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Breast
Morphology of human female breasts with theareola,nipple,andinframammary fold
Human male breasts with definedpectoral muscles
Details
ArteryInternal thoracic artery
VeinInternal thoracic vein
Identifiers
Latinmamma(mammalis'of the breast')[1]
MeSHD001940
TA98A16.0.02.001
TA27097
FMA9601
Anatomical terminology

Thebreastis one of two prominences located on the upperventralregion of thetorsoamong humans and otherprimates.Both sexes develop breasts from the sameembryologicaltissues. The relative size and development of the breasts is a majorsecondary sex distinctionbetween males and females.

In females, it serves as themammary gland,which produces and secretes milk to feedinfants.[2]Subcutaneous fatcovers and envelops a network ofductsthat converge on thenipple,and thesetissuesgive the breast its distinct size and globular shape. At the ends of the ducts arelobules,or clusters ofalveoli,where milk is produced and stored in response tohormonal signals.[3]Duringpregnancy,the breast responds to a complex interaction of hormones, includingestrogens,progesterone,andprolactin,that mediate the completion of its development, namely lobuloalveolar maturation, in preparation oflactationandbreastfeeding.

Humans are the only mammals which permanently develop breasts in females at puberty; all other mammals develop their mammary tissue during the latter period of pregnancy. Atpuberty,estrogens, in conjunction withgrowth hormone,cause permanentbreast growthin female humans. Along with their major function in providing nutrition for infants, severalculturesascribe social and sexual characteristics to female breasts and may regard bare breasts in public as immodest or indecent. Breasts have been featured in ancient and modern sculpture, art, and photography. They can figure prominently in the perception of a woman's body andsexual attractiveness.Breasts, especially the nipples, can be anerogenous zone.

Etymology and terminology

The English wordbreastderives from theOld Englishwordbrēost('breast, bosom') fromProto-Germanic*breustam(breast), from theProto-Indo-Europeanbasebhreus–(to swell, to sprout).[4]Thebreastspelling conforms to the Scottish and North English dialectal pronunciations.[5]TheMerriam-Webster Dictionarystates that "Middle Englishbrest,[comes] from Old Englishbrēost;akin toOld High Germanbrust...,Old Irishbrú[belly], [and]Russianbryukho";the first known usage of the term was before the 12th century.[6]

"Breasts" is often used to refer to female breasts in particular, though the stricter anatomical term refers to the same region on members of either sex. Male breasts are sometimes referred to in the singular to mean the collective upper chest area,[a]whereas female breasts are referred to in the plural unless speaking of a specific left or right breast.

A large number of colloquial terms for female breasts are used in English, ranging from fairly polite terms to vulgar or slang.[b]Some vulgar slang expressions may be considered to be derogatory or sexist to women.[7]

Evolutionary development

Mountain gorillabreastfeeding an infant

Humans are the only mammals whose breasts become permanently enlarged aftersexual maturity(known in humans aspuberty). The reason for this evolutionary change is unknown.[8]Several hypotheses have been put forward:

A link has been proposed to processes for synthesizing theendogenoussteroid hormoneprecursordehydroepiandrosteronewhich takes place in fat rich regions of the body like the buttocks and breasts. These contributed to human brain development and played a part in increasing brain size. Breast enlargement may for this purpose have occurred as early asHomo ergaster(1.7–1.4MYA).[9]Other breast formation hypotheses may have then taken over as principal drivers.[10][11][9]

It has been suggested by zoologists Avishag andAmotz Zahavithat the size of the human breasts can be explained by thehandicap theoryofsexual dimorphism.This would see the explanation for larger breasts as them being anhonest displayof the women's health and ability to grow and carry them in her life. Prospective mates can then evaluate the genes of a potential mate for their ability to sustain her health even with the additional energy demanding burden she is carrying.[12][13]

The zoologistDesmond Morrisdescribes a sociobiological approach in his science bookThe Naked Ape.He suggests, by making comparisons with the other primates, that breasts evolved to replace swelling buttocks as a sex signal of ovulation. He notes how humans have, relatively speaking, large penises as well as large breasts. Furthermore, early humans adopted bipedalism and face-to-face coitus. He therefore suggested enlarged sexual signals helped maintain the bond between a mated male and female even though they performed different duties and therefore were separated for lengths of time.[14][13][15]

A 2001 study proposed that the rounded shape of a woman's breast evolved to prevent the sucking infant offspring from suffocating while feeding at the teat; that is, because of the human infant's small jaw, which did not project from the face to reach the nipple, they might block thenostrilsagainst the mother's breast if it were of a flatter form (compare with thecommon chimpanzee). Theoretically, as the human jaw receded into the face, the woman's body compensated with round breasts.[16]

Ashley Montague(1965) proposed that breasts came about as an adaptation for infant feeding for a different reason, as early human ancestors adopted bipedalism and the loss of body hair. Human upright stance meant infants must be carried at the hip or shoulder instead of on the back as in the apes. This gives the infant less opportunity to find the nipple or the purchase to cling on to the mother's body hair. The mobility of the nipple on a large breast in most human females gives the infant more ability to find it, grasp it and feed.[11]

Other suggestions include simply that permanent breasts attracted mates, that "pendulous" breasts gave infants something to cling to, or that permanent breasts shared the function of acamel's hump,to store fat as an energy reserve.[8]

Structure

The breast: cross-section scheme of themammary gland.

In women, the breasts overlie thepectoralis major musclesand extend on average from the level of the second rib to the level of the sixth rib in the front of therib cage;thus, the breasts cover much of the chest area and the chest walls. At the front of the chest, thebreast tissuecan extend from theclavicle(collarbone) to the middle of thesternum(breastbone). At the sides of the chest, the breast tissue can extend into theaxilla(armpit), and can reach as far to the back as thelatissimus dorsi muscle,extending from the lower back to thehumerusbone (the bone of the upper arm). As amammary gland,the breast is composed of differing layers oftissue,predominantly two types:adipose tissue;andglandular tissue,which affects the lactation functions of the breasts.[17]: 115 

Morphologically,the breast is tear-shaped.[18]The superficial tissue layer (superficial fascia) is separated from the skin by 0.5–2.5 cm of subcutaneous fat (adipose tissue). Thesuspensory Cooper's ligamentsare fibrous-tissue prolongations that radiate from the superficial fascia to the skin envelope. The female adult breast contains 14–18 irregular lactiferous lobes that converge at the nipple. The 2.0–4.5 mm milk ducts are immediately surrounded with dense connective tissue that support the glands. Milk exits the breast through the nipple, which is surrounded by a pigmented area of skin called the areola. The size of the areola can vary widely among women. The areola contains modifiedsweat glandsknown asMontgomery's glands.These glands secrete oily fluid that lubricate and protect the nipple during breastfeeding.[19]Volatile compounds in these secretions may also serve as an olfactory stimulus for the newborn's appetite.[20]

The dimensions and weight of the breast vary widely among women. A small-to-medium-sized breast weighs 500 grams (1.1 pounds) or less, and a large breast can weigh approximately 750 to 1,000 grams (1.7 to 2.2 pounds) or more. In terms of composition, the breasts are about 80 to 90%stromaltissue (fatandconnective tissue), whileepithelialorglandulartissue only accounts for about 10 to 20% of the volume of the breasts.[21][22][23][24][25]The tissue composition ratios of the breast also vary among women. Some women's breasts have a higher proportion of glandular tissue than of adipose orconnectivetissues. The fat-to-connective-tissue ratio determines the density or firmness of the breast. During a woman's life, her breasts change size, shape, and weight due to hormonal changes duringpuberty,themenstrual cycle,pregnancy, breastfeeding, andmenopause.[26][27]

Glandular structure

Normalhistologyof the breast.

The breast is anapocrinegland that produces themilkused to feed an infant. Thenippleof the breast is surrounded by theareola(nipple-areola complex). The areola has many sebaceous glands, and the skin color varies from pink to dark brown. The basic units of the breast are the terminal duct lobular units (TDLUs), which produce the fatty breast milk. They give the breast its offspring-feeding functions as a mammary gland. They are distributed throughout the body of the breast. Approximately two-thirds of the lactiferous tissue is within 30 mm of the base of the nipple. The terminal lactiferous ducts drain the milk from TDLUs into 4–18 lactiferous ducts, which drain to the nipple. The milk-glands-to-fat ratio is 2:1 in a lactating woman, and 1:1 in a non-lactating woman. In addition to the milk glands, the breast is also composed of connective tissues (collagen,elastin), white fat, and the suspensory Cooper's ligaments. Sensation in the breast is provided by theperipheral nervous systeminnervation by means of the front (anterior) and side (lateral) cutaneous branches of the fourth-, fifth-, and sixthintercostal nerves.The T-4 nerve (Thoracic spinal nerve 4), which innervates thedermatomic area,supplies sensation to the nipple-areola complex.[28]

Lymphatic drainage

Approximately 75% of thelymphfrom the breast travels to the axillarylymph nodeson the same side of the body, whilst 25% of the lymph travels to the parasternal nodes (beside the sternum bone).[17]: 116 A small amount of remaining lymph travels to the other breast and to the abdominal lymph nodes. The subareolar region has a lymphatic plexus known as the "subareolar plexus of Sappey".[29]Theaxillary lymph nodesinclude the pectoral (chest), subscapular (under the scapula), and humeral (humerus-bone area) lymph-node groups, which drain to the centralaxillary lymph nodesand to the apical axillary lymph nodes. The lymphatic drainage of the breasts is especially relevant tooncologybecause breast cancer is common to the mammary gland, and cancer cells canmetastasize(break away) from atumourand be dispersed to other parts of the body by means of the lymphatic system.

Shape, texture, and support

The morphologic variations in the size, shape, volume, tissue density, pectoral locale, and spacing of the breasts determine their natural shape, appearance, and position on a woman's chest. Breast size and other characteristics do not predict the fat-to-milk-gland ratio or the potential for the woman to nurse an infant. The size and the shape of the breasts are influenced by normal-life hormonal changes (thelarche, menstruation, pregnancy, menopause) and medical conditions (e.g.virginal breast hypertrophy).[30]The shape of the breasts is naturally determined by the support of the suspensory Cooper's ligaments, the underlying muscle and bone structures of the chest, and by the skin envelope. The suspensory ligaments sustain the breast from the clavicle (collarbone) and the clavico-pectoral fascia (collarbone and chest) by traversing and encompassing the fat and milk-gland tissues. The breast is positioned, affixed to, and supported upon the chest wall, while its shape is established and maintained by the skin envelope.[citation needed]In most women, one breast is slightly larger than the other.[18]More obvious and persistent asymmetry in breast size occurs in up to 25% of women.[31]

While it is a common belief that breastfeeding causes breasts to sag,[32]researchers have found that a woman's breastssagdue to four key factors: cigarette smoking,number of pregnancies,gravity,and weight loss or gain.[33]

The base of each breast is attached to the chest by the deep fascia over the pectoralis major muscles. The space between the breast and the pectoralis major muscle, calledretromammary space,gives mobility to the breast. The chest (thoracic cavity) progressively slopes outwards from the thoracic inlet (atop thebreastbone) and above to the lowest ribs that support the breasts. The inframammary fold, where the lower portion of the breast meets the chest, is an anatomic feature created by the adherence of the breast skin and the underlying connective tissues of the chest; the IMF is the lower-most extent of the anatomic breast. Normal breast tissue typically has a texture that feels nodular or granular, to an extent that varies considerably from woman to woman.[18]

Development

Main article:Breast development

The breasts are principally composed of adipose,glandular,andconnectivetissues.[34]Because these tissues have hormone receptors,[34][35]their sizes and volumes fluctuate according to the hormonal changes particular to thelarche (sprouting of breasts), menstruation (egg production), pregnancy (reproduction), lactation (feeding of offspring), and menopause (end of menstruation).

Puberty

Breast development in puberty is measured with the five-stage Tanner scale

The morphological structure of the human breast is identical in males and females untilpuberty.For pubescent girls in thelarche (the breast-development stage), the femalesex hormones(principally estrogens) in conjunction withgrowth hormonepromote the sprouting, growth, and development of the breasts. During this time, the mammary glands grow in size and volume and begin resting on the chest. These development stages ofsecondary sex characteristics(breasts, pubic hair, etc.) are illustrated in the five-stageTanner scale.[36]

Duringthelarche,the developing breasts are sometimes of unequal size, and usually the left breast is slightly larger. This condition of asymmetry is transitory and statistically normal in female physical and sexual development.[37]Medical conditions can cause overdevelopment (e.g., virginal breast hypertrophy,macromastia) or underdevelopment (e.g.,tuberous breast deformity,micromastia) in girls and women.

Approximately two years after the onset of puberty (a girl's firstmenstrual cycle), estrogen and growth hormone stimulate the development and growth of the glandular fat and suspensory tissues that compose the breast. This continues for approximately four years until the final shape of the breast (size, volume, density) is established at about the age of 21.Mammoplasia(breast enlargement) in girls begins at puberty, unlike all other primates in which breasts enlarge only during lactation.[19]

Changes during the menstrual cycle

During the menstrual cycle, the breasts are enlarged bypremenstrual water retentionand temporary growth.[38]

Pregnancy and breastfeeding

Normal histology of the breast during lactation.

The breasts reach full maturity only when a woman's first pregnancy occurs.[39]Changes to the breasts are among the first signs of pregnancy. The breasts become larger, the nipple-areola complex becomes larger and darker, theMontgomery's glandsenlarge, and veins sometimes become more visible. Breast tenderness during pregnancy is common, especially during the first trimester. By mid-pregnancy, the breast is physiologically capable of lactation and some women can expresscolostrum,a form of breast milk.[40]

Pregnancy causes elevated levels of the hormoneprolactin,which has a key role in the production of milk. However, milk production is blocked by the hormonesprogesteroneandestrogenuntil after delivery, when progesterone and estrogen levels plummet.[41]

Menopause

Breast with visiblestretch marks

At menopause, breast atrophy occurs. The breasts can decrease in size when the levels of circulating estrogen decline. The adipose tissue and milk glands also begin to wither. The breasts can also become enlarged fromadverse side effectsofcombined oral contraceptive pills.The size of the breasts can also increase and decrease in response toweightfluctuations. Physical changes to the breasts are often recorded in thestretch marksof the skin envelope; they can serve as historical indicators of the increments and the decrements of the size and volume of a woman's breasts throughout the course of her life.[citation needed]

Breastfeeding

Main article:Breastfeeding
A baby breastfeeding

The primary function of the breasts, as mammary glands, is the nourishing of an infant withbreast milk.Milk is produced in milk-secreting cells in the alveoli. When the breasts are stimulated by the suckling of her baby, the mother's brain secretesoxytocin.High levels of oxytocin trigger the contraction of muscle cells surrounding the alveoli, causing milk to flow along the ducts that connect the alveoli to the nipple.[41]

Full-term newborns have an instinct and a need to suck on a nipple, and breastfed babies nurse for both nutrition and for comfort.[42]Breast milk provides all necessary nutrients for the first six months of life, and then remains an important source of nutrition, alongside solid foods, until at least one or two years of age.

Clinical significance

Main article:Breast disease

The breast is susceptible to numerous benign and malignant conditions. The most frequent benign conditions arepuerperal mastitis,fibrocystic breast changesandmastalgia.

Lactationunrelated to pregnancy is known asgalactorrhea.It can be caused by certain drugs (such asantipsychoticmedications), extreme physical stress, orendocrinedisorders. Lactation in newborns is caused by hormones from the mother that crossed into the baby's bloodstream during pregnancy.

Breast cancer

Main article:Breast cancer

Breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer death among women[43]and it is one of the leading causes of death among women. Factors that appear to be implicated in decreasing the risk of breast cancer are regular breast examinations by health care professionals, regularmammograms,self-examination of breasts,healthy diet, exercise to decrease excess body fat,[44]andbreastfeeding.[45]

Male breasts

Both females and males develop breasts from the sameembryologicaltissues. Anatomically, male breasts do not normally contain lobules and acini that are present in females. In rare instances, it is possible for very few lobules to be present, this makes it possible for some men to develop lobular carcinoma of the breast.[46]Normally, males produce lower levels of estrogens and higher levels ofandrogens,namelytestosterone,which suppress the effects of estrogens in developing excessive breast tissue. In boys and men, abnormal breast development is manifested asgynecomastia,the consequence of a biochemical imbalance between the normal levels of estrogen and testosterone in the male body.[47]Around 70% of boys temporarily develop breast tissue during adolescence.[31]The condition usually resolves by itself within two years.[31]Whenmale lactationoccurs, it is considered a symptom of a disorder of thepituitary gland.

Plastic surgery

Conventional mastectomy(top);skin sparing mastectomy andlatissimus dorsimyocutaneous flap reconstruction, prior to nipple reconstruction and tattooing(bottom).

Plastic surgery can be performed toaugmentorreducethe size of breasts, orreconstructthe breast in cases of deformative disease, such as breast cancer.[48]Breast augmentation and breast lift (mastopexy) procedures are done only for cosmetic reasons, whereas breast reduction is sometimes medically indicated.[18]In cases where a woman's breasts are severely asymmetrical, surgery can be performed to either enlarge the smaller breast, reduce the size of the larger breast, or both.[18]

Breast augmentation surgery generally does not interfere with future ability to breastfeed.[49]Breast reduction surgery more frequently leads to decreased sensation in the nipple-areola complex, and to low milk supply in women who choose to breastfeed.[49]Implants can interfere withmammography(breast x-rays images).

Society and culture

General

InChristian iconography,some works of art depict women with their breasts in their hands or on a platter, signifying that they died as a martyr by having their breasts severed; one example of this isSaint Agatha of Sicily.[50]

Femenmember participating in a protest

Femenis afeministactivist group which usestopless protestsas part of their campaigns againstsex tourism[51][52]religious institutions,[53]sexism,andhomophobia.[54]Femen activists have been regularly detained by police in response to their protests.[55]

There is a long history of female breasts being used by comedians as a subject for comedy fodder (e.g., British comicBenny Hill'sburlesque/slapstick routines).[56]

Art history

In European pre-historic societies, sculptures of female figures with pronounced or highly exaggerated breasts were common. A typical example is the so-calledVenus of Willendorf,one of manyPaleolithicVenus figurineswith ample hips and bosom. Artifacts such as bowls, rock carvings and sacred statues with breasts have been recorded from 15,000 BC up to late antiquity all across Europe, North Africa and the Middle East.

Many female deities representing love and fertility were associated with breasts and breast milk. Figures of the Phoenician goddessAstartewere represented as pillars studded with breasts.Isis,an Egyptian goddess who represented, among many other things, ideal motherhood, was often portrayed as sucklingpharaohs,thereby confirming their divine status as rulers. Even certain male deities representing regeneration and fertility were occasionally depicted with breast-like appendices, such as the river godHapywho was considered to be responsible for the annual overflowing of theNile.

ACretan snake goddessfrom theMinoan civilization,c. 1600BC

Female breasts were also prominent inMinoan artin the form of the famousSnake Goddessstatuettes, and a few other pieces, though most female breasts are covered. InAncient Greecethere were several cults worshipping the "Kourotrophos", the suckling mother, represented by goddesses such asGaia,HeraandArtemis.The worship of deities symbolized by the female breast in Greece became less common during the first millennium. The popular adoration of female goddesses decreased significantly during the rise of the Greek city states, a legacy which was passed on to the laterRoman Empire.[57]

During the middle of the first millennium BC, Greek culture experienced a gradual change in the perception of female breasts. Women in art were covered in clothing from the neck down, including female goddesses likeAthena,the patron of Athens who represented heroic endeavor. There were exceptions:Aphrodite,the goddess of love, was more frequently portrayed fully nude, though in postures that were intended to portray shyness or modesty, a portrayal that has been compared to modernpin upsby historianMarilyn Yalom.[58]Although nude men were depicted standing upright, most depictions of female nudity in Greek art occurred "usually with drapery near at hand and with a forward-bending, self-protecting posture".[59]A popular legend at the time was of theAmazons,a tribe of fierce female warriors who socialized with men only for procreation and even removed one breast to become better warriors (the idea being that the right breast would interfere with the operation of a bow and arrow). The legend was a popular motif in art during Greek and Roman antiquity and served as an antithetical cautionary tale.

Body image

Many women regard their breasts as important to theirsexual attractiveness,as a sign offemininitythat is important to theirsense of self.A woman with smaller breasts may regard her breasts as less attractive.[60]

Clothing

See also:Bra,Cleavage (breasts),Toplessness,Modesty,Naturism,andExhibitionism
A bare-breastedHimbawoman of northern Namibia wears a traditional headdress and skirt

Because breasts are mostly fatty tissue, their shape can—within limits—be molded by clothing, such asfoundation garments.Brasare commonly worn by about 90% of Western women,[61][62][63]and are often worn for support.[64]Thesocial normin mostWestern culturesis to cover breasts in public, though the extent of coverage varies depending on the social context. Some religions ascribe a special status to the female breast, either in formal teachings or through symbolism.[65]Islamforbids free women from exposing their breasts in public.

Many cultures, including Western cultures in North America, associate breasts with sexuality and tend to regard bare breasts asimmodestorindecent.In some cultures, like theHimbain northernNamibia,bare-breasted women are normal. In some African cultures, for example, thethighis regarded as highly sexualised and never exposed in public, but breast exposure is not taboo. In a fewWestern countriesand regions femaletoplessnessat a beach is acceptable, although it may not be acceptable in the town center.[citation needed]

Social attitudes and laws regardingbreastfeeding in publicvary widely. In many countries, breastfeeding in public is common, legally protected, and generally not regarded as an issue. However, even though the practice may be legal or socially accepted, some mothers may nevertheless be reluctant to expose a breast in public to breastfeed[66][67]due to actual or potential objections by other people, negative comments, or harassment.[68]It is estimated that around 63% of mothers across the world have publicly breast-fed.[69]Bare-breasted women are legal and culturally acceptable at public beaches in Australia and much of Europe.[citation needed]FilmmakerLina Escomade a film entitledFree the Nipple,which is about "...laws against female toplessness or restrictions on images of female, but not male, nipples", which Esco states is an example ofsexismin society.[56]

Sexual characteristic

See also:Mammary intercourse,Breast fetishism,andStimulation of nipples

In some cultures, breasts play a role inhuman sexual activity.Breasts and especially the nipples are among the various humanerogenous zones.They are sensitive to the touch as they have many nerve endings; and it is common to press ormassagethem with hands ororallybefore or during sexual activity. Duringsexual arousal,breast size increases,venouspatterns across the breasts become more visible, and nipples harden. Compared to other primates, human breasts are proportionately large throughout adult females' lives. Some writers have suggested that they may have evolved as a visual signal of sexual maturity and fertility.[70]InPatterns of Sexual Behavior,a 1951 analysis of 191 traditional cultures, the researchers noted that stimulation of the female breast by a male sexual partner "seemed absent in all subhuman forms, although it is common among the members of many different human societies."[71]

Many people regard bare female breasts to be aesthetically pleasing orerotic,and they can elicit heightenedsexual desiresin men in many cultures. In theancient Indianwork theKama Sutra,light scratching of the breasts with nails and biting with teeth are considered erotic.[72]Some people show asexual interestin female breasts distinct from that of the person, which may be regarded as abreast fetish.[73]A number of Western fashions include clothing which accentuate the breasts, such as the use ofpush-up brasanddecollete(plunging neckline) gowns and blouses which showcleavage.While U.S. culture prefers breasts that are youthful and upright, some cultures venerate women with drooping breasts, indicating mothering and the wisdom of experience.[74]

Research conducted at theVictoria University of Wellingtonshowed that breasts are often the first thing men look at, and for a longer time than other body parts.[75]The writers of the study had initially speculated that the reason for this is due toendocrinologywith larger breasts indicating higher levels of estrogen and a sign of greater fertility,[75][76]but the researchers said that "Men may be looking more often at the breasts because they are simply aesthetically pleasing, regardless of the size."[75]

Some women report achieving anorgasmfrom nipple stimulation, but this is rare.[77][78]Research suggests that the orgasms are genital orgasms, and may also be directly linked to "the genital area of the brain". In these cases, it seems that sensation from the nipples travels to the same part of the brain as sensations from the vagina, clitoris and cervix. Nipple stimulation may trigger uterine contractions, which then produce a sensation in the genital area of the brain.[79][80][81]

Anthropomorphic geography

Main article:Breast-shaped hill

There are many mountains named after the breast because they resemble it in appearance and so are objects of religious and ancestral veneration as a fertility symbol and of well-being. In Asia, there was "Breast Mountain", which had a cave where theBuddhist monkBodhidharma(Da Mo) spent much time inmeditation.[82]Other such breast mountains areMount Elgonon theUganda–Kenyaborder;Beinn Chìochanand theMaiden Papsin Scotland; theBundok ng Susong Dalaga('Maiden's breast mountains') inTalim Island,Philippines, the twin hills known as thePaps of Anu(Dá Chích Anannor 'the breasts ofAnu'), nearKillarneyin Ireland; the 2,086 m highTetica de BacaresorLa Teticain theSierra de Los Filabres,Spain;Khao Nom Saoin Thailand,Cerro Las TetasinPuerto Rico;and the Breasts of Aphrodite inMykonos,among many others. In the United States, theTeton Rangeis named after the French word for 'nipple'.[83]

Measurement

Main article:Breast measurement

Thematurationandsizeof the breasts can be measured by a variety of different methods. These includeTanner staging,bra cup size,breast volume,breast–chest difference,thebreast unit,breast hemicircumference,andbreast circumference,among other measures.

See also

Notes

  1. ^Such that one's hands might be folded "upon one's breast" or one's heart might be "within one's breast"
  2. ^SeeWiktionary:Thesaurus:breasts

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