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Bundibugyo ebolavirus

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Bundibugyo ebolavirus
Virus classificationEdit this classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Negarnaviricota
Class: Monjiviricetes
Order: Mononegavirales
Family: Filoviridae
Genus: Ebolavirus
Species:
Bundibugyo ebolavirus
Member virus

Bundibugyo virus(BDBV)

The speciesBundibugyo ebolavirus(/ˌbʊndiˈbʊdʒɔː/BUUN-dee-BUUJ-aw)[1]is the taxonomic home of one virus,Bundibugyo virus(BDBV), that forms filamentous virions and is closely related to the infamousEbola virus(EBOV). The virus causes severediseaseinhumansin the form ofviral hemorrhagic feverand is aSelect agent,[2]World Health OrganizationRisk Group 4 Pathogen (requiringBiosafety Level 4-equivalent containment),[3]National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesCategory A Priority Pathogen,[4]Centers for Disease Control and PreventionCategory A Bioterrorism Agent,[5]and is listed as a Biological Agent for Export Control by theAustralia Group.[6]

Use of term

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The speciesBundibugyo ebolavirusis a virological taxon (i.e. a man-made concept) that was suggested in 2008 to be included in the genusEbolavirus,familyFiloviridae,orderMononegavirales.[7]The species has a singlevirusmember, Bundibugyo virus (BDBV).[1]The members of the species are called Bundibugyo ebolaviruses.[1]The nameBundibugyo ebolavirusis derived fromBundibugyo(the name of the chief town of theUgandanBundibugyo District,where Bundibugyo virus was first discovered) and thetaxonomicsuffixebolavirus(which denotes an ebolavirus species).[1]

Bundibugyo virus (abbreviated BDBV) was first described in 2008 as a single member of a suggested newspeciesBundibugyo ebolavirus,which was suggested to be included into thegenusEbolavirus,familyFiloviridae,orderMononegavirales.[8]

According to the rules for taxon naming established by theInternational Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses(ICTV), the nameBundibugyo ebolavirusis always to becapitalized,italicized,never abbreviated, and to be preceded by the word "species". The names of its members (Bundibugyo ebolaviruses) are to be capitalized, are not italicized, and used withoutarticles.[1]A formal proposal to accept this species into virus taxonomy was submitted in 2010[9]and was accepted by the ICTV in 2011.[10]

Species inclusion criteria

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A virus of the genusEbolavirusis a member of the speciesBundibugyo ebolavirusif:[1]

  • it is endemic in Uganda
  • it has a genome with three gene overlaps (VP35/VP40,GP/VP30,VP24/L)
  • it has a genomic sequence different fromEbola virusby ≥30%, but different from that of Bundibugyo virus by <30%

A virus of the speciesBundibugyo ebolavirusis a Bundibugyo virus if it has the properties of Bundibugyo ebolaviruses and if itsgenomediverges from that of the prototype Bundibugyo ebolavirus, Bundibugyo virus variant #811250 (BDBV/#811250), by ≤10% at thenucleotidelevel.[1]

Previous designations

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Bundibugyo virus was first introduced as Bundibugyo ebolavirus in 2008, albeit without differentiating this name from the suggested speciesBundibugyo ebolavirus.[8]Another name introduced at the same time was Uganda ebolavirus.[11]Later publications also referred to the virus as a novel "strain" ofEbola virus[12]or as Bundibugyo Ebola virus.[13]The abbreviations BEBOV (for Bundibugyo ebolavirus) and UEBOV (for Uganda ebolavirus)[11]were briefly used before BDBV was established as the abbreviation for Bundibugyo virus.[1]

Disease

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BDBV is one of four ebolaviruses that causesEbola virus disease(EVD) in humans (in the literature also often referred to as Ebola hemorrhagic fever, EHF). EVD due to BDBV infection cannot be differentiated from EVD caused by other ebolaviruses by clinical observation alone,[12][13]which is why the clinical presentation and pathology of infections by all ebolaviruses is presented together on a separate page (seeEbola virus disease). BDBV made its first appearance on August 1 of 2007, when aviral hemorrhagic feveroutbreak began in the Bundibugyo and Kikyo townships ofBundibugyo Districtin westernUganda.Blood samples from suspect cases were sent to the USCenters for Disease Control and Prevention,where the presence of an ebolavirus was confirmed on November 29, 2007. In depth analysis revealed that the present ebolavirus was a relative, but not identical, to the other four ebolaviruses known at the time.[8][12]The outbreak was declared over on February 20, 2008.[12]

A second outbreak was reported by theWHOAugust 17, 2012 suspected to have infected 15 and killed 10 including 3 health care workers in Isiro, Pawa and Dungu, Province Orientale, DRC.[14]2 of the cases have been confirmed to be BDBV.[15]It is reported that bushmeat was the source.[16]By Sept 3, theWHOreported that the number of cases had risen to 28, with 8 confirmed, 6 probable and 14 suspected, including 14 deaths,[17]and as of 12 September, it had spread to Viadana and a total of "41 cases (9 laboratory confirmed, and 32 probable) have been reported from Haut-Uélé district in Province Orientale. Of these cases, 18 have been fatal. (5 confirmed and 13 probable). 18 healthcare workers are included among the probable cases. 28 suspected cases have also been reported and are being investigated.".[18]In a press release, the Democratic Republic of Congo announced a final tally of 77 cases (36 confirmed, 17 probable and 24 suspect) with 36 deaths.[19]

Ebola virus disease(EVD) outbreaks due to Bundibugyo virus (BDBV) infection
Year Geographic location Human cases/deaths (case-fatality rate)
2007–2008 Bundibugyo District,Uganda 149/37 (25%)
2012 Province Orientale,DRC 57/29 (51%)

Ecology

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The ecology of BDBV is currently unclear and no reservoir host has yet been identified. Therefore, it remains unclear how BDBV was introduced into the human population.Batsare suspected to harbor the virus because infectiousMarburg virus(MARV) andRavn virus(RAVV), two distantly related filoviruses, have been isolated from bats,[20]and because traces (but no infectious particles) of the more closely relatedEbola virus(EBOV) were found in bats as well.[21]

Molecular Biology

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BDBV is basically uncharacterized on a molecular level. However, its genomic sequence, and with it thegenomicorganization and the conservation of individualopen reading frames,is similar to that of the other four known ebolaviruses (58-61% nucleotide similarity).[8]It is therefore currently assumed that the knowledge obtained for EBOV can beextrapolatedto BDBV and that all BDBVproteinsare analogs of those of EBOV.[citation needed]

Patent

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A United States patent with multinational collaborative recognition was applied for on 10/26/2009, and published 10/4/2012, for the rights to BDBV.[22]The patent is listed under six different numbers, including one assigned a US appellation, as well as one Canadian (CA), two European Patent Office (EP), and two World Intellectual Property Organization (WO) designations.

It is openly noted in the Deposit Statement of the patent application (Section [0002]) that the virus sample was deposited to the CDC in Atlanta, GA, on November 26, 2007,notto an International Depository Authority (IDA), which was the accepted method as established under theBudapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for Purposes of Patent Procedure.[22]According to the same section, the “deposited organism” was also admittedly, “not acceptable byAmerican Type Culture Collection.”This sample was painstakingly researched, and led to the patent application.[22]

Section [0037] of the patent explains its purpose as having “utility in design of diagnostic assays to monitor Ebola HF [Hemorrhagic Fever] disease in humans and animals, and develop effective antivirals and vaccines.”[22]Further, to avoid limiting the extent and reach of the patent, Section [0036] states that:

It is to be understood that the present invention is not limited to particular embodiments described, as such may, of:course, vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein:is for the purpose of describing particular:embodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting.[22]

The patent was published before the US Supreme Court ruled that natural material could not be patented as being an invention (as dictated in the 2013 trial: “Association for Molecular Pathology, et al., v. Myriad Genetics, Inc., et al.;”argued 04/15/2013 and decided 06/13/2013), but synthetic copies of natural materialscouldbe patented and protected. If and/or how this ruling has affected the patent for the Bundibugyo strain of Ebola is unclear.[citation needed]

References

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  1. ^abcdefghKuhn, J. H.; Becker, S.; Ebihara, H.; Geisbert, T. W.; Johnson, K. M.; Kawaoka, Y.; Lipkin, W. I.; Negredo, A. I.; Netesov, S. V.; Nichol, S. T.; Palacios, G.; Peters, C. J.; Tenorio, A.; Volchkov, V. E.; Jahrling, P. B. (2010)."Proposal for a revised taxonomy of the family Filoviridae: Classification, names of taxa and viruses, and virus abbreviations".Archives of Virology.155(12): 2083–2103.doi:10.1007/s00705-010-0814-x.PMC3074192.PMID21046175.
  2. ^US Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) and US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)."National Select Agent Registry (NSAR)".Retrieved2011-10-16.
  3. ^US Department of Health and Human Services."Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition".Retrieved2011-10-16.
  4. ^US National Institutes of Health (NIH), US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)."Biodefense - NIAID Category A, B, and C Priority Pathogens".Retrieved2011-10-16.
  5. ^US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)."Bioterrorism Agents/Diseases".Archived fromthe originalon 2014-07-22.Retrieved2011-10-16.
  6. ^The Australia Group."List of Biological Agents for Export Control".Archived fromthe originalon 2011-08-06.Retrieved2011-10-16.
  7. ^Towner, J. S.; Sealy, T. K.; Khristova, M. L.; Albarino, C. G.; Conlan, S.; Reeder, S. A.; Quan, P. L.; Lipkin, W. I.; et al. (2008)."Newly discovered Ebola virus associated with hemorrhagic fever outbreak in Uganda".PLOS Pathogens.4(11): e1000212.doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000212.PMC2581435.PMID19023410.
  8. ^abcdGrunberg, S. M. (1985). "Future directions in the chemotherapy of head and neck cancer".American Journal of Clinical Oncology.8(1): 51–54.PMID2581435.
  9. ^Kuhn JH, Becker S, Ebihara H, Geisbert TW, Johnson KM, Kawaoka Y, Netesov SV, Nichol ST, Peters CJ, Volchkov VE, Jahrling PB (14 June 2010)."Create new species named Bundibugyo ebolavirus in the genus Ebolavirus, family Filoviridae"(PDF).International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV).Retrieved1 August2020.
  10. ^"ICTV Taxonomy history: Bundibugyo ebolavirus".International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV).Retrieved1 August2020.
  11. ^abKuhn, J. H. (2008). "Filoviruses. A compendium of 40 years of epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory studies".Archives of Virology. Supplementum.20:13–360.PMID18637412.
  12. ^abcdWamala, J. F.; Lukwago, L.; Malimbo, M.; Nguku, P.; Yoti, Z.; Musenero, M.; Amone, J.; Mbabazi, W.; Nanyunja, M.; Zaramba, S.; Opio, A.; Lutwama, J. J.; Talisuna, A. O.; Okware, S. I. (2010)."Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever Associated with Novel Virus Strain, Uganda, 2007–2008".Emerging Infectious Diseases.16(7): 1087–1092.doi:10.3201/eid1607.091525.PMC3321896.PMID20587179.
  13. ^abMacNeil, A.; Farnon, E. C.; Wamala, J.; Okware, S.; Cannon, D. L.; Reed, Z.; Towner, J. S.; Tappero, J. W.; Lutwama, J.; Downing, R.; Nichol, S. T.; Ksiazek, T. G.; Rollin, P. E. (2010)."Proportion of Deaths and Clinical Features in Bundibugyo Ebola Virus Infection, Uganda".Emerging Infectious Diseases.16(12): 1969–1972.doi:10.3201/eid1612.100627.PMC3294552.PMID21122234.
  14. ^"Ebola outbreak in Democratic Republic of Congo (Update 20 August 2012) - WHO | Regional Office for Africa".Archived fromthe originalon 2014-08-04.Retrieved2012-08-26.
  15. ^"WHO - Ebola outbreak in Democratic Republic of Congo".who.int.Archived fromthe originalon August 19, 2012.Retrieved20 April2018.
  16. ^"Congo-Kinshasa: Bushmeat Blamed for Ebola Outbreak".24 August 2012.Retrieved20 April2018– via AllAfrica.
  17. ^"WHO - Ebola outbreak in Democratic Republic of Congo – update".who.int.Archived fromthe originalon September 8, 2012.Retrieved20 April2018.
  18. ^"WHO - Ebola outbreak in Democratic Republic of Congo – update".who.int.Archived fromthe originalon April 13, 2014.Retrieved20 April2018.
  19. ^Centers For Disease Control."Outbreak Postings".Centers for Disease Control.Retrieved2014-07-11.
  20. ^Towner, J. S.; Amman, B. R.; Sealy, T. K.; Carroll, S. A. R.; Comer, J. A.; Kemp, A.; Swanepoel, R.; Paddock, C. D.; Balinandi, S.; Khristova, M. L.; Formenty, P. B.; Albarino, C. G.; Miller, D. M.; Reed, Z. D.; Kayiwa, J. T.; Mills, J. N.; Cannon, D. L.; Greer, P. W.; Byaruhanga, E.; Farnon, E. C.; Atimnedi, P.; Okware, S.; Katongole-Mbidde, E.; Downing, R.; Tappero, J. W.; Zaki, S. R.; Ksiazek, T. G.; Nichol, S. T.; Rollin, P. E. (2009). Fouchier, Ron A. M. (ed.)."Isolation of Genetically Diverse Marburg Viruses from Egyptian Fruit Bats".PLOS Pathogens.5(7): e1000536.doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000536.PMC2713404.PMID19649327.
  21. ^Leroy, E. M.; Kumulungui, B.; Pourrut, X.; Rouquet, P.; Hassanin, A.; Yaba, P.; Délicat, A.; Paweska, J. T.; Gonzalez, J. P.; Swanepoel, R. (2005). "Fruit bats as reservoirs of Ebola virus".Nature.438(7068): 575–576.Bibcode:2005Natur.438..575L.doi:10.1038/438575a.PMID16319873.S2CID4403209.
  22. ^abcdeTowner, Jonathan S., Stuart T. Nichol, James A. Comer, Thomas G. Ksiazek, and Pierre E. Rollin. Human Ebola Virus Species and Compositions and Methods Thereof. The Government of the US as Represented by the Secretary of the Dept. of Health, Atlanta, GA, assignee. Patent US 2012/0251502 A1. 4 Oct. 2012. Print.
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