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Orobanche

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Broomrape
Naked broomrape (Orobanche uniflora)
Scientific classificationEdit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Orobanchaceae
Tribe: Orobancheae
Genus: Orobanche
L.
Synonyms[1]
List
  • AphyllonMitch.
  • BoulardiaF.W.Schultz
  • CatodiacrumDulac
  • CeratocalyxCoss.
  • ChorobancheC.Presl
  • GymnocaulisNutt.
  • KopsiaDumort.
  • LoxanthesRaf.
  • MyzorrhizaPhil.
  • NecranthusGilli
  • OrobanchellaPiwow., M.Nobis & Madeja
  • PhelipanchePomel
  • PlatypholisMaxim.
  • ThalesiaRaf. ex Britton

Orobanche,commonly known asbroomrape,is a genus of almost 200 species of smallparasiticherbaceous plants,mostly native to thetemperateNorthern Hemisphere.[2]It is thetype genusof thebroomrape familyOrobanchaceae. It is a weed on broadleaf crop plants in Australia, where some states enforce mandatory destruction and reporting, as well as prohibition of sale.[3][4]

Description

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Broomrapes are generally small, only 10–60 centimetres (4–24 inches) tall depending on species. They are best recognized by the yellow- to straw-coloured stems completely lackingchlorophyll,bearing yellow, white, or bluesnapdragon-like flowers. The flower shoots are scaly, with a dense terminal spike of 10-20 flowers in most species, although single inone-flowered broomrape(Orobanche uniflora). The leaves are merely triangular scales. The seeds are minute, tan or brown, blackening with age. These plants generally flower from late winter to late spring. When they are not flowering, no part of the plants is visible above the surface of the soil.

Parasitism

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As they have no chlorophyll, the broomrapes are totally dependent on other plants for nutrients. Broomrape seeds remain dormant in the soil, often for many years, until stimulated to germinate by certain compounds produced by living plant roots.[5]Broomrape seedlings put out a root-like growth, which attaches to the roots of nearby hosts. Once attached to a host, the broomrape robs its host of water and nutrients.

Some species are only able to parasitise a single plant species, and they are often named after the plant they parasitise, such asivy broomrape(O. hederae) being restricted to parasitisingivy.Others can infect several genera, such as thelesser broomrapeO. minor,which lives oncloverand other relatedFabaceae.

Branched broomrapeOrobanche ramosa,native to central and southwestern Europe but widely naturalised elsewhere, is considered a major threat to crops in some areas. Plants that it targets aretomato,eggplant,potato,cabbage,coleus,bell pepper,sunflower,celery,andbeans.In heavily infested areas, branched broomrape can cause total crop failure.

The bean broomrapeOrobanche crenata,which targets thefava bean,has stems that are gathered and eaten in the Italian region ofApulia.[6]

Etymology

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Thegeneric nameOrobanchecomes from the Greekὀροβάγχη(orobánkhē), fromὄροβος(órobos"bitter vetch") +ἄγχω(ánkhō(I) "strangle" ).[7][8]The common name "broomrape" comes from the English "broom" (a plant) + Latinrapum('tuber').[9]

Species

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The following species are recognised in the genusOrobanche:[1]

References

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  1. ^ab"Orobanche L. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science".Plants of the World Online.Retrieved2023-09-26.
  2. ^Beck-Mannagetta, G. (1930) Orobanchaceae. In Engler, A. (ed.)Das Pflanzenreich4: 1-348. (Engelmann:Leipzig).
  3. ^"Broomrape, Branched Broomrape, Hemp Broomrape, Clover Broomrape, Common Broomrape".weeds.org.au.Retrieved2024-07-07.
  4. ^Department of Primary Industries and Regions, South Australia (2022-05-14)."Broomrapes".pir.sa.gov.au.Retrieved2024-07-07.
  5. ^Yoder, J.I. (2001) Host-plant recognition by parasitic Scrophulariaceae.Current Opinion in Plant Biology4:359-365.
  6. ^Luard, E.European peasant cookery,Grub Street, 2004, p.380
  7. ^Devonshire Association for the Advancement of Science, Literature and Art (1868).Report & transactions.p. 256.
  8. ^ὄροβος,ἄγχω.Liddell, Henry George;Scott, Robert;A Greek–English Lexiconat thePerseus Project.
  9. ^rapum.Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short.A Latin DictionaryonPerseus Project.
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