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Bumin Qaghan

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Bumin Qaghan
A line dedicated to Bumin Qaghan in theOngin inscription.
Qaghanof theFirst Turkic Khaganate
Reign552
Coronation552 inAltai Mountains[1]
SuccessorIssik Qaghan
Died552
SpousePrincess Changle
IssueIssik Qaghan

Muqan Qaghan Taspar Qaghan

Böri Qaghan
Names
Bumin Qaghan
Ellig Qaghan
HouseAshina Clan
FatherAshina Tuwu
ReligionTengrism

Bumin Qaghan(Old Turkic:𐰉𐰆𐰢𐰣:𐰴𐰍𐰣,romanized:Bumïn qaγan,[2]also known asIllig Qaghan(Chinese:Y lợi Khả Hãn,Pinyin:Yīlì Kèhán,Wade–Giles:i-li k'o-han) orYamï Qaghan[a](Old Turkic:𐰖𐰢𐰃:𐰴𐰍𐰣,romanized:Yаmï qaγan,died 552 AD) was the founder of theTurkic Khaganate.He was the eldest son ofAshina Tuwu( phun vụ / phun vụ ).[7]He was the chieftain of the Turks under the sovereignty ofRouran Khaganate.[8][9][10][11]He is also mentioned asTumen(Thổ môn,Phun môn,commander of ten thousand[12]) of the Rouran Khaganate.[13]

Early life and reign[edit]

According toHistory of Northern DynastiesandZizhi Tong gian,in 545 Tumen's tribe started to rise and frequently invaded the western frontier ofWei.ThechancellorofWestern Wei,Yuwen Tai,sentAn Nuopanto( an nặc lởm chởm, Nanai-Banda, aSogdianfromBukhara,[14]) as an emissary to the Göktürk chieftain Tumen, in an attempt to establish a commercial relationship.[15][16]In 546, Tumen paid tribute to the Western Wei state.[16]In that same year, Tumen put down a revolt of theTiele tribesagainst the Rouran Khaganate, their overlords.[16]Following this, Tumen felt entitled to request of the Rouran a princess as his wife. The Rouran khagan,Anagui,sent a message refusing this request and adding: "You are my blacksmith slave. How dare you utter these words?" Bumin got angry, killed Anagui's emissary, and severed relations with the Rouran Khaganate.[15][17][18][19]Anagui's "blacksmith" (RènNô/ rèn nô, Pinyin: duàn nú, Wade–Giles: tuan-nu) insult was recorded in Chinese chronicles. Some sources state that members of the Turks (referred as "Tujue" in Chinese sources) did serve as blacksmiths for the Rouran elite,[8][9][10][11]and that "blacksmith slavery" may refer to a kind of vassalage that prevailed in Rouran society.[20]Nevertheless, after this incident Bumin emerged as the leader of the revolt against Rouran.

Gokturk khaganate.

In 551, Bumin requested a Western Wei princess in marriage. Yuwen Tai permitted it and sentPrincess Changle( Trường Nhạc công chúa )of Western Wei to Bumin.[15][17][18]In the same year whenEmperor Wen of Western Weidied, Bumin sent mission and gave two hundred horses.[15][17]

The beginning of formal diplomatic relations with China propped up Bumin's authority among the Turks. He eventually united the local Turkic tribes and threw off the yoke of theRourandomination. In 552 Bumin's army defeated Anagui's forces at the north ofHuaihuangand then Anagui committed suicide.[17]With their defeat Bumin proclaimed himself "Illig Qaghan"and made his wifeqaghatun.[17]"Illig" meansIlkhan(i.e. ruler of people) inOld Turkic.[21]According to theBilge Qaghan's memorial complexand theKul Tigin's memorial complex,Bumin andIstemiruled people by Turkic laws and they developed them.[2][22]

Death and family[edit]

Bumin died within several months after proclaiming himself Illig Qaghan. He was married to Princess Changle ofWestern Wei.

Issue:

Legacy[edit]

He was succeeded by his younger brotherIstemi[26]in the western part and by his sonIssik Qaghanin the eastern part. In less than one century, his khaganate expanded to comprise most ofCentral Asia.

Notes[edit]

  1. ^Yamï Qağanon the Ongin inscription is often identified asQǐmín KěhànKhải dân Khả Hãn (r. 603–609 or 599–614) of theEastern Turkic Khaganate[3]W. Radloff identifies Yiamy kagan as Bumyn kagan, basing on similarities of letters "b" and "y" (H.N.Orkhun); Bumyn kagan (S.E Malov),[4]G.Aidarov,[5]Yamï qaγan (T.Tekin),[6]Yamï qaγan (L.Bold), according I. Markwart, Yiamy kagan is Bumyn/Tumen.

References[edit]

  1. ^ Bauer, Susan Wise (2010).The History of the Medieval World: From the Conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade.W. W. Norton & Company.p. 238.ISBN978-0-393-05975-5.
  2. ^ab"Kultegin's Memorial Complex, TÜRIK BITIG".
  3. ^Baumer'sHistory of Central Asia(2016), p 324.
  4. ^S.E. Malov Onginsky monument; Monuments of ancient Türkic writing of Mongolia, Kyrgyzstan, M., L., 1959, p. 7-11
  5. ^G. Aydarov On the language of the Kutlug Kagan monument; News of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR, Series of social sciences, 1963, issue-6. p. 81-88
  6. ^Orhun H.N. Eski turk yazitlarі. Turk Tarih Kurumu basimevi, Ankara, 1986, p.127-132
  7. ^Ouyang Xiuet al.,New Book of Tang,Cilt 215-II(in Chinese)
  8. ^abMã trường thọ, 《 người Đột Quyết cùng Đột Quyết hãn quốc 》, Thượng Hải nhân dân nhà xuất bản, 1957, (Ma Zhangshou,Tujue ve Tujue Khaganate), pp. 10-11.(in Chinese)
  9. ^abTrần phong tường, dư anh khi, 《 Trung Quốc lịch sử tổng quát 》, năm nam sách báo xuất bản cổ phần công ty hữu hạn, 2002,ISBN978-957-11-2881-8(Chen Fengxiang, Yu Yingshi,General history of China), p. 155.(in Chinese)
  10. ^abGao Yang, "The Origin of the Turks and the Turkish Khanate",X. Türk Tarih Kongresi: Ankara 22 - 26 Eylül 1986, Kongreye Sunulan Bildiriler,V. Cilt, Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1991, s. 731.Kenan Matbaası. 1986.ISBN9789751604033.
  11. ^abBurhan Oğuz,Türkiye halkının kültür kökenleri: Giriş, beslenme teknikleri,İstanbul Matbaası, 1976, p. 147.«Demirci köle» olmaktan kurtulup reisleri Bumin'e(in Turkish)
  12. ^"Tumen" is used for expressing 10,000 and "Bum" is used for expressing 100,000 inSecret History of the Mongols,Larry Moses, "Legend by the numbers: The Symbolism of Numbers in the 'Secret History of the Mongols'",Asian folklore studies,Vol. 55-56, Nanzan University Institute of Anthropology, 1996, p. 95.
  13. ^Beckwith, Christopher I.(16 March 2009).Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present.Princeton University Press.pp. 387, 390.ISBN978-0691135892.Retrieved30 May2015.
  14. ^Shing Müller, "Sogdian in China um 600 n. Chr. Archäologische Zeugnisse eines Lebens zwischen Assimilation und Identitätsbewahrung", NOAG, Vol. 183-184, 2008.p. 123.(in German)
  15. ^abcdLi Yanshou ( Lý duyên thọ ),History of Northern Dynasties,Vol. 99.(in Chinese)
  16. ^abcSima Guang,Zizhi Tong gian,Vol. 159.(in Chinese)
  17. ^abcdeLinghu Defenet al.,Book of Zhou,Vol. 50.(in Chinese)
  18. ^abSima Guang,Zizhi Tong gian,Vol. 164.(in Chinese)
  19. ^Christopher I. Beckwith,Empires of the Silk Road: a history of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the present,Princeton University Press, 2009,ISBN978-0-691-13589-2,p. 9.
  20. ^Larry W. Moses, "Relations with the Inner Asian Barbarian", ed.John Curtis Perry,Bardwell L. Smith,Essays on Tʻang society: the interplay of social, political and economic forces,Brill Archive, 1976,ISBN978-90-04-04761-7,p. 65.Slave' probably meant vassalage to the Juan Juan confederation of Mongolia, whom they served in battle by providing iron weapons, and also marching with qaghan's armies.
  21. ^Talat Tekin, (1968),A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic,p. 58
  22. ^"Bilge kagan's Memorial Complex, TÜRIK BITIG".
  23. ^Linghu, Defen.Book of Zhou.p. 33.
  24. ^Alyılmaz, Cengiz (2003)."Bugut Yazıtı ve Anıt Mezar Külliyesi Üzerine".Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi.1(13): 11–21.
  25. ^abBắc sử / cuốn 099 - duy cơ kho sách, tự do thư viện.zh.wikisource.org(in Chinese).Retrieved2018-07-26.
  26. ^Michalis N. Michael; Matthias Kappler; Eftihios Gavriel (2009).Archivum Ottomanicum.Mouton. pp. 68, 69.ISBN9783447058995.
Bumin Qaghan
Preceded by
none
 Qaghanof theFirst Turkic Khaganate
552 		Succeeded by
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