 Systema Naturae1735 Genera Plantarum1737 Philosophia Botanica1751 Species Plantarum1753 Systema Naturae, 10th ed.1758–59 Familles des Plantes1763–64 Experiments Upon Vegetables1779 Die Metamorphose der Pflantzen1790 Traité d'Anatomie et de Physiologie Végétale1802 Recherches Chimiques sur la Végétation1804 Beyträge zur Anatomie der Pflanzen1812 Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis1824–1873 Nepenthaceae Die Vegetabilische Zelle1851 Vergleichende Untersuchungen1851 On the Origin of Species1859 Experiments on Plant Hybridization1865 Die Vegetation der Erde1872 Plantesamfund1895 Pflanzengeographie auf Physiologischer Grundlage1898 Variation and Evolution in Plants1950 Ontogeny and Phylogeny1977 An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants1981
Theories and concepts	Alternation of generations Cell theory Center of diversity Phylogenetic nomenclature Spontaneous generation Taxonomy Ultrastructure
Influential figures	Theophrastusc. 371–287 BC Pliny the Elder23–79 AD Pedanius Dioscoridesc. 40–90 AD Otto Brunfels1464–1534 Hieronymus Bock1498–1554 Valerius Cordus1515–1544 William Turner1515–1568 Rembert Dodoens1517–1585 Andrea Cesalpino1519–1603 Cristóbal Acosta1525–1594 Gaspard Bauhin1560–1624 Joachim Jungius1587–1657 John Ray1623–1705 Nehemiah Grew1628–1711 Marcello Malpighi1628–1694 Joseph Pitton de Tournefort1656–1708 Rudolf Jakob Camerarius1665–1721 Stephen Hales1677–1761 Bernard de Jussieu1699–1777 Carolus Linnaeus1707–1778 Michel Adanson1727–1806 Jan Ingenhousz1730–1799 José Celestino Mutis1732–1808 Félix de Azara1742–1821 Joseph Banks1743–1820 Johann Wolfgang von Goethe1749–1832 Carl Ludwig Willdenow1765–1812 Nicolas-Théodore de Saussure1767–1845 Alexander von Humboldt1769–1859 Aimé Bonpland1773–1858 Thomas Nuttall1786–1859 Joakim Frederik Schouw1789–1852 Matthias Jakob Schleiden1804–1881 Alexander Braun1805–1877 George Engelmann1809–1884 Asa Gray1810–1888 August Grisebach1814–1879 Joseph Hooker1817–1911 Gregor Mendel1822–1884 Nathanael Pringsheim1823–1894 Wilhelm Hofmeister1824–1877 Julius von Sachs1832–1897 Eugenius Warming1841–1924 William Gilson Farlow1844–1919 Andreas Franz Wilhelm Schimper1856–1901 Nikolai Vavilov1887–1943 Barbara McClintock1902–1992 G. Ledyard Stebbins1906–2000 Eugene Odum1913–2002 Arthur Cronquist1919–1992
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