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For other uses, seeBulldog Drummond (disambiguation).

First edition cover ofBulldog Drummond

Hugh"Bulldog"Drummondis a fictional character, created byH. C. McNeileand published under his pen name "Sapper". Following McNeile's death in 1937, the novels were continued byGerard Fairlie.Drummond is aFirst World Warveteran who, fed up with his sedate lifestyle, advertises looking for excitement, and becomes a gentleman adventurer. The character has appeared in novels, short stories, on the stage, in films, on radio and television, and in graphic novels.

After an unsuccessful one-off appearance as a policeman inThe Strand Magazine,the character was reworked by McNeile into a gentleman adventurer for his 1920 novelBulldog Drummond.McNeile went on to write ten Drummond novels, four short stories, four stage plays and a screenplay before his death in 1937. The stories were continued by his friendGerard Fairliebetween 1938 and 1954.

Drummond is aFirst World Warveteran, brutalised by his experiences in the trenches and bored with his post-war lifestyle. He publishes an advertisement looking for adventure, and soon finds himself embroiled in a series of exploits, many of which involve Carl Peterson—who becomes his nemesis—and Peterson's mistress, thefemme fataleIrma. After his first adventure, Drummond marries his client, Phyllis Benton. In later episodes, Benton becomes involved in Drummond's exploits, often as the victim of kidnapping by Drummond's enemies.

In 1921 an adaptation of the first novel was staged in London, withGerald du Maurierplaying the role of Drummond; the play was further adapted for the 1922 silent filmBulldog Drummond,withCarlyle Blackwellin the lead role. Several other Drummond films followed, either based on McNeile's stories or with unique storylines.

Fictional biography[edit]

"Demobilised officer,... finding peace incredibly tedious, would welcome diversion. Legitimate, if possible; but crime, if of a comparatively humorous description, no objection. Excitement essential."

Advertisement placed inThe Timesby Drummond inBulldog Drummond[1]

The Bulldog Drummond stories ofH. C. McNeilefollowCaptainHugh "Bulldog" Drummond,DSO,MC.Drummond is a member of "the Breed", a class of Englishman who were patriotic, loyal and "physically and morally intrepid".[2]Drummond is a wealthy gentleman, formerly an officer in the fictional "Royal Loamshire Regiment",who, after the First World War, spends his new-found leisure time looking for adventure. McNeile first wrote the Drummond character as a detective for a short story inThe Strand Magazine,but the portrayal was not successful and was changed for the novelBull-dog Drummond,which was athriller.[2][a]The character was an amalgam of McNeile's friendGerard Fairlie,and his idea of an English gentleman,[2]although writer J.D. Bourn disputes Fairlie's claim to be a model for the character, noting that "he was still at school when Sapper created his... hero".[4]Drummond also had roots in the literary charactersSherlock Holmes,Sexton Blake,Richard HannayandThe Scarlet Pimpernel.[5]

No man's land,where Drummond honed the skills he later used during his exploits

Drummond's wartime experience had given him a series of abilities akin to that of a hunter: stealth— "he could move over ground without a single blade of grass rustling" —and the ability to incapacitate others— "he could kill a man with his bare hands in a second".[6]During his time on theWestern Fronthe would take himself on solitary raids throughno man's land.[7]Drummond was also proficient injujutsuand bo xing, was a crack shot,[8]played cricket for theFree Foresters,and was an excellent poker player.[9]In addition to Drummond's physical attributes is his common sense, which allows him to equal and beat his opponents, even if they have a superior intellect.[10]

Drummond is characterised as large, very strong, physically unattractive and an "apparently brainless hunk of a man",[11]He is six feet tall, weighs around 14 stone,[12]and has a "cheerful type of ugliness which inspires immediate confidence in its owner".[13]Throughout his exploits, Drummond is joined by several of his ex-army friends and colleagues, including Algy Longworth (who would appear in many of the films, as Drummond's sidekick), MC; Toby Sinclair,VC;[b]Peter Darrell and Ted Jerningham.[15]Drummond's ex-batmanfrom his military days, James Denny, runs Drummond's flat onHalf-Moon StreetinMayfair,London, along with Mrs Denny. (Denny appeared as Drummond's sidekick in the radio series, a version of the character namedTennyappeared in the films)[16]Drummond is a gentleman with a private income;[7]he is also construed as "a brutalized ex-officer whose thirst for excitement is also an attempt to reenact [sic] the war ",[17]although the character was later described byCecil Day-Lewis,author of gentleman detectiveNigel Strangeways,as an "unspeakable public school bully".[18]

The novelBulldog Drummondbegins when Drummond places an advertisement in a newspaper looking for adventure to lift the ennui of his life in post-war London. The response comes from Phyllis Benton, who is concerned for the health and well-being of her father, over whom Henry Lakington and Carl Peterson have a hold. At the end of the novel Drummond and Phyllis marry, and remain married throughout the course of the McNeile and Fairlie series of books, in contrast to the films, which generally portray Drummond as unmarried.[19]Phyllis becomes integral to the plot of some of the novels: she is kidnapped by Irma Peterson in several stories,[20]includingThe Black Gang[21]andThe Female of the Species.[22]

In the matter of his personal tastes, Drummond is a member of the fictional Junior Sports Club, agentleman's clubonSt. James's Square,London.[23]His preferred drink is beer[24]although he also enjoys drinking martinis and is knowledgeable about wines.[25]Drummond owns both aRolls-Royceand aBentley.[16]

Although Drummond's actions are intended to maintain the conservative status quo of Britain,[2]academic Hans Bertens considers that instead, he comes across as "a murderous exponent of a fierce competitive individualism".[26]

Carl and Irma Peterson[edit]

The first four books deal with Drummond against Carl Peterson, who becomes Drummond'sarch-enemy.Peterson is also a master of disguise and uses several aliases. Peterson is killed in the fourth book,The Final Count,[27]although Fairlie brings him back for his final novel,The Return of the Black Gang.[28]Drummond forms a grudging respect for Peterson, and offers an honourable duel to the death at the end ofThe Third Round,instead of the usual summary justice that normally befalls members of Peterson's gang.[29]The writer Richard Usborne sees the mass-murdering terrorist Peterson as "quite a sympathetic character. Almost, in fact, a hero",[30]and wrote that "authors... fall in love with their big villains... Sapper came to love Carl Peterson dearly, and so did Drummond".[31]

The title of the fifth Drummond book,The Female of the Speciesrefers toRudyard Kipling's line "the female of the species is more deadly than the male".[22]Irma is described by Jonathon Green as "the slinky epitome of a twenties 'vamp'",[32]and by Lawrence Treadwell as dark, sexy and from an oriental background, "a truefemme fatale".[33]After Carl Peterson's death inThe Final Count,Irma swears revenge on Drummond and kidnaps his wife—whom he had met inBulldog Drummond—with the intent of killing him in the ensuing chase.[29]Irma Peterson appears in six of McNeile's books, and in a further five by Fairlie.[33][c]

Works[edit]

Novels[edit]

Cover ofThe Black Gang,the second Drummond novel

All were published throughHodder & Stoughton.

Title Author Date Length
(first edition) 		Refs.
Bull-Dog Drummond H. C. McNeile 1920 320 pp [34][35]
The Black Gang H. C. McNeile 1922 318 pp [36][37]
The Third Round H. C. McNeile 1924 320 pp [38][39]
The Final Count H. C. McNeile 1926 319 pp [40][41]
The Female of the Species H. C. McNeile 1928 312 pp [42][43]
Temple Tower H. C. McNeile 1929 320 pp [44][45]
The Return of Bulldog Drummond H. C. McNeile 1932 316 pp [46][47]
Knock-Out H. C. McNeile 1933 317 pp [48][49]
Bulldog Drummond at Bay H. C. McNeile 1935 310 pp [50][51]
Challenge H. C. McNeile 1937 311 pp [52][53]
Bulldog Drummond on Dartmoor Gerard Fairlie 1938 254 pp [54][55]
Bulldog Drummond Attacks Gerard Fairlie 1939 287 pp [56][57]
Captain Bulldog Drummond Gerard Fairlie 1945 256 pp [58][59]
Bulldog Drummond Stands Fast Gerard Fairlie 1947 319 pp [60][61]
Hands Off Bulldog Drummond Gerard Fairlie 1949 271 pp [62][63]
Calling Bulldog Drummond Gerard Fairlie 1951 255 pp [64][65]
The Return of the Black Gang Gerard Fairlie 1954 192 pp [66][67]
Deadlier Than the Male Henry Reymond[d] 1967 192 pp [68]
Some Girls Do Henry Reymond[e] 1969 192 pp [69]

Drummond has also appeared in other works. In 1983 Jack Smithers wrote the spoofCombined Forces,[70][f]and in 1990Kim Newman—under the name Jack Yeovil—wrote the short story "Pitbull Brittan", which features Drummond.[71]

Short stories[edit]

These short stories are all by McNeile, and are collected in the 1984 publication'Sapper' The Best Short Storiesedited by Jack Adrian.

Title Date Earliest publication Refs.
"The Mystery Tour" February 1937 The Strand Magazine [72]
"The Lonely Inn" August 1937 The Strand Magazine [12]
"The Oriental Mind" October 1937 The Strand Magazine [73]
"Wheels Within Wheels" November 1937 The Strand Magazine [73]
"Thirteen Lead Soldiers" December 1937 The Strand Magazine [74]
Gerald du Maurier,who first portrayed Drummond on stage in 1921

Stage[edit]

McNeile andGerald du Maurieradapted the first novel, for the stage;Bulldog Drummondwas shown atWyndham's Theatreduring the 1921–22 season. Du Maurier played the title role[75]in a run of 428 performances.[76]Du Maurier again played the role on 8 November 1932 in a special charity performance at theRoyal Adelphi Theatreattended by KingGeorge V.[77]The play also ran in New York during the same season, withA. E. Matthewsas Drummond.[76]McNeile also wroteThe Way Out,which was staged at theComedy Theatre,London in January 1930 withIan Hunteras Drummond.[78][77]A third Drummond play,Bulldog Drummond Hits Out,was co-written by McNeile and Fairlie. It went on a tour of the UK in 1937 withHenry Edwardsas Drummond, and opened on 21 December 1937 at theSavoy Theatre,London, where it had a short run.[78][79]Fairlie later turned the storyline into the novelBulldog Drummond on Dartmoor,published in 1938.[55]

In 1974 the playBullshot Crummond,by Ron House, was staged with Alan Shearman as Crummond.[80]The play was subsequently made into the 1983 filmBullshot.

Film[edit]

Poster for the 1922 filmBulldog Drummond,based on McNeile's play of the same name
Title Release Drummond Director Distributor Refs.
Bulldog Drummond 1922 Carlyle Blackwell Oscar Apfel Hodkinson [81]
The Third Round 1925 Jack Buchanan Sidney Morgan [82]
Captain Swagger 1928 Rod La Rocque Edward H. Griffith Pathe Exchange source
Bulldog Drummond 1929 Ronald Colman F. Richard Jones United Artists [83]
Temple Tower 1930 Kenneth MacKenna Donald Gallaher Fox Film Corporation [84]
The Return of Bulldog Drummond 1934 Ralph Richardson Walter Summers Wardour Films [85]
Bulldog Drummond Strikes Back Ronald Colman Roy Del Ruth United Artists [86]
Bulldog Jack[g] 1935 Atholl Fleming Walter Forde Gaumont British [87]
Bulldog Drummond Escapes 1937 Ray Milland James P. Hogan Paramount Pictures [88]
Bulldog Drummond at Bay John Lodge Norman Lee Wardour Films [89]
Bulldog Drummond Comes Back John Howard Louis King Paramount Pictures [90]
Bulldog Drummond's Revenge John Howard Louis King Paramount Pictures [91]
Bulldog Drummond's Peril 1938 John Howard James P. Hogan Paramount Pictures [92]
Bulldog Drummond in Africa John Howard Louis King Paramount Pictures [93]
Arrest Bulldog Drummond John Howard James P. Hogan Paramount Pictures [94]
Bulldog Drummond's Secret Police 1939 John Howard James P. Hogan Paramount Pictures [95]
Bulldog Drummond's Bride John Howard James P. Hogan Paramount Pictures [96]
Bulldog Drummond at Bay 1947 Ron Randell Sidney Salkow Columbia Pictures [97]
Bulldog Drummond Strikes Back Ron Randell Roy Del Ruth Columbia Pictures [98]
The Challenge 1948 Tom Conway Jean Yarbrough 20th Century-Fox [99]
13 Lead Soldiers Tom Conway Frank McDonald 20th Century-Fox [100]
Calling Bulldog Drummond 1951 Walter Pidgeon Victor Saville MGM [101]
Deadlier Than the Male 1967 Richard Johnson Ralph Thomas The Rank Organisation [102]
Some Girls Do 1969 Richard Johnson Ralph Thomas The Rank Organisation [103]

In 1933Alfred Hitchcockwas set to direct a Bulldog Drummond film[104]with a screenplay byCharles BennettentitledBulldog Drummond's Baby.The rights to the character of Drummond were then held byBritish International Pictures,who would not sell the rights to use the characters for Bennett's screenplay. Bennett and Hitchcock turned the film intoThe Man Who Knew Too Muchwithout Drummond.[105]

Radio[edit]

Main article:Bulldog Drummond (radio program)

ABulldog Drummondradio seriesran on theMutual Broadcasting Systemfrom 13 April 1941 to 12 January 1949. An attempt was made at a revival between 3 January and 28 March 1954. Drummond was initially portrayed byGeorge Coulouris,before being taken over bySantos Ortegaand Ned Wever after 1942;Cedric Hardwicketook over in 1954.[106]

Television[edit]

A 30-minute episode ofDouglas Fairbanks Presentsfeatured Drummond in "The Ludlow Affair", first broadcast on UK television on 16 December 1956. Drummond was played byRobert Beatty;he was aided by Kelly, played byMichael Ripper.[107]A 1973BBCdocumentaryOmnibus,"The British Hero", featuredChristopher Cazenoveplaying Drummond, as well as a number of other such heroic characters, includingRichard Hannay,Beau Gesteand James Bond.[108]

Graphic novels[edit]

Adaptations of the first and fourth novels appeared in Super Detective Library #3 and #13 respectively. In 2004Moonstone Booksreleased aBulldog Drummondcomic book written byWilliam Messner-Loebsand illustrated by Brett Barkley,[109]while inThe League of Extraordinary Gentlemen: Black Dossier,written byAlan Mooreand illustrated byKevin O'Neill,a thinly disguised, elderly version of Drummond, called "Hugo Drummond", is one of the three Secret Service agents tasked to hunt down the heroes of the piece.[110]

Reception[edit]

The Drummond series proved popular with contemporary audiences, withBulldog Drummondselling 396,302 copies between 1920 and 1939, exceeding the 100,000-copy benchmark for "best-sellers".[111]At his peak in the 1920s, McNeile was the highest-paid short-story writer in the world,[112]and it was estimated that in the last five years of his life he was earning around £10,000 a year (approximately equivalent to £815,048 in 2023);[113]theDaily Mirrorestimated that during his writing career he had earned £85,000.[114]

When reviewingBulldog Drummond Strikes Back[h]forThe New York Times,the critic observed that "if you like a good knock-down-and-drag-out yarn with excitement and violence on nearly every page, you can't go wrong on Bulldog Drummond";[116]for the novelBulldog Drummond at Bay,the reviewer considered that "as a piece of fictional melodrama, the book is first rate".[117]In the British market,The Times Literary Supplementalso characterised McNeile as a mass-market thriller writer, which contrasted with its consideration of his earlier works.[118]

Throughout the Drummond stories, much of the language used by McNeile's characters relating to ethnic minorities or Jews is considered by the academic Joan DelFattore to be "intensely conservative by modern standards";[2]Green observes that while the characters of other contemporary writers, such asAgatha Christie,"exhibit the inevitablexenophobiaandanti-semitismof the period, McNeile's go far beyond the 'polite' norms ".[32]J.D. Bourn considers his language to be "rather distasteful",[119]while the academicMichael Denningobserved that "Drummond is a bundle of chauvinisms, hating Jews, Germans, and most other foreigners".[120]The author and publisherIon Trewincomments that for the readers of the 1920s and '30s, McNeile was seen at the time as "simply an upstanding Tory who spoke for many of his countrymen".[122]

Influence[edit]

Drummond later became a model for other literary characters created in the 1940s and '50s:[5]W. E. Johnsused McNeile's work as a model for his characterBiggles,[123]whileIan Flemingstated thatJames Bondwas "Sapper from the waist up andMickey Spillanebelow ".[32]

Notes and references[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^The novel was first published asBull-Dog Drummond,with a hyphen, but was later changed toBulldog.[3]
  2. ^The VC is "a good one", according to Drummond.[14]
  3. ^The six Drummond novels with Irma Peterson are:Bulldog Drummond(1920),The Black Gang(1922),The Third Round(1924),The Final Count(1926),The Female of the Species(1928) andThe Return of Bulldog Drummond(1932).[33]
  4. ^From the screenplay by Jimmy Sangster, David Osborne, and Liz Charles-Williams.[68]
  5. ^From the screenplay by David Osborne and Liz Charles-Williams.[69]
  6. ^Subtitledbeing the latter-day adventures of Maj-Gen Sir Richard Hannay, Captain Hugh 'Bulldog' Drummond and Berry and Co.
  7. ^Screenplay was by McNeile, Fairlie,J.O.C. OrtonandSidney Gilliat.[87]
  8. ^The novel was first published in the UK under the titleKnock-Outand had been renamedBulldog Drummond Strikes Backfor the US market.[115]

References[edit]

  1. ^McNeile 1920,p. 25.
  2. ^abcdeDelFattore 1988,p. 223.
  3. ^ "Bulldog Drummond".Encyclopædia Britannica.Retrieved29 October2013.
  4. ^Bourn 1990,p. 31.
  5. ^abPanek 1981,p. 78.
  6. ^McNeile 1920,p. 104.
  7. ^abJaillant 2011,p. 153.
  8. ^Bourn 1990,p. 28.
  9. ^Usborne 1983,p. 134.
  10. ^Bertens 1990,p. 60.
  11. ^Usborne 1983,p. 150.
  12. ^abTreadwell 2001,p. 54.
  13. ^McNeile 1920,p. 26.
  14. ^McNeile 1920,p. 127.
  15. ^Treadwell 2001,p. 55.
  16. ^abTreadwell 2001,p. 56.
  17. ^Jaillant 2011,p. 138.
  18. ^Watson 1971,p. 69.
  19. ^Treadwell 2001,pp. 12–13.
  20. ^Treadwell 2001,p. 57.
  21. ^Treadwell 2001,p. 15.
  22. ^abTreadwell 2001,p. 65.
  23. ^Treadwell 2001,p. 93.
  24. ^Bourn 1990,p. 27.
  25. ^Watson 1971,p. 212.
  26. ^Bertens 1990,p. 67.
  27. ^Treadwell 2001,p. 131.
  28. ^Treadwell 2001,p. 139.
  29. ^abDelFattore 1988,p. 225.
  30. ^Usborne 1983,p. 166.
  31. ^Usborne 1983,p. 167.
  32. ^abcGreen 2004.
  33. ^abcTreadwell 2001,p. 132.
  34. ^ "Bull-Dog Drummond".WorldCat.Retrieved10 August2013.
  35. ^Treadwell 2001,pp. 21–22.
  36. ^ "The Black Gang".British Library catalogue.London:British Library.Retrieved10 August2013.
  37. ^Treadwell 2001,pp. 14–15.
  38. ^ "The Third Round".British Library catalogue.London:British Library.Retrieved10 August2013.
  39. ^Treadwell 2001,pp. 159–160.
  40. ^ "The Final Count".British Library catalogue.London:British Library.Retrieved10 August2013.
  41. ^Treadwell 2001,pp. 66–67.
  42. ^ "The Female of the Species".British Library catalogue.London:British Library.Retrieved10 August2013.
  43. ^Treadwell 2001,pp. 65–66.
  44. ^ "Temple Tower".British Library catalogue.London:British Library.Retrieved10 August2013.
  45. ^Treadwell 2001,pp. 157–158.
  46. ^ "The Return of Bulldog Drummond".British Library catalogue.London:British Library.Retrieved10 August2013.
  47. ^Treadwell 2001,pp. 138–139.
  48. ^ "Knock-Out".British Library catalogue.London:British Library.Retrieved10 August2013.
  49. ^Treadwell 2001,pp. 94–95.
  50. ^ "Bulldog Drummond at Bay".British Library catalogue.London:British Library.Retrieved10 August2013.
  51. ^Treadwell 2001,pp. 23–24.
  52. ^ "Challenge. A Bulldog Drummond novel".British Library catalogue.London:British Library.Retrieved10 August2013.
  53. ^Treadwell 2001,pp. 37–38.
  54. ^ "Bulldog Drummond on Dartmoor".British Library catalogue.London:British Library.Retrieved10 August2013.
  55. ^abTreadwell 2001,pp. 27–28.
  56. ^ "Bulldog Drummond Attacks".British Library catalogue.London:British Library.Retrieved10 August2013.
  57. ^Treadwell 2001,pp. 25–26.
  58. ^ "Captain Bulldog Drummond".WorldCat.Retrieved10 August2013.
  59. ^Treadwell 2001,pp. 34–35.
  60. ^ "Bulldog Drummond Stands Fast".British Library catalogue.London:British Library.Retrieved10 August2013.
  61. ^Treadwell 2001,pp. 28–29.
  62. ^ "Hands Off Bulldog Drummond".British Library catalogue.London:British Library.Retrieved10 August2013.
  63. ^Treadwell 2001,pp. 79–80.
  64. ^ "Calling Bulldog Drummond".British Library catalogue.London:British Library.Retrieved10 August2013.
  65. ^Treadwell 2001,p. 33.
  66. ^ "The Return of the Black Gang".British Library catalogue.London:British Library.Retrieved10 August2013.
  67. ^Treadwell 2001,pp. 139–140.
  68. ^ab "Deadlier than the Male".British Library catalogue.London:British Library.Retrieved24 August2013.
  69. ^ab "Some Girls Do".British Library catalogue.London:British Library.Retrieved24 August2013.
  70. ^ "Combined forces".British Library catalogue.London:British Library.Retrieved24 August2013.
  71. ^Hardy 1997,p. 117.
  72. ^Treadwell 2001,p. 121.
  73. ^abTreadwell 2001,p. 125.
  74. ^Treadwell 2001,p. 160.
  75. ^DelFattore 1988,p. 224.
  76. ^abTreadwell 2001,p. 23.
  77. ^abTreadwell 2001,p. 182.
  78. ^abDelFattore 1988,p. 226.
  79. ^Treadwell 2001,pp. 26–27.
  80. ^Johns 1974,p. 99.
  81. ^ "Bulldog Drummond – Het Geheimzinnige Sanatorium (1922)".Film & TV Database.British Film Institute.Archived fromthe originalon 6 February 2009.Retrieved24 August2013.
  82. ^ "The Third Round (1925)".Film & TV Database.British Film Institute.Archived fromthe originalon 14 January 2009.Retrieved24 August2013.
  83. ^ "Bulldog Drummond (1929)".Film & TV Database.British Film Institute.Archived fromthe originalon 5 February 2009.Retrieved24 August2013.
  84. ^ "Temple Tower".AFI Catalog.American Film Institute.Retrieved24 August2013.
  85. ^ "The Return of Bulldog Drummond (1934)".Film & TV Database.British Film Institute.Archived fromthe originalon 14 January 2009.Retrieved24 August2013.
  86. ^ "Bulldog Drummond Strikes Back (1934)".Film & TV Database.British Film Institute.Archived fromthe originalon 21 January 2009.Retrieved24 August2013.
  87. ^ab "Bulldog Jack (1935)".Film & TV Database.British Film Institute.Archived fromthe originalon 16 January 2009.Retrieved24 August2013.
  88. ^ "Bulldog Drummond Escapes (1937)".Film & TV Database.British Film Institute.Archived fromthe originalon 5 February 2009.Retrieved24 August2013.
  89. ^ "Bulldog Drummond at Bay (1937)".Film & TV Database.British Film Institute.Archived fromthe originalon 13 January 2009.Retrieved24 August2013.
  90. ^ "Bulldog Drummond Comes Back (1937)".Film & TV Database.British Film Institute.Archived fromthe originalon 6 February 2009.Retrieved24 August2013.
  91. ^ "Bulldog Drummond's Revenge (1938)".Film & TV Database.British Film Institute.Archived fromthe originalon 6 February 2009.Retrieved24 August2013.
  92. ^ "Bulldog Drummond's Peril (1938)".Film & TV Database.British Film Institute.Archived fromthe originalon 6 February 2009.Retrieved24 August2013.
  93. ^ "Bulldog Drummond in Africa (1938)".Film & TV Database.British Film Institute.Archived fromthe originalon 18 January 2009.Retrieved24 August2013.
  94. ^ "Arrest Bulldog Drummond (1938)".Film & TV Database.British Film Institute.Archived fromthe originalon 17 January 2009.Retrieved24 August2013.
  95. ^ "Bulldog Drummond's Secret Police (1939)".Film & TV Database.British Film Institute.Archived fromthe originalon 6 February 2009.Retrieved24 August2013.
  96. ^ "Bulldog Drummond's Bride (1939)".Film & TV Database.British Film Institute.Archived fromthe originalon 13 January 2009.Retrieved24 August2013.
  97. ^ "Bulldog Drummond at Bay (1947)".Film & TV Database.British Film Institute.Archived fromthe originalon 5 February 2009.Retrieved24 August2013.
  98. ^ "Bulldog Drummond Strikes Back (1947)".Film & TV Database.British Film Institute.Archived fromthe originalon 21 January 2009.Retrieved24 August2013.
  99. ^ "the Challenge (1948)".Film & TV Database.British Film Institute.Archived fromthe originalon 15 January 2009.Retrieved24 August2013.
  100. ^ "13 Lead Soldiers (1948)".Film & TV Database.British Film Institute.Archived fromthe originalon 15 January 2009.Retrieved24 August2013.
  101. ^ "Calling Bulldog Drummond (1951)".Film & TV Database.British Film Institute.Archived fromthe originalon 15 January 2009.Retrieved24 August2013.
  102. ^ "Deadlier Than the Male (1966)".Film & TV Database.British Film Institute.Archived fromthe originalon 15 January 2009.Retrieved24 August2013.
  103. ^ "Some Girls Do (1969)".Film & TV Database.British Film Institute.Archived fromthe originalon 14 January 2009.Retrieved24 August2013.
  104. ^British Film ProductionThe Times1 February 1933
  105. ^Chandler, Charlotte (2008).It's Only a Movie: Alfred Hitchcock A Personal Biography,Simon and Schuster,[ISBN missing]
  106. ^Dunning 1998,p. 123.
  107. ^ "Douglas Fairbanks Jr. Presents: The Ludlow Affair (1956)".Film & TV Database.British Film Institute.Archived fromthe originalon 15 January 2009.Retrieved24 August2013.
  108. ^Radio Times:74–79. 6–12 October 1973.{{cite journal}}:Missing or empty|title=(help)
  109. ^"Bulldog Drummond: War Games".Moonstone Books.Archived fromthe originalon 4 March 2016.Retrieved26 August2013.
  110. ^ "The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen: Black Dossier".Publishers WeeklyReviews.3 December 2007. p. 55.
  111. ^Meyer 2007,p. 122.
  112. ^ Fowler, Christopher(1 April 2012)."Invisible Ink: No 117 – Sexton Blake and Bulldog Drummond".The Independent on Sunday.London. p. 66.
  113. ^ "War Made 'Sapper' a Writer".The Sunday Times.London. 15 August 1937. p. 17.
  114. ^ "Sapper's Books Made £85,000".Daily Mirror.London. 16 August 1937. p. 19.
  115. ^DelFattore 1988,pp. 221–222.
  116. ^ "New Mystery Stories".The New York Times.New York. 11 June 1933.
  117. ^ "New Mystery Stories".The New York Times.New York. 10 March 1935.
  118. ^Jaillant 2011,p. 158.
  119. ^Bourn 1990,p. 26.
  120. ^Denning 1987,p. 55.
  121. ^Jaillant 2011,p. 163.
  122. ^McNeile & Trewin 1983,p. xi: as quoted in[121]
  123. ^Sutherland 2012,p. 142.

Sources[edit]

External links[edit]

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