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British Sign Language

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British Sign Language (BSL)
Breetish Sign Leid(Scots)
Iaith Arwyddion Prydain(Welsh)
Cànan Soidhnidh Bhreatainn(Scottish Gaelic)
Teanga Chomharthaíochta na Breataine(Irish)
Native toUnited Kingdom
Native speakers
77,000 (2014)[1]
250,000L2 speakers(2013)
BANZSL
  • British Sign Language (BSL)
none widely accepted
SignWriting[2]
Official status
Recognised minority
language in
Language codes
ISO 639-3bfi
Glottologbrit1235
The BSL manual Alpha bet (right-hand-dominant form shown)

British Sign Language(BSL) is asign languageused in theUnited Kingdomand is the first or preferred language among thedeafcommunity in the UK. While private correspondence fromWilliam Stokoehinted at a formal name for the language in 1960,[3]the first usage of the term "British Sign Language" in an academic publication was likely byAaron Cicourel.[4]Based on the percentage of people who reported 'using British Sign Language at home' on the 2011 Scottish Census, theBritish Deaf Associationestimates there are 151,000 BSL users in the UK, of whom 87,000 are Deaf.[5]By contrast, in the 2011 England and Wales Census 15,000 people living in England and Wales reported themselves using BSL as their main language.[6]People who are not deaf may also use BSL, as hearing relatives of deaf people, sign language interpreters or as a result of other contact with the British Deaf community. The language makes use of space and involves movement of the hands, body, face and head.

History[edit]

Origin[edit]

BSL is a creation of the British Deaf community. Unlikehome sign,which does not pass between generations, sign languages are shared by a large community of signers.[7]

Records show the existence of a sign language within deaf communities in England as far back as the 15th century. TheHistory of the Syon Monastery at Lisbon and Brentford,published in 1450, contains descriptions of signs — some of which are still in use.[8]The earliest known document describing the use of signing in a legal context mentions John de Orleton, a deaf man assigning his property to a family member in 1324.[9]Another commonly cited event is the marriage ceremony between Thomas Tilsye and Ursula Russel in 1576.[10]

Richard Carew'sSurvey of Cornwall(1602) includes a vivid description of Edward Bone, a deaf servant, meeting his deaf friend Kempe. Bone had some knowledge ofCornishand was able to lipread, but appeared to prefer signing. Carew described the situation thus:

Somewhat neerre the place of his [Bone's] birth, there dwelt another, so affected, or rather defected, whose name was Kempe: which two, when they chaunced to meete, would use such kinde embracements, such stranfe, often, and earnest tokenings, and such heartie laughtes, and other passionate gestures, that their want of a tongue, seemed rather an hinderance to other conceiving [understanding] them, then to their conceiving one another.[11]

John Bulwer,who had an adopted deaf daughter Chirothea Johnson, authored four late-Renaissance texts related to deafness, sign language and the human body:Chirologia(1644),Philocopus(1648),Pathomyotamia(1649) andAnthropometamorphosis(1650).[12]In particular,Chirologiafocuses on the meanings of gestures, expressions and body language, and describes signs and gestures in use at the time, some of which resemble signs still in use,[11]whilePhilocopusexplores the use of lipreading by deaf people and the possibility of deaf education,[12]and is dedicated to Bulwer's two deaf brothers.[11]

Another writer of the same time,George Dalgarno,recognised that sign language was unrelated to English. In 1661 he wrote that "The deaf man has no teacher at all and through necessity may put him upon... using signs, yet those have no affinity to the language by which they that are about him do converse among themselves."[13]

Finally, the diaristSamuel Pepysdescribed a conversation between George Downing and a deaf boy in November 1666:

But, above all, there comes in the dumb boy that I knew in Oliver's time, who is mightily acquainted here, and with Downing; and he made strange signs of the fire, and how the King was abroad, and many things they understood, but I could not...[14]

British Sign Language has evolved, as all languages do, from these origins by modification, invention and importation.[15][16]


BANZSLfamily tree
OldBritish Sign Language
(c. 1760–1900)
Maritime SL
(c. 1860–present)		Swedish SL family?
(c. 1800–present)
Papua NG SL
(c. 1990–present)		Auslan
(c. 1860–present)		New Zealand SL
(c. 1870–present)		British SL
(c. 1900–present)		Northern Ireland SL
(c. 1920–present)		South African SL
(c. 1860–present)


Early deaf education[edit]

The Braidwood schools[edit]

Thomas Braidwood,a teacher from Edinburgh, founded 'Braidwood's Academy for the Deaf and Dumb' in 1760, which is believed to be the first school for deaf children in Britain.[17]The school primarily taught oral communication methods, as described by Francis Green - whose son attended the Braidwood school[18]- in the anonymous treatiseVox oculis subjecta.[19]In this account, Green describes how his son Charles would surely develop"a perfect acquaintance with language both oral and written",and how deaf pupils were given"a tolerable general understanding of their own language [English] so as to read, write, and speak it, with ease".Green also describes Braidwood's views of spoken language:

Mr Braidwood hath frequently intimated to me, as an opinion founded upon his experience in this art, that articulate or spoken language hath so great and essential a tendency to confirm and enlarge ideas, above the power of written language, that it is almost impossible for deaf persons, without the use of speech, to be perfect in their ideas.[20]

Joseph Watsonwas trained as a teacher of the deaf under Thomas Braidwood. He eventually left in 1792 to become the headmaster of theAsylum for the Deaf and DumbinBermondsey.He described his teaching methods in detail in his book,On the Education of the Deaf and Dumb(1809), where he opposed the use of signed versions of spoken language such as the Signed French used in the Paris school. The book contains lists of vocabulary and plates designed to encourage a child to acquire an understanding of written and spoken language.[21]

International links[edit]

Although the Braidwood school focused on speech, it also used an early form of sign language,the combined system,which was the first codification of British Sign Language. The Braidwood school later moved to London and was visited byAbbé SicardandLaurent Clercin 1815, at the same time that an American Protestant minister,Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet,travelled to Europe to research teaching of deaf people.[21]

André-Daniel Laffon de Ladebat,one of the French visitors to the Braidwood school, provided a vivid description of Laurent Clerc's meeting with the deaf children in the bilingual English/French book,A collection of the Most Remarkable Definitions and Answers of Massieu and Clerc, Deaf and Dumb.Laurent Clerc, who was deaf, was overjoyed to find fellow sign language users:

As soon as Clerc beheld this sight [of the children at dinner] his face became animated; he was as agitated as a traveller of sensibility would be on meeting all of a sudden in distant regions, a colony of his own countrymen... Clerc approached them. He made signs and they answered him by signs. The unexpected communication cause a most delicious sensation in them and for us was a scene of expression and sensibility that gave us the most heart-felt satisfaction.[22]

The Braidwood schools refused to teach Gallaudet their methods. Gallaudet then travelled to Paris and learned the educational methods of the French Royal Institution for the Deaf, a combination ofOld French Sign Languageand the signs developed byAbbé de l'Épée.As a consequenceAmerican Sign Language(ASL) today has a 60% similarity to modernFrench Sign Languageand is almost unintelligible to users of British Sign Language. Gallaudet went on to establish theAmerican School for the Deafin 1817, which focused on manual communication and ASL, in contrast to the oral methods used in the UK.

Late 19th - 21st century[edit]

Until the 1940s, sign language skills were passed between deaf people without a unified sign language system; many deaf people lived in residential institutions. Signing was actively discouraged in schools by punishment, and deaf education emphasised teaching deaf children to learn tolip readandfinger spell,due to the prevailing belief across Europe established in the 1950s that signing was bad. From the 1970s there has been an increasing tolerance and instruction in BSL in schools. The language continues to evolve as older signs such asalmsandpawnbrokerhave fallen out of use and new signs such asinternetandlaserhave been coined. The evolution of the language and its changing level of acceptance meant that older users tend to use more finger spelling while younger ones make use of a wider range of signs.[23]

Paddy Laddinitiated deaf programming onBritishtelevision in the 1980s and is credited with getting sign language on television and enabling deaf children to be educated in sign.[24]

BSL users campaignedto have BSL recognisedon an official level.Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984mandates the provision of interpreters. On 18 March 2003 the UK government formally recognised that BSL is a language in its own right.[25][26]In 2021,Rosie Cooperintroduced the British Sign Language Bill to recognise BSL as an official language, which was backed by the government.[27][28]After being dormant from June 2021, the bill began moving through Parliament on 28 January 2022, but during a meeting with stakeholders on 7 February, the language of the bill was revealed to have been pared down substantially, disappointing said stakeholders. The British Deaf Association stated that it was 'unhappy' with this removal of language from the bill.[29]

Linguistics[edit]

Linguisticsis the study of language, including those like BSL that are not carried by sound.[30]In all sign languages the great majority of 'words' (hand gestures) cannot be understood in other sign languages.[30]How one language signs a certain number would be different from how another language signs it.[30]The way sentences are constructed (syntax) differs from sign language to sign language, just as with different spoken languages. British Sign Language is described as a 'spatial language' as it "moves signs in space.[30]"

Phonology[edit]

Like many othersign languages,BSLphonologyis defined by elements such as handshape, orientation, location, movement, and non-manual features. There are phonological components to sign language that have no meaning alone but work together to create a meaning of a signed word: hand shape, movement, location, orientation and facial expression.[31][30]The meanings of words differ if one of these components is changed.[31][30]Signs can be identical in certain components but different in others, giving each a different meaning.[30]Facial expression falls under thenonmanual featurecomponent of phonology.[32]These include "eyebrow height, eye gaze, mouthing, head movement, and torso rotation.[32]"

Grammar[edit]

In common with other languages, whether spoken or signed, BSL has its owngrammarwhich govern how phrases are signed.[30]BSL has a particularsyntax.[30]One important component of BSL is its use ofproforms.[30]A proform is "...any form that stands in the place of, or does the job of, some other form."[30]Sentences are composed of two parts, in order: the subject and the predicate.[30]The subject is the topic of the sentence, while the predicate is the commentary about the subject.[30]Question words are generally at the end of a sentence[33]

BSL uses atopic–commentstructure.[34]Topic-comment means that the topic of the signed conversation is first established, followed by an elaboration of the topic, being the 'comment' component.[30]The canonical word order outside of the topic–comment structure isobject–subject–verb(OSV), and noun phrases are head-initial.[35]

Relationships with other sign languages[edit]

Welsh GovernmentdailyCOVID-19press conference in November 2020; Welsh and English instantaneous signing.

Although the United Kingdom and the United States shareEnglishas the predominantspoken language,British Sign Language is quite distinct fromAmerican Sign Language(ASL), having only 31% signs identical, or 44% cognate.[36]BSL is also distinct fromIrish Sign Language(ISL) (ISG in theISOsystem) which is more closely related toFrench Sign Language(LSF) and ASL.

It is also distinct fromSigned English,a manually coded method expressed to represent theEnglish language.

The sign languages used in Australia and New Zealand,AuslanandNew Zealand Sign Languagerespectively, evolved largely from 19th century BSL, and all retain the same manual Alpha bet and grammar and possess similar lexicons. These three languages may technically be considered dialects of a single language (BANZSL) due to their use of the same grammar and manual Alpha bet and the high degree of lexical sharing (overlap of signs). The term BANZSL was coined byTrevor Johnston[37]and Adam Schembri.

In Australia deaf schools were established by educated deaf people from London, Edinburgh and Dublin. This introduced the London and Edinburgh dialects of BSL to Melbourne and Sydney respectively and Irish Sign Language to Sydney in Roman Catholic schools for the deaf. The language contact post-secondary education between Australian ISL users and 'Australian BSL' users accounts for some of the dialectal differences we see between modern BSL and Auslan. Tertiary education in the US for some deaf Australian adults also accounts for some ASL borrowings found in modern Auslan.

Auslan, BSL and NZSL have 82% of signs identical (using concepts from aSwadesh list). When considering similar or related signs as well as identical, they are 98% cognate. Further information will be available after completion of the BSL corpus,[38]allows for comparison with the Auslan corpus,[39]and the New Zealand Sign Language project.[40]There continues to be language contact between BSL, Auslan and NZSL through migration (deaf people and interpreters), the media (television programmes such as See Hear, Switch, Rush and SignPost are often recorded and shared informally in all three countries) and conferences (in 1999 many deaf British people travelled to Australia for the World Federation of the Deaf Conference, WFD, in Brisbane.)

Makaton,a communication system for people with cognitive impairments or other communication difficulties, was originally developed with signs borrowed from British Sign Language. The sign language used inSri Lankais also closely related to BSL despite the oral language not being English, demonstrating variation in distance between sign languages and spoken ones.

Usage[edit]

BSL interpreter below performers during The Gifting performance.LEEDS 2023

BSL has many regionaldialects.Certain signs used in Scotland, for example, may not be understood immediately, or not understood at all, by those in Southern England, or vice versa. Some signs are even more local, occurring only in certain towns or cities (such as the Manchester system of number signs). Likewise, some may go in or out of fashion, or evolve over time, just as terms in oral languages do.[41]Families may have signs unique to them to accommodate for certain situations or to describe an object that may otherwise require fingerspelling.

Many British television channels broadcast programmes with in-vision signing, using BSL, as well as specially made programmes aimed mainly atdeafpeople such as theBBC'sSee HearandChannel 4'sVEE-TV.

BBC Newsbroadcasts in-vision signing at 06:45-07:30, 07:45-08:15, and 13:00-13:35 GMT/BST each weekday. 07:00-07:30 on the weekends.BBC Twoalso broadcasts in-vision signed repeats of the main channel's primetime programmes between 00:00 and 05:00 each weekday and early Saturday mornings. Also provides signing on weekday mornings between 08:00 and 09:00. All BBC channels (excludingBBC One,BBC AlbaandBBC Parliament) provide in-vision signing for some of their programmes. In 2022, 10.3% ofChannel 4'sprogramming was signed,[42]including popular shows such asHollyoaksandGogglebox.[43]

BSL is used in some educational establishments, but is not always the policy for deaf children in some local authority areas. The Let's Sign BSL andfingerspellinggraphics are being developed for use in education by deaf educators and tutors and include many of the regional signs referred to above.

In Northern Ireland, there are about 4,500 users of BSL and 1,500 users ofIrish Sign Language,an unrelated sign language. A hybrid version, dubbed "Northern Ireland Sign Language"is also used.[44][45][46]

In 2019, over 100 signs for scientific terms, including 'deoxyribonucleotide' and 'deoxyribonucleoside', were added to BSL, after being conceived by Liam Mcmulkin, a deaf graduate of theUniversity of Dundee,who had found finger-spelling such words tiresome, during his degree course.[47]

Number of BSL users[edit]

In 2016 the British Deaf Association (BDA) says that, based on official statistics, it believes there are 151,000 people who use BSL in the UK, and 87,000 of these are deaf. This figure does not include professional BSL users, interpreters, translators, etc. unless they use BSL at home.[48]

British Sign Language Dictionary[edit]

The British Sign Language Dictionary was compiled for the British Deaf Association by the Deaf Studies Research Unit at the University of Durham. It depicts over 1,800 signs through pictures and diagrams, each sign accompanied by definitions, explanations and usage. The signs are ordered not Alpha betically, as a dictionary of the English language, but rather according to the phonological[clarification needed]characteristics of the language. For example, signs that are based on the "fist" handshape come before signs based on the "open hand" handshape.[49]

The dictionary was edited by David Brien, assisted by a team composed by Mary Brennan,Clark Denmark,Frances Elton, Liz Scott Gibson, Graham Turner andDorothy Miles,among others.

The Dictionary was published in 1992. The foreword was written byPrincess Diana,who was the patron of the BDA.

Learning British Sign Language[edit]

British Sign Language can be learnt from formal institutions throughout the UK and three examination systems exist. Courses are provided by community colleges, local centres for deaf people and private organisations. A teaching qualification program was started by the British Deaf Association in 1984 at theUniversity of Durham,called BSL Tutor Training Course, which closed in 1999.[50]

National awarding organisations run training for BSL teachers. Each of these organisations has its own curriculum, teaching materials and resources.

In June 2023, the UK Government launched a consultation for a GCSE in British Sign Language which is planned to begin teaching in schools from September 2025.[51]

Becoming a BSL / English interpreter[edit]

There are two qualification routes: via post-graduate studies, or viaNational Vocational Qualifications.Deaf Studiesundergraduate courses with specific streams for sign language interpreting exist at several British universities; post-graduate level interpreting diplomas are also on offer from universities and one private company. Course entry requirements vary from no previous knowledge of BSL to NVQ level 6 BSL (or equivalent).

The qualification process allows interpreters to register with the National Registers of Communication Professionals with Deaf and Deafblind People (NRCPD), a voluntary regulator. Registrants are asked to self-certify that they have both cleared a DBS (Disclosure and Barring Service) check and are covered by professional indemnity insurance. Completing a level 3 BSL language assessment and enrolling on an approved interpreting course allows applications to register as a TSLI (Trainee Sign Language Interpreter). After completing an approved interpreting course, trainees can then apply to achieve RSLI (Registered Sign Language Interpreter) status. RSLIs are currently required by NRCPD to log Continuous Professional Development activities. Post-qualification, specialist training is still considered necessary to work in specific critical domains.

Communication support workers[edit]

Communication support workers (CSWs) are professionals who support the communication of deaf students in education at all ages, and deaf people in many areas of work, using British Sign Language and other communication methods such asSign Supported English.The qualifications and experience of CSWs vary: some are fully qualified interpreters, others are not.

BSL apps[edit]

There are currently two well-established BSL language learning apps and web platforms: Bright BSL and Lingvano

Let Sign Shine[edit]

Let Sign Shine is a campaign started by Norfolk teenager Jade Chapman to raise the awareness of BSL and attract signatures for a petition for BSL to be taught in schools. The campaign's petition to theParliament of the United Kingdomattracted support from over four thousand people.

Chapman was nominated for the Bernard Matthews Youth Award 2014 for her work and devotion to raising awareness of the importance of sign language. Chapman won the education award category and was presented with an award by Olympic swimmerRebecca Adlington.[52]

Chapman was also awarded an Outstanding Achievement Award from theRadio Norwich 99.9Local Hero Awards on 7 October 2015. The award ceremony featured a performance byAlesha Dixon.[53]

Having been donated £1,000 from the Bernard Matthews Youth Award, Let Sign Shine used this to start a British Sign Language course atDereham Neatherd High School.[54]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^British Sign Language (BSL)atEthnologue(18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
  2. ^"BSL on paper"(PDF).Retrieved27 June2016.
  3. ^Leahy, Anne; Brown, Peter (2020)."Naming British Sign Language 1960–1975".Sign Language Studies.20(4): 691–698.doi:10.1353/sls.2020.0024.
  4. ^Cicourel, Aaron (April 1974)."Gestural Sign Language and the Study of Nonverbal Communication".Sign Language Studies.4(4): 35–76.doi:10.1353/sls.1974.0007.JSTOR26203093.
  5. ^"Help & Resources".British Deaf Association.Retrieved19 March2023.
  6. ^2011 Census: Quick Statistics for England and Wales, March 2011,Accessed 17 February 2013.
  7. ^"The Beginnings".History of British Sign Language.University College London.7 August 2019.Retrieved17 May2021.
  8. ^"BSL Timeline".History of British Sign Language.University College London.7 August 2019.Retrieved17 May2021.
  9. ^Leahy, Anne (2015). "Research brief: Origins of Legal Interpreting Before 1700".British Deaf History Journal.18(3): 34–37.
  10. ^"Marriage Certificate of Thomas Tillsye".History of British Sign Language.University College London.7 August 2019.Retrieved17 May2021.
  11. ^abc"Richard Carew's Survey of Cornwall".History of British Sign Language.University College London.7 August 2019.Retrieved17 May2021.
  12. ^ab"John Bulwer, English physician, author, and educator".Encyclopedia Britannica.Retrieved17 May2021.
  13. ^"George Dalgarno".History of British Sign Language.University College London.7 August 2019.Retrieved17 May2021.
  14. ^"Samuel Pepys diary extract".History of British Sign Language.University College London.7 August 2019.Retrieved17 May2021.
  15. ^Deaf people and linguistic researchArchived2011-06-04 at theWayback Machine,ProfessorBencie Woll,Director of the Deafness, Cognition and Language Research Centre based at University College London. British Science Association. Accessed October 2010.
  16. ^Kyle & Woll (1985).Sign Language: the study of deaf people and their languageCambridge University Press, p. 263
  17. ^UCL (7 August 2019)."Thomas Braidwood, The Braidwood School".History of British Sign Language.Retrieved17 May2021.
  18. ^"Biography – GREEN, FRANCIS – Volume V (1801-1820) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography".biographi.ca.Retrieved17 May2021.
  19. ^Green, Francis; Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (1783)."Vox oculis subjecta;" a dissertation on the most curious and important art of imparting speech, and the knowledge of language, to the naturally deaf, and (consequently) dumb; with a particular account of the academy of Messrs. Braidwood of Edinburgh,...Royal College of Physicians in Edinburgh. London: sold by Benjamin White.
  20. ^Green, Francis; Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (1783)."Vox oculis subjecta;" a dissertation on the most curious and important art of imparting speech, and the knowledge of language, to the naturally deaf, and (consequently) dumb; with a particular account of the academy of Messrs. Braidwood of Edinburgh,...Royal College of Physicians in Edinburgh. London: sold by Benjamin White. p. 167.
  21. ^abUCL (7 August 2019)."Joseph Watson, Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb".History of British Sign Language.Retrieved17 May2021.
  22. ^UCL (7 August 2019)."Laffon de Ladebat".History of British Sign Language.Retrieved17 May2021.
  23. ^Sign Language: The Study of Deaf People and Their Language,J. G. Kyle, B. Woll, G. Pullen, F. Maddix, Cambridge University Press, 1988.ISBN0521357179
  24. ^Prasad, Raekha (19 March 2003)."Sound and Fury".Guardian Unlimited.Archivedfrom the original on 10 September 2014.Retrieved30 January2008.
  25. ^"Official recognition of British Sign Language 1987-2003 – suggested reading | UCL UCL Ear Institute & Action on Hearing Loss Libraries".Blogs.ucl.ac.uk.Retrieved3 March2015.
  26. ^"Time to break the barriers".Chad,25 September 2013, p.21. Accessed 28 January 2022
  27. ^"British Sign Language Bill".UK Parliament.Retrieved5 February2022.
  28. ^"Government backs vital British Sign Language Bill".UK Government.Retrieved5 February2022.
  29. ^"BSL Act Now: British Sign Language Bill discussion reveals UK Government changes".8 February 2022.
  30. ^abcdefghijklmnSutton-Spence, Rachel (1999).The Linguistics of British Sign Language.University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge.
  31. ^abMorgan, Gary (October 2006)."'Children Are Just Lingual': The Development of Phonology in British Sign Language (BSL) "(PDF).Lingua.116(10): 1507–1523.doi:10.1016/j.lingua.2005.07.010.Archived(PDF)from the original on 19 July 2018.
  32. ^abMcArthur, Tom (January 2018)."British Sign Language".The Oxford Companion to the English Language.doi:10.1093/acref/9780199661282.001.0001.ISBN9780199661282.
  33. ^BSL, Access (11 June 2023)."How Do You Ask Questions in British Sign Language (BSL)? - Access BSL".Retrieved15 November2023.
  34. ^"Grammatical Structure of British Sign Language · coHearentVision".archive.is.23 April 2013. Archived fromthe originalon 23 April 2013.
  35. ^Sutton-Spence, R.; Woll, B. (1999).The Linguistics of British Sign Language: An Introduction.Cambridge University Press.ISBN9780521637183.Retrieved7 December2014.
  36. ^McKee, D. & G. Kennedy (2000). Lexical Comparison of Signs from American, Australian, British, and New Zealand Sign Languages. In K. Emmorey and H. Lane (Eds), "The signs of language revisited: an anthology to honor Ursula Bellugi and Edward Klima". Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  37. ^Johnston, T. (2002). BSL, Auslan and NZSL: Three sign languages or one? In A. Baker, B. van den Bogaerde & O. Crasborn (Eds.), "Cross-linguistic perspectives in sign language research: Selected papers from TISLR 2000" (pp. 47-69). Hamburg: Signum Verlag.
  38. ^"Home".BSL Corpus Project.
  39. ^Auslan corpus
  40. ^"School of Linguistics and Applied Language Studies | Victoria University of Wellington".Archived from the original on 24 December 2008.Retrieved26 July2017.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  41. ^Sutton-Spence, Rachel; Woll, Bencie (1998).The Linguistics of British Sign Language: An Introduction.Cambridge University Press. pp. 24–25.ISBN0521631424.
  42. ^"Subtitled, Audio Described and Signed programming | Channel 4".channel4.Retrieved15 April2023.
  43. ^"Signed programmes | Channel 4".channel4.Retrieved15 April2023.
  44. ^"BSL Northern Ireland Sign Language at all public Masses. Archives".
  45. ^"Sign language is needed more than Irish: TUV's Allister".Belfasttelegraph– via belfasttelegraph.co.uk.
  46. ^Gordon, Gareth (29 April 2020)."Bringing coronavirus news to the deaf community".BBC News.
  47. ^Martin, Hazel (21 July 2019)."What's deoxyribonucleotide in sign language?".BBC News.Retrieved3 August2019.
  48. ^"Help & Resources - British Deaf Association".
  49. ^Brien, David; Brennan, Mary, eds. (1992).Dictionary of British Sign Language.Durham: Faber & Faber.ISBN0571143466.
  50. ^"5.8 UK".signteach.eu.
  51. ^"British Sign Language GCSE: Everything you need to know - The Education Hub".educationhub.blog.gov.uk.15 June 2023.Retrieved15 July2023.
  52. ^East Anglian Daily Press,[1]Archived8 March 2016 at theWayback Machine,Photo Gallery: Incredible young people from Norfolk and Suffolk are honoured with special awards.
  53. ^Let Sign Shine,[2]Archived8 March 2016 at theWayback Machine,Norwich Radio Local Hero Award.
  54. ^"Teenage campaigner Jade Chapman sets up sign language course with prize".BBC News.

External links[edit]

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