Brother
Abrother(pl.:brothersorbrethren) is amanorboywho shares one or more parents with another; a male sibling.[1]The female counterpart is asister.Although the term typically refers to afamilialrelationship, it is sometimes used endearingly to refer to non-familial relationships.[2]A full brother is afirst degree relative.
Overview
The termbrothercomes from theProto-Indo-European*bʰréh₂tēr, which becomesLatinfrater,of the same meaning.Siblingwarmth or affection between male siblings has been correlated to some more negative effects. In pairs of brothers, higher sibling warmth is related to more risk taking behaviour, although risk taking behaviour is not related to sibling warmth in any other type of sibling pair. The cause of this phenomenon in which sibling warmth is only correlated with risk taking behaviours in brother pairs still is unclear. This finding does, however, suggest that although sibling conflict is a risk factor for risk taking behaviour, sibling warmth does not serve as a protective factor.[4]Some studies suggest that girls having an older brother delays the onset ofmenarcheby roughly one year.[5]Research also suggests that the likelihood of beinggayincreases with the more older brothers a man has.[6]Some analyzers have suggested that a man's attractiveness to a heterosexual woman may increase with the more he resembles her brother, while hisunattractivenessmay increase the more his likeness diverges from her brother.[7]Females with a twin or very close-in-age brother, sometimes view him as their male alter ego, or what they would have been like, if they had a Y chromosomes.[8]
Fraternal relationship
The book Nicomachean Ethics, Book VIII written by Aristotle in 350 B.C.E., offers a way in which people should view the relationships between biological brothers. The relationship of brothers is laid out with the following quote: "The friendship of brothers has the characteristics found in that of comrades and in general between people who are like each other, is as much as they belong more to each other and start with a love for each other from their very birth, and in as much as those born to the same parents and brought up together and similarly educated are more akin in character; and the test of time has been applied most fully and convincingly in their case".[9] For these reasons, it is the job of the older brother to influence the ethics of the younger brother by being a person of good action. Aristotle says "by imitating and reenacting the acts of good people, a child becomes habituated to good action". Over time the younger brother will develop the good actions of the older brother as well and be like him. Aristotle also adds this on the matter of retaining the action of doing good once imitated: "Once the habits of ethics or immorality become entrenched, they are difficult to break."[10]The good habits that are created by the influence of the older brother become habit in the life of the younger brother and turn out to be seemingly permanent. It is the role of the older brother to be a positive influence on the development of the younger brother's upbringing when it comes to the education of ethics and good actions. When positive characteristics are properly displayed to the younger brother by the older brother, these habits and characteristics are imitated and foster an influential understanding of good ethics and positive actions.
Famous brothers
- Gracchi,Ancient Roman reformers
- George Washington Adams,John Adams II,andCharles Francis Adams Sr.,politicians
- Ben AffleckandCasey Affleck,actors
- The Alexander Brothers;musicians
- Alec Baldwin,William Baldwin,Stephen Baldwin,Daniel Baldwin,also known as theBaldwin brothers;actors
- JohnandLionel Barrymore,actors
- Chang and Eng Bunker,the originalSiamese twins
- George W. Bush,Jeb Bush,Neil BushandMarvin Bush,sons ofGeorge H. W. Bush
- David Carradine,Keith Carradine,andRobert Carradine,American actors
- Bill Clinton,42ndPresident of the United States,andRoger Clinton Jr.,his younger half-brother
- Joel and Ethan Coen;filmmakers
- Stephen CurryandSeth Curry;current NBApoint guardsin the Western Conference
- DizzyandDaffy Dean,Major League Baseball pitchers
- Mark DeBarge,Randy DeBarge,El DeBarge,James DeBarge,andBobby DeBarge,the male members of the singing groupDeBarge
- Emilio EstevezandCharlie Sheen,actors
- Isaac EverlyandPhil Everly,The Everly Brothers,singers
- Liam GallagherandNoel Gallagher,members ofOasis (band)
- Barry Gibb,Robin Gibb,andMaurice Gibb,members of theBrothers Gibbor "Bee Gees" singing group
- John Gotti,Eugene "Gene" Gotti,Peter GottiandRichard V. Gotti,New York "made men"with theGambino crime family
- Frederick Dent Grant,Ulysses S. Grant Jr.,andJesse Root Grant
- Jacob GrimmandWilhelm Grimm,known as theBrothers Grimm,German academics and folk tale collectors
- Matt HardyandJeff Hardy,professional wrestlers
- Herbert Hoover Jr.andAllan Hoover
- PauandMarc Gasol,professional basketball players
- O'Kelly Isley Jr.,Rudolph Isley,andRonald Isley,Ernie Isley,Marvin Isley,andVernon Isley,members ofThe Isley Brotherssinger-songwriting group and band, which also included their brother-in-law,Chris Jasper
- Jackie Jackson,Tito Jackson,Jermaine Jackson,Marlon Jackson,Michael JacksonandRandy Jackson,members ofThe Jackson 5and laterThe Jacksons
- JesseandFrank James,Old West outlaws
- Kevin,JoeandNick Jonas,musicians, collectively known as theJonas Brothers
- John,RobertandTed Kennedy,politicians
- Edward M. Kennedy Jr.andPatrick J. Kennedy,politicians
- Terry LabonteandBobby Labonte,race car drivers
- Robert Todd Lincoln,Edward Baker Lincoln,William Wallace LincolnandTad Lincoln,sons ofAbraham Lincoln
- Loud Brothers,piano designers and manufacturers
- EliandPeyton Manning,National Football League quarterbacks
- MarioandLuigi,video game characters
- John McCain,U.S. Senator and two-time presidential candidate, andJoe McCain,American stage actor, newspaper reporter
- Justin,Travis,andGriffin McElroy,podcasters
- Billy Leon McCraryandBenny Loyd McCrary,wrestlers known asThe McGuire Twins
- Harold Nixon,Richard Nixon,Donald Nixon,Arthur Nixon,andEdward Nixon
- Alan Osmond,Wayne Osmond,Merrill Osmond,Jay OsmondandDonny Osmond,members ofThe Osmonds
- Logan PaulandJake Paul,YouTubers, internet personalities, and actors
- NeilandRonald Reagan
- Ringling brothers,circus performers, owners, and show runners
- John D. RockefellerandWilliam Rockefeller,co-founders ofStandard Oiland members of theRockefeller family
- Cornelius RooseveltandJames I. Roosevelt
- Theodore Roosevelt Jr.,Kermit Roosevelt,Archibald Bulloch Roosevelt,andQuentin Roosevelt
- James Roosevelt,Elliot Roosevelt,Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr.,andJohn Aspinwall Roosevelt
- Russo brothers,filmmakers, producers, and directors
- Daniel SedinandHenrik Sedin,professional hockey players
- Wallace ShawnandAllen Shawn,writer and composer ofThe Fever
- Bobby Shriver,Timothy Shriver,Mark Shriver,andAnthony Shriver
- Thomas "Tommy" SmothersandRichard "Dick" Smothers,performing artists known as theSmothers Brothers
- Prabowo SubiantoandHashim Djojohadikusumo,politicians
- Fred Trump Jr.,Donald Trump,andRobert Trump
- Vincent van Gogh,painter, andTheo van Gogh,art dealer
- J. J. Watt,T. J. Watt,Derek Watt,National Football League Players
- Damon Wayans,Dwayne Wayans,Keenan Ivory Wayans,Marlon Wayans,Shawn Wayans,performing artists, directors and producers
- Bob WeinsteinandHarvey Weinstein,film producers
- Andrew,Owen,andLuke Wilson,actors and sons ofLaura Wilson
- Brian Wilson,Dennis Wilson,andCarl Wilson,members ofThe Beach Boys
- Marvin Winans,Carvin Winans,Michael Winans, andRonald Winans,members ofThe Winans,singers and musicians
- Orville WrightandWilbur Wright,known as theWright brothers,pioneer aviators
- Jack Jr.,Kevin,David,Kerry,Mike,andChris Von Erich,wrestlers and sons ofFritz Von Erich
- Marshall and Ross Von Erich,wrestlers and sons of Kevin Von Erich
- Agus Harimurti YudhoyonoandEdhie Baskoro Yudhoyono,politicians
Other works about brothers
- In theBible:
- My Brother, My Brother, and Me,podcast
- Saving Private Ryan(1998), film
- Simon & Simon,television series
- Supernatural,American television series
- The Brothers Karamazov,novel
- The Wayans Bros.,television series
- Bonanza(1959–1973), television series
- In theRamayana:
- In theMahabharata:
- ThePandavas–Yudhishthira,Arjuna,Bhima,SahadevaandNakula
- TheKauravas– One hundred brothers includingDuryodhana,DushasanaandVikarna,among others
See also
References
- ^"Definition of brother in English by Oxford Dictionaries".Oxford Dictionaries.Archived fromthe originalon May 24, 2019.Retrieved2019-05-24.
- ^Mufwene, Salikoko S. For example Beau is brother to Serge as they have the exact same mother and father. "The pragmatics of kinship terms in Kituba." (1988): 441–454.
- ^Walters, Elizabeth J. (1988).Attic Grave Reliefs that Represent Women in the Dress of Isis.ASCSA. p. 47.ISBN9780876615225.
From the stele of brothers Eukarpos and Philoxenos
- ^Solmeyer, Anna; McHale, Susan; Crouter, Ann (February 2014)."Longitudinal Associations Between Sibling Relationship Qualities and Risky Behavior Across Adolescence".Developmental Psychology.50:600–610.doi:10.1037/a0033207.PMC3797172.PMID23772819.
- ^Wednesday, 18 August 2010 Anna SallehABC (August 18, 2010)."Brothers 'delay' onset of sister's periods".abc.net.au.
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:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^Carter, Claire (September 5, 2013)."Having more older brothers increases likelihood of being gay"– via telegraph.co.uk.
- ^Bereczkei, Tamas, Petra Gyuris, and Glenn E. Weisfeld. "Sexual imprinting in human mate choice." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B:Biological Sciences271.1544 (2004): 1129–1134.
- ^McCallum, Robyn. "Other selves: subjectivity and the doppelganger in Australian adolescent fiction." Writing the Australian child: Texts and contexts in fictions for children (1996)
- ^Aristotle, and W.D Ross. "The Internet Classics Archive | Nicomachean Ethics by Aristotle." The Internet Classics Archive | Nicomachean Ethics by Aristotle. Classics Archive, 2009.
- ^Rogers Victor, Kelly. "Raising Ethical Kids with Insights from Plato and Aristotle." Smartparenting. SMRT, 26 Mar. 2014. Web. 2 Dec. 2014.