Burkina Faso

Burkina Faso Burkĩna Faso(Mossi) Burkina Faso(Fula) Burukina Faso(Dyula)
Flag Coat of arms
Motto:"Unité–Progrès–Justice"(French) ( "Unity–Progress–Justice" )
Anthem:"Une Seule Nuit"/" Ditanyè "(French) ( "One Single Night" / "Hymn of Victory" )
Capital and largest city	Ouagadougou 12°22′N1°32′W
Official languages	Mooré Bissa Dyula Fula
Working languages	English French
Ethnic groups (2010 est.)	52%Mossi 8.4%Fula 7%Gurma 4.9%Bobo 4.6%Gurunsi 4.5%Senufo 2.4%Lobi 1.9%Tuareg 0.8%Dyula
Demonym(s)	Burkinabè Burkinese
Government	Unitaryrepublicunder amilitary junta
•Interim PresidentandMPSR President	Ibrahim Traoré
•Prime Minister	Apollinaire Joachim Kyélem de Tambèla
Legislature	Transitional Legislative Assembly
History
•Republic of Upper Voltaproclaimed	11 December 1958
• Independence from France	5 August 1960
•1966 Upper Voltan coup d'état	3 January 1966
•2014 Burkina Faso uprising	28 October – 3 November 2014
•Jan 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état	23–24 January 2022
•September 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état	30 September 2022
Area
• Total	274,223km2(105,878 sq mi) (74th)
• Water (%)	0.146%
Population
• 2023 estimate	22,489,126(60th)
• Density	64/km2(165.8/sq mi)
GDP(PPP)	2023 estimate
• Total	$62.788 billion(114th)
• Per capita	$2,682(171st)
GDP(nominal)	2023 estimate
• Total	$20.785 billion(124th)
• Per capita	$888(180th)
Gini(2020)	38.9 medium
HDI(2022)	0.438 low(185th)
Currency	West African CFA franc(XOF)
Time zone	UTC+00:00
Date format	dd/mm/yyyy
Driving side	right
Calling code	+226
ISO 3166 code	BF
Internet TLD	.bf

Burkina Fasois alandlocked countryinWest Africa.It covers an area of 274,223 km²(105,878 sq mi),bordered byMalito the northwest,Nigerto the northeast,Beninto the southeast,TogoandGhanato the south, andIvory Coastto the southwest. As of 2021, the country had an estimated population of 23,674,480.Previously called theRepublic of Upper Volta(1958–1984), it wasrenamedBurkina Faso bypresidentThomas Sankara.Its citizens are known asBurkinabè,and itscapitaland largest city isOuagadougou.

The largestethnic groupin Burkina Faso is theMossi people,who settled the area in the 11th and 13th centuries. They established powerfulkingdomssuch as the Ouagadougou,Tenkodogo,andYatenga.In 1896, it wascolonizedby theFrenchas part ofFrench West Africa;in 1958, Upper Volta became aself-governing colonywithin theFrench Community.In 1960, it gained full independence withMaurice Yaméogoaspresident.Since it gained its independence, the country has been subject to instability,droughts,famines and corruption. There have also been variouscoups,in1966,1980,1982,1983,1987,and twice in 2022 (JanuaryandSeptember). There were also unsuccessful coup attempts in1989,2015,and2023.

Thomas Sankaracame to power following a successful coup in 1983. As president, Sankara embarked on a series of ambitioussocioeconomicreforms which included a nationwideliteracycampaign,land redistributiontopeasants,vaccinations for over 2 million children, railway and road construction, equalized access to education, and the outlawing offemale genital mutilation,forced marriages,andpolygamy.He served as the country's president until 1987 when he was deposed and assassinated in a coup led byBlaise Compaoré,who became president and ruled the country untilhis removal on 31 October 2014.

Burkina Faso has been severely affected by the rise of Insurgencies in the Sahel since the mid-2010s. Severalmilitias,partly allied with theIslamic State(IS) oral-Qaeda,operate in Burkina Fasoand across the border inMaliandNiger.More than one million of the country's 21 million inhabitants areinternally displaced persons.Burkina Faso's militaryseized power in acoup d'état on 23–24 January 2022,overthrowing PresidentRoch Marc Kaboré.On 31 January, the military junta restored the constitution and appointedPaul-Henri Sandaogo Damibaas interim president, but he was himself overthrown in asecond coup on 30 Septemberand replaced by military captainIbrahim Traoré.

Burkina Faso remains one of theleast developed countriesin the world, with a GDP of $16.226 billion in 2022. Approximately 63.8% of its population practicesIslam,while 26.3% practice Christianity.The country's official language of government and business was formerlyFrench;its status was relegated by a constitutional amendment ratified in January 2024, turning French into a "working language" of the country, alongsideEnglish.There are 60 indigenous languages officially recognized by the Burkinabè government, with the most common language,Mooré,spoken by over half the population.Its territory is geographically biodiverse, with plentiful reserves ofgold,manganese,copperandlimestone.Due to its diverse multicultural make-up,Art of Burkina Fasohas a rich and long history, and is globally renowned for its orthodox style.The country is governed as asemi-presidential republicwith executive, legislative and judicial powers. Burkina Faso is a member of theUnited Nations,La Francophonieand theOrganisation of Islamic Cooperation.It is currently suspended fromECOWASand theAfrican Union.

Etymology

Formerly theRepublic of Upper Volta,the country was renamed "Burkina Faso" on 4 August 1984 by then-PresidentThomas Sankara.The words "Burkina" and "Faso" stem from different languages spoken in the country: "Burkina" comes fromMooréand means "upright", showing how the people are proud of their integrity, while "Faso" comes from theDioula language(as written inN'Ko:ߝߊ߬ߛߏ߫faso) and means "fatherland" (literally, "father's house" ). The "-bè" suffix added onto "Burkina" to form the demonym "Burkinabè" comes from theFula languageand means "women or men".The CIA summarizes the etymology as "land of the honest (incorruptible) men".

The French Colony of Upper Volta was named for its location on the upper courses of theVolta River(theBlack,RedandWhite Volta).

History

Main article:History of Burkina Faso

Early history

West Africa circa 1875

The northwestern part of present-day Burkina Faso was populated byhunter-gatherersfrom 14,000 BCE to 5,000 BCE. Their tools, includingscrapers,chiselsandarrowheads,were discovered in 1973 througharchaeological excavations.Agricultural settlements were established between 3600 and 2600 BCE.TheBura culturewas anIron Agecivilizationcentered in the southwest portion of modern-day Niger and the southeast part of contemporary Burkina Faso.Iron industry,insmeltingandforgingfor tools and weapons, had developed inSub-Saharan Africaby 1200 BCE.To date, the oldest evidence of iron smelting found in Burkina Faso dates from 800 to 700 BCE and forms part of theAncient Ferrous MetallurgyWorld Heritage Site.From the 3rd to the 13th centuries CE, the Iron AgeBura cultureexisted in the territory of present-day southeastern Burkina Faso and southwestern Niger. Various ethnic groups of present-day Burkina Faso, such as theMossi,FulaandDioula,arrived in successive waves between the 8th and 15th centuries. From the 11th century, the Mossi people establishedseveral separate kingdoms.

8th to 18th centuries

There is debate about the exact dates when Burkina Faso's many ethnic groups arrived in the area. TheProto-Mossiarrived in the far eastern part of what is today Burkina Faso sometime between the 8th and 11th centuries,they acceptedIslamas their religion in the 11th century, theSamoarrived around the 15th century,theDogonlived in Burkina Faso's north and northwest regions until sometime in the 15th or 16th centuriesand many of the other ethnic groups that make up the country's population arrived in the region during this time.

The cavalry of theMossi Kingdomswere experts at raiding deep into enemy territory, even against the formidableMali Empire.

Armed men prevent the French explorerLouis-Gustave Bingerfrom entering Sia (Bobo-Dioulasso) during his stay in April 1892.

During theMiddle Ages,the Mossi established several separate kingdoms including those of Tenkodogo, Yatenga, Zandoma, and Ouagadougou.Sometime between 1328 and 1338, Mossi warriors raidedTimbuktubut the Mossi were defeated bySonni AliofSonghaiat the Battle of Kobi in Mali in 1483.

During the early 16th century, the Songhai conducted many slave raids into what is today Burkina Faso.During the 18th century, theGwiriko Empirewas established atBobo Dioulassoand ethnic groups such as the Dyan, Lobi, and Birifor settled along theBlack Volta.

From colony to independence (1890s–1958)

Main articles:Upper Senegal and NigerandFrench Upper Volta

Starting in the early 1890s during the EuropeanScramble for Africa,a series of European military officers made attempts to claim parts of what is today Burkina Faso. At times thesecolonialistsand their armies fought the local peoples; at times they forged alliances with them and made treaties. The colonialist officers and their home governments also made treaties among themselves. The territory of Burkina Faso was invaded byFrance,becoming aFrench protectoratein 1896.

French West Africamap c. 1913

The eastern and western regions, where a standoff against the forces of the powerful rulerSamori Turecomplicated the situation, came under French occupation in 1897. By 1898, the majority of the territory corresponding to Burkina Faso was nominally conquered; however, French control of many parts remained uncertain.

TheFranco-British Convention of 14 June 1898created the country's modern borders. In the French territory, a war of conquest against local communities and political powers continued for about five years. In 1904, the largely pacified territories of theVolta basinwere integrated into theUpper Senegal and Nigercolony ofFrench West Africaas part of the reorganization of the French West African colonial empire. The colony had its capital inBamako.

The language of colonial administration and schooling became French. The public education system started from humble origins. Advanced education was provided for many years during the colonial period inDakar.

The indigenous population was highly discriminated against. For example, African children were not allowed to ride bicycles or pick fruit from trees, "privileges" reserved for the children of colonists. Violating these regulations could land parents in jail.

Drafteesfrom the territory participated in the European fronts ofWorld War Iin the battalions of theSenegalese Rifles.Between 1915 and 1916, the districts in the western part of what is now Burkina Faso and the bordering eastern fringe of Mali became the stage of one of the most important armed oppositions to colonial government: theVolta-Bani War.

The French government finally suppressed the movement but only after suffering defeats. It also had to organize its largest expeditionary force of its colonial history to send into the country to suppress the insurrection. Armed opposition wracked the Sahelian north when theTuaregand allied groups of the Dori region ended their truce with the government.

The capital,Ouagadougou,in 1930

French Upper Voltawas established on 1 March 1919. The French feared a recurrence of armed uprisings and had related economic considerations. To bolster its administration, the colonial government separated the present territory of Burkina Faso from Upper Senegal and Niger.

The new colony was namedHaute Voltafor its location on the upper courses of theVolta River(theBlack,RedandWhite Volta), and François Charles Alexis Édouard Hesling became its firstgovernor.Hesling initiated an ambitious road-making program to improve infrastructure and promoted the growth ofcottonfor export. The cotton policy – based oncoercion– failed, and revenue generated by the colony stagnated. The colony was dismantled on 5 September 1932, being split between the French colonies ofIvory Coast,French SudanandNiger.Ivory Coast received the largest share, which contained most of the population as well as the cities of Ouagadougou andBobo-Dioulasso.

France reversed this change during the period of intense anti-colonial agitation that followed the end ofWorld War II.On 4 September 1947, it revived the colony of Upper Volta, with its previous boundaries, as a part of theFrench Union.The French designated its colonies as departments ofmetropolitan Franceon the European continent.

On 11 December 1958, the colony achievedself-governmentas theRepublic of Upper Volta;it joined the Franco-African Community. A revision in the organization of French Overseas Territories had begun with the passage of the Basic Law (Loi-cadre Defferre) of 23 July 1956. This act was followed by reorganization measures approved by the French parliament early in 1957 to ensure a large degree of self-government for individual territories. Upper Volta became an autonomous republic in the French community on 11 December 1958. Full independence from France was received in 1960.

Upper Volta (1958–1984)

Main article:Republic of Upper Volta

Maurice Yaméogo,the first president of Upper Volta, examines documents pertaining to the ratification of the country's independence in 1960.

The Republic of Upper Volta (French:République de Haute-Volta) was established on 11 December 1958 as aself-governing colonywithin theFrench Community.The nameUpper Voltarelated to the nation's location along the upper reaches of theVolta River.The river's threetributariesare called theBlack,WhiteandRed Volta.These were expressed in the three colors of theformer national flag.

Before attaining autonomy, it had been French Upper Volta and part of the French Union. On 5 August 1960, it attained full independence fromFrance.The first president,Maurice Yaméogo,was the leader of theVoltaic Democratic Union(UDV). The 1960 constitution provided for election byuniversal suffrageof a president and a national assembly for five-year terms. Soon after coming to power, Yaméogo banned all political parties other than the UDV. The government lasted until 1966. After much unrest, including mass demonstrations and strikes by students, labor unions, and civil servants, the military intervened.

Lamizana's rule and multiple coups

The1966 military coupdeposed Yaméogo, suspended the constitution, dissolved the National Assembly, and placed Lt. Col.Sangoulé Lamizanaat the head of a government of senior army officers. The army remained in power for four years. On 14 June 1976, the Voltans ratified a new constitution that established a four-year transition period toward complete civilian rule. Lamizana remained in power throughout the 1970s as president of military or mixed civil-military governments. Lamizana's rule coincided with the beginning of theSahel droughtand famine which had a devastating impact on Upper Volta and neighboring countries. After conflict over the 1976 constitution, a new constitution was written and approved in 1977. Lamizana was re-elected by open elections in 1978.

Lamizana's government faced problems with the country's traditionally powerful trade unions, and on 25 November 1980, Col.Saye Zerbooverthrew President Lamizana in abloodless coup.Colonel Zerbo established the Military Committee of Recovery for National Progress as the supreme governmental authority, thus eradicating the 1977 constitution.

Colonel Zerbo also encountered resistance from trade unions and was overthrown two years later by Maj. Dr.Jean-Baptiste Ouédraogoand the Council of Popular Salvation (CSP) in the1982 Upper Voltan coup d'état.The CSP continued to ban political parties and organizations, yet promised a transition to civilian rule and a new constitution.

1983 coup d'état

Infighting developed between the right and left factions of the CSP. The leader of the leftists, Capt.Thomas Sankara,was appointed prime minister in January 1983, but was subsequently arrested. Efforts to free him, directed by Capt.Blaise Compaoré,resulted in a military coup d'état on 4 August 1983.

The coup brought Sankara to power and his government began to implement a series of revolutionary programs which included mass vaccinations, infrastructure improvements, the expansion of women's rights, encouragement of domestic agricultural consumption, and anti-desertification projects.

Burkina Faso (since 1984)

On 2 August 1984, on Sankara's initiative, the country's name changed from "Upper Volta" to "Burkina Faso", orland of the honest men;(the literal translation island of the upright men).The presidential decree was confirmed by the National Assembly on 4 August 1984.

Sankara's government comprised the National Council for the Revolution (CNR –French:Conseil national révolutionnaire), with Sankara as its president and established popularCommittees for the Defense of the Revolution(CDRs). ThePioneers of the Revolutionyouth programme was also established.

Sankara launched an ambitious socioeconomic programme for change, one of the largest ever undertaken on the African continent.His foreign policies centred onanti-imperialism,with his government rejecting allforeign aid,pushing forodious debtreduction, nationalising all land and mineral wealth and averting the power and influence of theInternational Monetary Fund(IMF) andWorld Bank.His domestic policies included a nationwide literacy campaign, land redistribution to peasants, railway and road construction and the outlawing offemale genital mutilation,forced marriagesandpolygamy.

Sankara pushed for agrarian self-sufficiency and promoted public health by vaccinating 2,500,000 children againstmeningitis,yellow fever,andmeasles.His national agenda also included planting over 10,000,000 trees to halt the growingdesertificationof theSahel.Sankara called on every village to build a medical dispensary and had over 350 communities build schools with their own labour.

In the 1980s, when ecological awareness was still very low, Sankara was one of the few African leaders to consider environmental protection a priority. He engaged in three major battles: against bush fires "which will be considered as crimes and will be punished as such"; against cattle roaming "which infringes on the rights of peoples because unattended animals destroy nature"; and against the anarchic cutting of firewood "whose profession will have to be organized and regulated". As part of a development program involving a large part of the population, ten million trees were planted in Burkina Faso in fifteen months during the revolution. To face the advancing desert and recurrent droughts, Sankara also proposed the planting of wooded strips about fifty kilometers wide, crossing the country from east to west. Cereal production, close to 1.1 billion tons before 1983, was predicted to rise to 1.6 billion tons in 1987. Jean Ziegler, former UN special rapporteur for the right to food, said that the country "had become food self-sufficient."

Compaoré presidency

Blaise Compaoré,President 1987–2014

On 15 October 1987, Sankara and twelve other government officials were assassinated in a coup d'état organized by Blaise Compaoré, Sankara's former colleague, who took over as Burkina Faso's president. He held the position until October 2014.After the coup and although Sankara was known to be dead, some CDRs mounted an armed resistance to thearmyfor several days.A majorityof Burkinabè citizens hold thatFrance's foreign ministry,theQuai d'Orsay,was behind Compaoré in organizing the coup. There is some evidence for France's support of the coup.

Compaoré gave the deterioration in relations with neighbouring countries as one of the reasons for the coup.He argued that Sankara had jeopardised foreign relations with the former colonial power (France) and with neighbouringIvory Coast.Following the coup, Compaoré immediately reversed the nationalizations, overturned nearly all of Sankara's policies, returned the country back into the IMF fold, and ultimately spurned most of Sankara's legacy. Following an allegedcoup-attempt in 1989,Compaoré introduced limited democratic reforms in 1990. Under the new (1991)constitution,Compaoré wasre-electedwithout opposition in December 1991. In 1998 Compaoré wonelectionin a landslide. In 2004, 13 people were tried for plotting a coup against President Compaoré and the coup's alleged mastermind was sentenced to life imprisonment.

In 2000, the constitution was amended to reduce the presidential term to five years and set term limits to two, preventing successive re-election. The amendment took effect during the 2005 elections. If passed beforehand, it would have prevented Compaoré from being reelected. Other presidential candidates challenged the election results. But in October 2005, the constitutional council ruled that, because Compaoré was the sitting president in 2000, the amendment would not apply to him until the end of his second term in office. This cleared the way for his candidacy inthe 2005 election.On 13 November 2005, he was reelected in a landslide, because of a divided political opposition.

In the2010 presidential election,Compaoré was re-elected. Only 1.6 million Burkinabè voted, out of a total population 10 times that size. In February 2011, the death of a schoolboy provoked the2011 Burkinabè protests,a series of popular protests, coupled with a military mutiny and a magistrates' strike, that called for Compaoré's resignation, democratic reforms, higher wages for troops and public servants and economic freedom.As a result, governors were replaced and wages for public servants were raised.In April 2011, there was anarmy mutiny;the president named new chiefs of staff, and a curfew was imposed inOuagadougou.

Compaoré's government played the role of negotiator in several West-African disputes, including the2010–2011 Ivorian crisis,the Inter-Togolese Dialogue (2007), and the2012 Malian Crisis.As of 2014,Burkina Faso remained one of theleast-developed countriesin the world.

Kafando presidency

Main article:2014 Burkinabè uprising

Thousands of protesters march through Ouagadougou

Starting on 28 October 2014 protesters began to march and demonstrate in Ouagadougou against President Compaoré, who appearedready to amend the constitution and extend his 27-year rule. On 30 October some protesters set fire to the parliament buildingand took over the national TV headquarters.Thomas Sankara International Airport Ouagadougouclosed and MPs suspended the vote on changing the constitution (the change would have allowed Compaoré to stand for re-election in 2015). Later in the day, the military dissolved all government institutions and imposed acurfew.

On 31 October 2014, Compaoré resigned.Lt. Col. Isaac Zidasaid that he would lead the country during its transitional period before the planned2015 presidential election,but there were concernsover his close ties to the former president.In November 2014 opposition parties,civil-societygroups and religious leaders adopted a plan for a transitional authority to guide Burkina Faso to elections.Under the planMichel Kafandobecame the transitional president and Lt. Col. Zida became the acting Prime Minister and Defense Minister.

On 16 September 2015, theRegiment of Presidential Security(RSP) carried out acoup d'état,seizing the president and prime minister and then declaring theNational Council for Democracythe new national government.However, on 22 September 2015, the coup leader,Gilbert Diendéré,apologized and promised to restore civilian government.On 23 September 2015 the prime minister and interim president were restored to power.

Kaboré presidency and Jihadist insurgency (2015–2023)

Main articles:Jihadist insurgency in Burkina FasoandTerrorism in Burkina Faso

General electionstook place on 29 November 2015.Roch Marc Christian Kaboréwon the election in the first round with 53.5% of the vote, defeating businessmanZéphirin Diabré,who took 29.7%.Kaboré was sworn in as president on 29 December 2015.Kaboré was re-elected in thegeneral election of 22 November 2020,but his party Mouvement du Peuple pour le Progrès (MPP), failed to reach absolute parliamentary majority. It secured 56 seats out of a total of 127. The Congress for Democracy and Progress (CDP), the party of former President Blaise Compaoré, was distant second with 20 seats.

Smoke rising from French Embassy in Ouagadougou, 2 March 2018, during the2018 Ouagadougou attacks.

AJihadist insurgencybegan in August 2015, part of theIslamist insurgency in the Sahel.Between August 2015 and October 2016, seven different posts were attacked across the country.On 15 January 2016, terroristsattacked the capital cityofOuagadougou,killing 30 people.Al-Qaeda in the Islamic MaghrebandAl-Mourabitoune,which until then had mostly operated in neighbouringMali,claimed responsibility for the attack.

In 2016, attacks increased after a new groupAnsarul Islam,led by imamIbrahim Malam Dicko,was founded.Its attacks focused particularly onSoum provinceand it killed dozens of people in theattack on Nassoumbouon 16 December.

Between 27 March – 10 April 2017, the governments ofMali,France, and Burkina Faso launched a joint operation name "Operation Panga",composed of 1,300 soldiers from the three countries, in Fhero forest, near theBurkina Faso-Mali border,considered a sanctuary forAnsarul Islam.The head of Ansarul Islam, Ibrahim Malam Dicko, was killed in June 2017 andJafar Dickobecame leader.

On 2 March 2018,Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Musliminattacked the French embassyinOuagadougouas well as the general staff of the Burkinabè army. Eight soldiers and eight attackers were killed, and a further 61 soldiers and 24 civilians were injured.The insurgency expanded to the east of the countryand, in early October, the Armed Forces of Burkina Faso launched a major military operation in the country's East, supported by French forces.According toHuman Rights Watch,between mid-2018 to February 2019, at least 42 people were murdered by jihadists and a minimum of 116 mostly Fulani civilians were killed by military forces without trial.The attacksincreased significantly in 2019.According to theACLED,armed violence in Burkina Faso jumped by 174% in 2019, with nearly 1,300 civilians dead and 860,000 displaced.Jihadist groups also began to specifically targetChristians.

On 8 July 2020, the United States raised concerns after aHuman Rights Watchreport revealed mass graves with at least 180 bodies, which were found in northern Burkina Faso where soldiers were fighting jihadists.On 4 June 2021, the Associated Press reported that according to the government of Burkina Faso, gunmen killed at least 100 people in Solhan village in northern Burkina Faso near the Niger border. A local market and several homes were also burned down. A government spokesman blamed jihadists. Heni Nsaibia, senior researcher at theArmed Conflict Location and Event Data Projectsaid it was the deadliest attack recorded in Burkina Faso since the beginning of the jihadist insurgency.

From 4–5 June 2021, unknown militantsmassacred over 170 people in the villages of Solhan and Tadaryat.Jihadists killed 80 people inGorgadjion 20 August.On 14 November, theJama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Musliminattacked a gendarmerie inInata,killing 53 soldiers, the heaviest loss of life by the Burkinabe military during the insurgency, and a majormoraleloss in the country.In December Islamists killed 41 people in an ambush, including the popular vigilante leader Ladji Yoro. Yoro was a central figure in theVolunteers for the Defense of the Homeland(VDP) a pro-government militia that had taken a leading role in the struggle against Islamists.

In 2023, shortly after the murder of a Catholic priest at the hands of insurgents, the bishop of Dori, Laurent Dabiré, claimed in an interview with Catholic charityAid to the Church in Needthat around 50% of the country was in the hands of Islamists.

2022 coups d'état

Main articles:January 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'étatandSeptember 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état

In a successful coup on 24 January 2022, mutinying soldiers arrested and deposed PresidentRoch Marc Christian Kaboréfollowing gunfire.ThePatriotic Movement for Safeguard and Restoration(MPSR) supported by the military declared itself to be in power,led by Lieutenant ColonelPaul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba.On 31 January, the military junta restored the constitution and appointed Damiba interim president. In the aftermath of the coup,ECOWASand theAfrican Unionsuspended Burkina Faso's membership.On 10 February, the Constitutional Council declared Damiba president.He was sworn in as president on 16 February.On 1 March 2022, the junta approved a charter allowing a military-led transition of 3 years.The charter provides for the transition process to be followed by the holding of elections.President Kaboré,who had been detained since the military junta took power, was released on 6 April 2022.

The insurgency continued following the coup, with about 60% of the country under government control.TheSiege of Djibobegan in February 2022and continued as of June 2023.Between 100 and 165 peoplewere killedinSeytenga Department,Séno Provinceon 12–13 June and around 16,000 people fled their homes.In June 2023, the Government announced the creation of "military zones", which civilians were required to vacate so that the country's Armed and Security Forces could fight insurgents without any "hindrances".

On 30 September, Damiba was ousted in a military coup led by Capt.Ibrahim Traoré.This came eight months after Damiba seized power. The rationale given by Traoré for the coup d'état was the purported inability of Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba to deal with an Islamist insurgency.Damiba resigned and left the country.On 6 October 2022, Captain Ibrahim Traoré was officially appointed as president.Apollinaire Joachim Kyélem de Tambèlawas appointed interim Prime Minister on 21 October 2022.

On 13 April 2023, authorities in Burkina Faso declared a mobilisation in order to give the nation all means necessary to combat terrorism and create a "legal framework for all the actions to be taken" against the insurgents in recapturing 40% of the national territory from Islamist insurgents.On 20 April, the Rapid Intervention Brigade committed theKarma massacre,rounding up and executing civiliansen masse.Between 60 and 156 civilians were killed.

Government

Main article:Politics of Burkina Faso

TheNational Assemblybuilding in downtownOuagadougou

Theconstitutionof 2 June 1991 established asemi-presidential government:its parliament could be dissolved by thePresident of the Republic,who was to beelectedfor a term of seven years. In 2000, the constitution was amended to reduce the presidential term to five years and set term limits to two, preventing successive re-election. The amendment took effect during the 2005 elections.

The parliament consisted ofone chamberknown as theNational Assembly,which had 111 seats with members elected to serve five-year terms. There was also a constitutional chamber, composed of ten members, and an economic and social council whose roles were purely consultative. The 1991 constitution created abicameralparliament, but the upper house (Chamber of Representatives) was abolished in 2002.

The Compaoré administration had worked todecentralize powerby devolving some of its powers to regions and municipal authorities. The widespread distrust of politicians and lack of political involvement by many residents complicated this process. Critics described this as a hybrid decentralisation.

Political freedomsare severely restricted in Burkina Faso.Human rights organizationshad criticised the Compaoré administration for numerous acts of state-sponsored violence against journalists and other politically active members of society.

The prime minister is head of government and is appointed by the president with the approval of the National Assembly. He is responsible for recommending a cabinet for appointment by the president.

Constitution

Further information:Constitution of Burkina Faso

In 2015, Kaboré promised to revise the 1991 constitution. The revision was completed in 2018. One condition prevents any individual from serving as president for more than ten years either consecutively or intermittently and provides a method for impeaching a president. A referendum on the constitution for the Fifth Republic was scheduled for 24 March 2019.

Certain rights are also enshrined in the revised wording: access to drinking water, access to decent housing and a recognition of the right to civil disobedience, for example. The referendum was required because the opposition parties in Parliament refused to sanction the proposed text.

Following theJanuary 2022 coup d'état,the military dissolved the parliament, government and constitution.On 31 January, the military junta restored the constitution,but it was suspended again following theSeptember 2022 coup d'état.

Foreign relations

Further information:Foreign relations of Burkina Faso

Burkina Faso is a member of theG5 Sahel,Community of Sahel–Saharan States,La Francophonie,Organisation of Islamic Cooperation,andUnited Nations.It is currently suspended fromECOWASand theAfrican Union.

Military

Main article:Military of Burkina Faso

Thearmyconsists of some 6,000 men in voluntary service, augmented by a part-time national People's Militia composed of civilians between 25 and 35 years of age who are trained in both military and civil duties. According toJane's Sentinel Country Risk Assessment,Burkina Faso's Army is undermanned for its force structure and poorly equipped, but has wheeled light-armour vehicles, and may have developed useful combat expertise through interventions inLiberiaand elsewhere inAfrica.

In terms of training and equipment, the regular Army is believed to be neglected in relation to the éliteRegiment of Presidential Security(French:Régiment de la Sécurité Présidentielle– RSP). Reports have emerged in recent years of disputes over pay and conditions.There is an air force with some 19 operational aircraft, but no navy, as the country is landlocked. Military expenses constitute approximately 1.2% of the nation's GDP.

Law enforcement

Main article:Law enforcement in Burkina Faso

Burkina Faso employs numerous police and security forces, generally modeled after organizations used byFrench police.France continues to provide significant support and training to police forces. TheGendarmerie Nationaleis organized along military lines, with most police services delivered at the brigade level. TheGendarmerieoperates under the authority of the Minister of Defence, and its members are employed chiefly in the rural areas and along borders.

There is a municipal police force controlled by theMinistry of Territorial Administration;a national police force controlled by the Ministry of Security; and an autonomousRegiment of Presidential Security(Régiment de la Sécurité Présidentielle,or RSP), a "palace guard" devoted to the protection of the President of the Republic. Both the gendarmerie and the national police are subdivided into both administrative and judicial police functions; the former are detailed to protect public order and provide security, the latter are charged with criminal investigations.

All foreigners and citizens are required to carry photo ID passports, or other forms of identification or risk a fine, and police spot identity checks are commonplace for persons traveling by auto,bush-taxior bus.

Administrative divisions

Main articles:Regions of Burkina Faso,Provinces of Burkina Faso,andDepartments of Burkina Faso

The country is divided into13 administrative regions.These regions encompass45 provincesand301 departments.Each region is administered by a governor.

Geography

Main article:Geography of Burkina Faso

Satellite image of Burkina Faso

Map of Burkina Faso

Savannahnear theGbomblora Department,on the road fromGaouatoBatié

Burkina Faso lies mostly between latitudes9°and15° N(a small area is north of 15°), and longitudes6° Wand3° E.

It is made up of two major types of countryside. The larger part of the country is covered by apeneplain,which forms a gently undulating landscape with, in some areas, a few isolated hills, the last vestiges of aPrecambrianmassif.The southwest of the country, on the other hand, forms asandstonemassif, where the highest peak,Ténakourou,is found at an elevation of 749 meters (2,457 ft). The massif is bordered by sheer cliffs up to 150 m (492 ft) high. The average altitude of Burkina Faso is 400 m (1,312 ft) and the difference between the highest and lowest terrain is no greater than 600 m (1,969 ft). Burkina Faso is therefore a relatively flat country.

The country owes its former name of Upper Volta to three rivers which cross it: theBlack Volta(orMouhoun), theWhite Volta(Nakambé) and theRed Volta(Nazinon). The Black Volta is one of the country's only two rivers which flow year-round, the other being theKomoé,which flows to the southwest. The basin of theNiger Riveralsodrains27% of the country's surface.

The Niger'stributaries– the Béli,Gorouol,Goudébo andDargol– areseasonal streamsand flow for only four to six months a year. They still can flood and overflow, however. The country also contains numerous lakes – the principal ones are Tingrela,Bamand Dem. The country contains large ponds, as well, such asOursi,Béli, Yomboli, andMarkoye.Water shortagesare often a problem, especially in the north of the country.

Burkina Faso lies within two terrestrial ecoregions:Sahelian Acacia savannaandWest Sudanian savanna.

Climate

Map ofKöppen climate classification

Damage caused by the Dourtenga floods in 2007

Burkina Faso has a primarily tropical climate with two very distinct seasons. In the rainy season, the country receives between 600 and 900 mm (24 and 35 in) of rainfall; in the dry season, theharmattan– a hot dry wind from theSahara– blows. The rainy season lasts around four months, May/June to September, but is shorter in the north of the country. Three climatic zones can be defined: theSahel,the Sudan-Sahel, and the Sudan-Guinea. The Sahel in the north typically receives less than 600 mm (24 in)of rainfall per year and has high temperatures, 5–47°C(41–117°F).

A relatively drytropical savanna,the Sahel extends beyond the borders of Burkina Faso, from theHorn of Africato the Atlantic Ocean, and borders theSaharato its north and the fertile region of theSudanto the south. Situated between 11° 3′ and 13° 5′ northlatitude,the Sudan-Sahel region is a transitional zone with regard to rainfall and temperature. Further to the south, the Sudan-Guinea zone receives more than 900 mm (35 in)of rain each year and has cooler average temperatures.

Geography and environment contribute to Burkina Faso's food insecurity.As the country is situated in theSahelregion, it has some of the most radical climatic variation in the world, ranging from severe flooding to extreme drought.The unpredictable climatic shocks can make it very difficult for Burkina Faso citizens to rely on and prosper from agriculture.

Burkina Faso's climate also renders its crops vulnerable to insect attacks, including attacks fromlocustsandcrickets,which destroy crops and further inhibit food production.Not only is most of the population of Burkina Faso dependent on agriculture as a source of income, but they also rely on the agricultural sector for food that will directly feed the household.Due to the vulnerability of agriculture, more and more families are having to look for other sources of non-farm income,and often have to travel outside of their regional zone to find work.

Natural resources

Burkina Faso's natural resourcesincludegold,manganese,limestone,marble,phosphates,pumice,andsalt.

Wildlife

Further information:Wildlife of Burkina Faso

Burkina Faso has a larger number ofelephantsthan many countries in West Africa.Lions,Leopardsand buffalo can also be found here, including the dwarf or red buffalo, a smaller reddish-brown animal which looks like a fierce kind of short-legged cow. Other large predators live in Burkina Faso, such as thecheetah,thecaracalor African lynx, the spottedhyenaand theAfrican wild dog,one of the continent's most endangered species.

Burkina Faso'sfauna and floraare protected in four national parks:

• TheW National Parkin the east which passes Burkina Faso, Benin, and Niger;
• The Arly Wildlife Reserve (Arly National Parkin the east);
• The Léraba-Comoé Classified Forest and Partial Reserve of Wildlife in the west;
• TheMare aux Hippopotamesin the west and

several reserves: seeList of national parks in AfricaandNature reserves of Burkina Faso.

Economy

Main article:Economy of Burkina Faso

A proportional representation of Burkina Faso exports, 2019

GDP per capita in Burkina Faso, since 1950

The value of Burkina Faso's exports fell from $2.77 billion in 2011 to $754 million in 2012.Agriculture represents 32% of its gross domestic product and occupies 80% of the working population. It consists mostly of rearing livestock. Especially in the south and southwest, the people grow crops ofsorghum,pearl millet,maize (corn), peanuts, rice and cotton, with surpluses to be sold. A large part of the economic activity of the country is funded by international aid, despite having gold ores in abundance.

The top five export commodities in 2017 were, in order of importance: gems and precious metals, US$1.9 billion (78.5% of total exports), cotton, $198.7 million (8.3%), ores, slag, ash, $137.6 million (5.8%), fruits, nuts: $76.6 million (3.2%) and oil seeds: $59.5 million (2.5%).

A December 2018 report from the World Bank indicates that in 2017, economic growth increased to 6.4% in 2017 (vs. 5.9% in 2016) primarily due to gold production and increased investment in infrastructure. The increase in consumption linked to growth of the wage bill also supported economic growth. Inflation remained low, 0.4% that year but the public deficit grew to 7.7% of GDP (vs. 3.5% in 2016). The government was continuing to get financial aid and loans to finance the debt. To finance the public deficit, the Government combined concessional aid and borrowing on the regional market. The World Bank said that the economic outlook remained favorable in the short and medium term, although that could be negatively impacted. Risks included high oil prices (imports), lower prices of gold and cotton (exports) as well as terrorist threat and labour strikes.

Burkina Faso is part of theWest African Monetary and Economic Union(UMEOA) and has adopted theCFA franc.This is issued by theCentral Bank of the West African States(BCEAO), situated inDakar,Senegal. The BCEAO manages the monetary and reserve policy of the member states and provides regulation and oversight of financial sector and banking activity. A legal framework regarding licensing, bank activities, organizational and capital requirements, inspections and sanctions (all applicable to all countries of the Union) is in place, having been reformed significantly in 1999.Microfinanceinstitutions are governed by a separate law, which regulates microfinance activities in all WAEMU countries. The insurance sector is regulated through the Inter-African Conference on Insurance Markets (CIMA).

Processing facilities at the Essakane Mine in Burkina Faso

In 2018, tourism was almost non-existent in large parts of the country. The U.S. government (and others) warn their citizens not to travel into large parts of Burkina Faso: "The northern Sahel border region shared with Mali and Niger due to crime and terrorism. The provinces of Kmoandjari,Tapoa,Kompienga,andGourmain East Region due to crime and terrorism ".

The 2018 CIA World Factbook provides this updated summary: "Burkina Faso is a poor, landlocked country that depends on adequate rainfall. Irregular patterns of rainfall, poor soil, and the lack of adequate communications and other infrastructure contribute to the economy's vulnerability to external shocks. About 80% of the population is engaged in subsistence farming and cotton is the main cash crop. The country has few natural resources and a weak industrial base. Cotton and gold are Burkina Faso's key exports...The country has seen an upswing in gold exploration, production and exports. While the end of the political crisis has allowed Burkina Faso's economy to resume positive growth, the country's fragile security situation could put these gains at risk. Political insecurity in neighboring Mali, unreliable energy supplies and poor transportation links pose long-term challenges". The report also highlights the 2018–2020 International Monetary Fund program, including the government's plan to "reduce the budget deficit and preserve critical spending on social services and priority public investments".

A 2018 report by the African Development Bank Group discussed a macroeconomic evolution: "higher investment and continued spending on social services and security that will add to the budget deficit". This group's prediction for 2018 indicated that the budget deficit would be reduced to 4.8% of GDP in 2018 and to 2.9% in 2019. Public debt associated with the National Economic and Social Development Plan was estimated at 36.9% of GDP in 2017.

Burkina Faso is a member of theOrganization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa(OHADA).The country also belongs to the United Nations, International Monetary Fund, World Bank, and World Trade Organization.

Mining

Main article:Mining in Burkina Faso

There is mining ofcopper,iron,manganese,gold,cassiterite(tin ore) andphosphates.These operations provide employment and generate international aid. Gold production increased 32% in 2011 at six gold mine sites, making Burkina Faso the fourth-largest gold producer in Africa, after South Africa, Mali and Ghana.

A 2018 report indicated that the country expected record 55 tonnes of gold in that year, a two-thirds increase over 2013. According toOumarou Idani,there is a more important issue. "We have to diversify production. We mostly only produce gold, but we have huge potential in manganese, zinc, lead, copper, nickel and limestone".

Food insecurity

According to theGlobal Hunger Index,a multidimensional tool used to measure and track a country's hunger levels,Burkina Faso ranked 65 out of 78 countries in 2013.It is estimated that there are currently over 1.5 million children who are at risk of food insecurity in Burkina Faso, with around 350,000 children who are in need of emergency medical assistance.However, only about a third of these children will actually receive adequate medical attention.Only 11.4% of children under the age of two receive the daily recommended number of meals.Stunted growth as a result of food insecurity is a severe problem in Burkina Faso, affecting at least a third of the population from 2008 to 2012.Additionally, stunted children, on average, tend to complete less school than children with normal growth development,further contributing to the low levels of education of the Burkina Faso population.

TheEuropean Commissionexpects that approximately 500,000 children under age 5 in Burkina Faso will suffer from acute malnutrition in 2015, including around 149,000 who will suffer from its most life-threatening form.Rates of micronutrient deficiencies are also high.According to theDemographic and Health Survey(DHS 2010), 49% of women and 88% of children under the age of five suffer from anemia.Forty percent of infant deaths can be attributed tomalnutrition,and in turn, these infant mortality rates have decreased Burkina Faso's total work force by 13.6%, demonstrating how food security affects more aspects of life beyond health.

These high rates of food insecurity and the accompanying effects are even more prevalent in rural populations compared to urban ones, as access to health services in rural areas is much more limited and awareness and education of children's nutritional needs are lower.

An October 2018 report byUSAidstated that droughts and floods remained problematic, and that "violence and insecurity are disrupting markets, trade and livelihoods activities in some of Burkina Faso's northern and eastern areas". The report estimated that over 954,300 people needed food security support, and that, according toUNICEF,an "estimated 187,200 children under 5 years of age will experience severe acute malnutrition". Agencies providing assistance at the time included USAID's Office of Food for Peace (FFP) working with the UNWorld Food Programme,the NGOOxfam IntermónandACDI/VOCA.

Approaches to improving food security

World Food Programme

The United NationsWorld Food Programmehas worked on programs that are geared towards increasing food security in Burkina Faso. The Protracted Relief and Recovery Operation 200509 (PRRO) was formed to respond to the high levels of malnutrition in Burkina Faso, following the food and nutrition crisis in 2012.The efforts of this project are mostly geared towards the treatment and prevention of malnutrition and include take home rations for the caretakers of those children who are being treated for malnutrition.Additionally, the activities of this operation contribute to families' abilities to withstand future food crises. Better nutrition among the two most vulnerable groups, young children and pregnant women prepares them to be able to respond better in times when food security is compromised, such as in droughts.

The Country Programme (CP) has two parts: food and nutritional assistance to people with HIV/AIDS and a school feeding program for all primary schools in the Sahel region.The HIV/AIDS nutrition program aims to better the nutritional recovery of those who are living with HIV/AIDS and to protect at-risk children and orphans from malnutrition and food security.As part of the school feeding component, the Country Programme's goals are to increase enrollment and attendance in schools in the Sahel region, where enrollment rates are below the national average.Furthermore, the program aims at improving gender parity rates in these schools, by providing girls with high attendance in the last two years of primary school with take-home rations of cereals as an incentive to households, encouraging them to send their girls to school.

The WFP concluded the formation of a subsequently approved plan in August 2018 "to support the Government's vision of" a democratic, unified and united nation, transforming the structure of its economy and achieving a strong and inclusive growth through patterns of sustainable consumption and production ". It will take important steps in WFP's new strategic direction for strengthened national and local capacities to enable the Government and communities to own, manage and implement food and nutrition security programmes by 2030".

World Bank

TheWorld Bankwas established in 1944 and comprises five institutions whose shared goals are to end extreme poverty by 2030 and to promote shared prosperity by fostering income growth of the lower 40% of every country.One of the main projects the World Bank is working on to reduce food insecurity in Burkina Faso is the Agricultural Productivity and Food Security Project.According to the World Bank, the objective of this project is to "improve the capacity of poor producers to increase food production and to ensure improved availability of food products in rural markets."The Agricultural Productivity and Food Security Project has three main parts. Its first component is to work towards the improvement of food production, including financing grants and providing "voucher for work" programs for households who cannot pay their contribution in cash.The project's next component involves improving the ability of food products, particularly in rural areas.This includes supporting the marketing of food products and aims to strengthen the capabilities of stakeholders to control the variability of food products and supplies at local and national levels.Lastly, the third component of this project focuses on institutional development and capacity building. Its goal is to reinforce the capacities of service providers and institutions who are specifically involved in project implementation.The project's activities aim to build capacities of service providers, strengthen the capacity of food producer organizations, strengthen agricultural input supply delivery methods, and manage and evaluate project activities.

The December 2018 report by the World Bank indicated that the poverty rate fell slightly between 2009 and 2014, from 46% to a still high 40.1%. The report provided this updated summary of the country's development challenges: "Burkina Faso remains vulnerable to climatic shocks related to changes in rainfall patterns and to fluctuations in the prices of its export commodities on world markets. Its economic and social development will, to some extent, be contingent on political stability in the country and the subregion, its openness to international trade, and export diversification".

Infrastructure and services

Water

TheGrand marchéinKoudougou,Burkina Faso

Whileservicesremain underdeveloped, the National Office for Water and Sanitation (ONEA), astate-ownedutility companyrun along commercial lines, is emerging as one of the best-performing utility companies in Africa.High levels of autonomy and a skilled and dedicated management have driven ONEA's ability to improve production of and access to clean water.

Since 2000, nearly 2 million more people have access to water in the four principal urban centres in the country; the company has kept the quality ofinfrastructurehigh (less than 18% of the water is lost through leaks – one of the lowest insub-Saharan Africa), improved financial reporting, and increased its annual revenue by an average of 12% (well above inflation).Challenges remain, including difficulties among some customers in paying for services, with the need to rely on international aid to expand its infrastructure.The state-owned, commercially run venture has helped the nation reach itsMillennium Development Goal(MDG) targets in water-related areas and has grown as a viable company.

However, access to drinking water has improved over the last 28 years. According to UNICEF, access to drinking water has increased from 39 to 76% in rural areas between 1990 and 2015. In this same time span, access to drinking water increased from 75 to 97% in urban areas.

Electricity

A 33-megawatt solar power plant inZagtouli,near Ouagadougou, came online in late November 2017. At the time of its construction, it was the largest solar power facility in West Africa.

Other

The growth rate in Burkina Faso is high although it continues to be plagued by corruption and incursions from terrorist groups from Mali and Niger.

Transport

Main article:Transport in Burkina Faso

The railway station inBobo Dioulassowas built during the colonial era and remains in operation.

Transport in Burkina Faso is limited by relatively underdeveloped infrastructure.

As of June 2014 the main international airport,Thomas Sankara International Airport Ouagadougou,had regularly scheduled flights to many destinations in West Africa as well asParis,BrusselsandIstanbul.The other international airport,Bobo Dioulasso Airport,has flights to Ouagadougou andFélix-Houphouët-Boigny International Airport,Port-Bouët, Côte d'Ivoire.

Rail transport in Burkina Fasoconsists of a single line which runs fromKayatoAbidjanin Ivory Coast via Ouagadougou,Koudougou,Bobo-DioulassoandBanfora.Sitarailoperates a passenger train three times a week along the route.

There are 15,000 kilometres of roads in Burkina Faso, of which 2,500 kilometres are paved.

Science and technology

Main article:Science and technology in Burkina Faso

In 2009, Burkina Faso spent 0.20% of GDP onresearch and development(R&D), one of the lowest ratios in West Africa. There were 48 researchers (in full-time equivalents) per million inhabitants in 2010, which is more than twice the average for sub-Saharan Africa (20 per million population in 2013) and higher than the ratio forGhanaandNigeria(39). It is, however, much lower than the ratio forSenegal(361 per million inhabitants). In Burkina Faso in 2010, 46% of researchers were working in the health sector, 16% in engineering, 13% in natural sciences, 9% in agricultural sciences, 7% in the humanities and 4% in social sciences.

In January 2011, the government created the Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation. Up until then, management of science, technology and innovation had fallen under the Department of Secondary and Higher Education and Scientific Research. Within this ministry, the Directorate General for Research and Sector Statistics is responsible for planning. A separate body, the Directorate General of Scientific Research, Technology and Innovation, coordinates research. This is a departure from the pattern in many other West African countries where a single body fulfills both functions. The move signals the government's intention to make science and technology a development priority.Burkina Faso was ranked 124th in theGlobal Innovation Indexin 2023.

In 2012, Burkina Faso adopted aNational Policy for Scientific and Technical Research,the strategic objectives of which are to develop R&D and the application and commercialization of research results. The policy also makes provisions for strengthening the ministry's strategic and operational capacities. One of the key priorities is to improve food security and self-sufficiency by boosting capacity in agricultural and environmental sciences. The creation of a centre of excellence in 2014 at the International Institute of Water and Environmental Engineering in Ouagadougou within the World Bank project provides essential funding for capacity-building in these priority areas.

A dual priority is to promote innovative, effective and accessible health systems. The government wishes to develop, in parallel, applied sciences and technology and social and human sciences. To complement the national research policy, the government has prepared aNational Strategy to Popularize Technologies, Inventions and Innovations(2012) and aNational Innovation Strategy(2014). Other policies also incorporate science and technology, such as that onSecondary and Higher Education and Scientific Research(2010), theNational Policy on Food and Nutrition Security(2014) and theNational Programme for the Rural Sector(2011).

In 2013, Burkina Faso passed the Science, Technology and Innovation Act establishing three mechanisms for financing research and innovation, a clear indication of high-level commitment. These mechanisms are the National Fund for Education and Research, the National Fund for Research and Innovation for Development and the Forum of Scientific Research and Technological Innovation.

Demographics

Main article:Demographics of Burkina Faso

A BurkinabèTuaregman inOuagadougou

Population
Year	Million
1950	4.3
2000	11.6
2021	22.1

Burkina Faso is an ethnically integrated, secular state where most people are concentrated in the south and centre, where their density sometimes exceeds 48 inhabitants per square kilometre (120/sq mi). Hundreds of thousands of Burkinabè migrate regularly to Ivory Coast andGhana,mainly for seasonal agricultural work. These flows of workers are affected by external events; the September 2002 coup attempt in Ivory Coast and the ensuing fighting meant that hundreds of thousands of Burkinabè returned to Burkina Faso. The regional economy suffered when they were unable to work.

In 2015, most of the population belonged to "one of two West African ethnic cultural groups: the Voltaic and the Mandé. Voltaic Mossi make up about 50% of the population and are descended from warriors who moved to the area from Ghana around 1100, establishing an empire that lasted over 800 years".

Thetotal fertility rateof Burkina Faso was estimated to be 5.93 children born per woman in 2014, the sixth highest in the world.

In 2009 theU.S. Department of State'sTrafficking in Persons Reportreported thatslaveryin Burkina Faso continued to exist and that Burkinabè children were often the victims.Slavery in theSahelstates in general, is an entrenched institution with a long history that dates back to thetrans-Saharan slave trade.In 2018, an estimated 82,000 people in the country were living under "modern slavery" according to the Global Slavery Index.

Largest cities or towns in Burkina Faso According to the 2006 Census
	Rank	Name	Region	Pop.
Ouagadougou Bobo-Dioulasso	1	Ouagadougou	Centre	1,475,223	Koudougou Banfora
	2	Bobo-Dioulasso	Hauts-Bassins	489,967
	3	Koudougou	Centre-Ouest	88,184
	4	Banfora	Cascades	75,917
	5	Ouahigouya	Nord	73,153
	6	Pouytenga	Centre-Est	60,618
	7	Kaya	Centre-Nord	54,365
	8	Tenkodogo	Centre-Est	44,491
	9	Fada N'gourma	Est	41,785
	10	Houndé	Hauts-Bassins	39,458

Ethnic groups

Main article:Ethnic groups in Burkina Faso

Burkina Faso's 17.3 million people belong to two major West African ethnic cultural groups: theVoltaicand theMandé(whose common language isDioula). The VoltaicMossimake up about one-half of the population. The Mossi claim descent from warriors who migrated to present-day Burkina Faso fromnorthern Ghanaaround 1100 AD. They established an empire that lasted more than 800 years. Predominantly farmers, the Mossi kingdom is led by theMogho Naba,whose court is in Ouagadougou.

Languages

Further information:Languages of Burkina Faso

Native Languages in Burkina Faso
Languages			percent
Mooré			40.5%
Fula			9.3%
Gourmanche			6.1%
Bambara			4.9%
Bissa			3.2%
Bwamu			2.1%
Dagara			2%
San			1.9%
Lobiri			1.8%
Lyele			1.7%
Bobo			1.4%
Senoufo			1.4%
Nuni			1.2%
Dafing			1.1%
Tamasheq			1%
Kassem			0.7%
Gouin			0.4%
Dogon			0.3%
Songhai			0.3%
Gourounsi			0.3%
Ko			0.1%
Koussasse			0.1%
Sembla			0.1%
Siamou			0.1%
Other National			5%
Other African			0.2%
French			1.3%
Other non-indigenous			0.1%

Burkina Faso is amultilingualcountry. Theworking languagesareFrench,which was introduced during the colonial period andEnglish.Altogether, an estimated 69 languages are spoken in the country,of which about 60 languages areindigenous.The Mooré language is the most spoken language in Burkina Faso, spoken by about half the population, mainly in the central region around the capital, Ouagadougou.

According to the 2006 census, the languages spoken natively in Burkina Faso wereMooréby 40.5% of the population,Fulaby 9.3%,Gourmanchéby 6.1%,Bambaraby 4.9%,Bissaby 3.2%,Bwamuby 2.1%,Dagaraby 2%,Sanby 1.9%,Lobiriwith 1.8%,Lyéléwith 1.7%,BoboandSénoufowith 1.4% each,Nuniby 1.2%,Dafingby 1.1%,Tamasheqby 1%,Kassemby 0.7%,Gouinby 0.4%,Dogon,Songhai,andGourounsiby 0.3% each, Ko,Koussassé,Sembla,andSiamouby 0.1% each, other national languages by 5%, other African languages by 0.2%, French (the official language) by 1.3%, and other non-indigenous languages by 0.1%.

In the west,Mandé languagesare widely spoken, the most predominant beingDioula(also known as Jula or Dyula), others includingBobo,Samo,andMarka.Fulais widespread, particularly in the north.Gourmanchéis spoken in the east, whileBissais spoken in the south.

Health

Main article:Health in Burkina Faso

In 2016, the average life expectancy was estimated at 60 for males and 61 for females. In 2018, the under-five mortality rate and the infant mortality rate was 76 per 1000 live births.In 2014, the median age of its inhabitants was 17 and the estimated population growth rate was 3.05%.

In 2011, health expenditures was 6.5% of GDP; the maternal mortality ratio was estimated at 300 deaths per 100000 live births and the physician density at 0.05 per 1000 population in 2010. In 2012, it was estimated that the adult HIVprevalencerate (ages 15–49) was 1.0%.According to the 2011 UNAIDS Report, HIV prevalence is declining among pregnant women who attend antenatal clinics.According to a 2005 World Health Organization report, an estimated 72.5% of Burkina Faso's girls and women have hadfemale genital mutilation,administered according to traditional rituals.

Central government spending on health was 3% in 2001.As of 2009,studies estimated there were as few as 10 physicians per 100,000 people.In addition, there were 41 nurses and 13 midwives per 100,000 people.Demographic and Health Surveyshas completed three surveys in Burkina Faso since 1993 and had another in 2009.

ADengue feveroutbreak in 2016 killed 20 patients. Cases of the disease were reported from all 12 districts of Ouagadougou.

Religion

Main article:Religion in Burkina Faso

Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception of Ouagadougou

Thegovernment of Burkina Faso's 2019 census reported that 63.8% of the population practiced Islam, and that the majority of this group belong to theSunnibranch,while a small minority adheres toShia Islam.A significant number of Sunni Muslims identify with theTijaniyahSufiorder.

The 2019 census also found that 26.3% of the population wereChristians(20.1% beingCatholic Churchand 6.2% members ofProtestantdenominations) and 9.0% followedtraditional indigenous beliefssuch as theDogon religion,0.2% followed other religions, and 0.7% were non-religious.

Animistsare the largest religious group in the country'sSud-Ouestregion, forming 48.1% of its total population.

Education

Main article:Education in Burkina Faso

TheGandoprimary school. Its architect,Diébédo Francis Kéré,received theAga Khan Award for Architecturein 2004.

Education in Burkina Faso is divided into primary, secondary and higher education.High school costs approximately CFA 25,000 (US$50) per year, which is far above the means of most Burkinabè families. Boys receive preference in schooling; as such, girls' education and literacy rates are far lower than their male counterparts. An increase in girls' schooling has been observed because of the government's policy of making school cheaper for girls and granting them more scholarships.

To proceed from primary to middle school, middle to high school or high school to college, national exams must be passed. Institutions of higher education include theUniversity of Ouagadougou,The Polytechnic University of Bobo-Dioulasso,and theUniversity of Koudougou,which is also a teacher training institution. There are some small private colleges in the capital city of Ouagadougou but these are affordable to only a small portion of the population.

There is also theInternational School of Ouagadougou(ISO), an American-based private school located in Ouagadougou.

The 2008 UN Development Program Report ranked Burkina Faso as the country with the lowest level of literacy in the world, despite a concerted effort to double its literacy rate from 12.8% in 1990 to 25.3% in 2008.

Culture

Main article:Culture of Burkina Faso

A masked Winiama dancer,c. 1970

Malika Outtara, poet

Literature in Burkina Fasois based on theoral tradition,which remains important. In 1934, during French occupation, Dim-Dolobsom Ouedraogo published hisMaximes, pensées et devinettes mossi(Maxims, Thoughts and Riddles of the Mossi), a record of the oral history of theMossi people.

The oral tradition continued to have an influence on Burkinabè writers in the post-independence Burkina Faso of the 1960s, such asNazi Boniand Roger Nikiema.The 1960s saw a growth in the number of playwrights being published.Since the 1970s, literature has developed in Burkina Faso with many more writers being published.

Thetheatre of Burkina Fasocombines traditional Burkinabè performance with the colonial influences and post-colonial efforts to educate rural people to produce a distinctive national theatre. Traditional ritual ceremonies of the many ethnic groups in Burkina Faso have long involved dancing withmasks.Western-style theatre became common during colonial times, heavily influenced byFrench theatre.With independence came a new style of theatre inspired byforum theatreaimed at educating and entertaining Burkina Faso's rural people.

Slam poetryis increasing in popularity in the country, in part due to the efforts of slam poetMalika Ouattara.She uses her skills to raise awareness around issues such as blood donation, albinism and the impact of COVID-19.

Arts and crafts

Main article:Art of Burkina Faso

Artisan garland of decorative paintedgourdsinOuagadougou

In addition to several rich traditional artistic heritages among the peoples, there is a large artist community in Burkina Faso, especially inOuagadougou.Much of the crafts produced are for the country's growing tourist industry.

Burkina Faso also hosts theInternational Art & Craft Fair,Ouagadougou. It is better known by its French name asSIAO,Le Salon International de l'Artisanat de Ouagadougou,and is one of the most important African handicraft fairs.

Cuisine

Main article:Cuisine of Burkina Faso

A plate offufu(right) accompanied withpeanut soup

Typical of West African cuisine, Burkina Faso's cuisine is based onstaple foodsofsorghum,millet,rice, maize, peanuts, potatoes,beans,yamsandokra.The most common sources of animal protein are chicken, chicken eggs and freshwater fish. A typical Burkinabè beverage is Banji or Palm Wine, which is fermentedpalm sap;and Zoom-kom, or "grain water" purportedly the national drink of Burkina Faso. Zoom-kom is milky-looking and whitish, having a water and cereal base, best drunk with ice cubes. In the more rural regions, in the outskirts of Burkina, you would find Dolo, which is drink made from fermented millet.In times of crisis, one legume native to Burkina,Zamnè,can be served as a main dish or in a sauce.

Cinema

Main article:Cinema of Burkina Faso

Thecinema of Burkina Fasois an important part of the West African film industry and African film as a whole.Burkina's contribution toAfrican cinemastarted with the establishment of the film festivalFESPACO(Festival Panafricain du Cinéma et de la Télévision de Ouagadougou), which was launched as a film week in 1969. Many of the nation's filmmakers are known internationally and have won international prizes.

For many years the headquarters of theFederation of Panafrican Filmmakers(FEPACI) was in Ouagadougou, rescued in 1983 from a period of moribund inactivity by the enthusiastic support and funding ofPresident Sankara.In 2006 the Secretariat of FEPACI moved to South Africa, but the headquarters of the organization is still in Ouagadougou. Among the best known directors from Burkina Faso areGaston Kaboré,Idrissa OuedraogoandDani Kouyate.Burkina produces popular television series such asLes Bobodiouf.Internationally known filmmakers such as Ouedraogo, Kabore, Yameogo, and Kouyate make popular television series.

Sports

Main article:Sport in Burkina Faso

Burkina Faso national football teamin white during a match

Sport in Burkina Faso is widespread and includes football, basketball, cycling, rugby union, handball, tennis, bo xing and martial arts. Football is the most popular sport in Burkina Faso, played both professionally, and informally in towns and villages across the country. The national team is nicknamed "Les Étalons" ( "the Stallions" ) in reference to the legendary horse of PrincessYennenga.

In 1998, Burkina Faso hosted theAfrica Cup of Nationsfor which the Omnisport Stadium in Bobo-Dioulasso was built. Burkina Faso qualified for the2013 Africa Cup of NationsinSouth Africaand reached the final, but then lost to Nigeria 0–1. The country has never qualified for aFIFA World Cup.

Basketball is another sport which enjoys much popularity for both men and women.The country'smen's national teamhad its most successful year in 2013 when it qualified for theAfroBasket,the continent's prime basketball event.

At the2020 Summer Olympics,the athleteHugues Fabrice Zangowon Burkina Faso's first Olympic medal, winning bronze in themen's triple jump.Cricket is also picking up in Burkina Faso with Cricket Burkina Faso running a 10 club league.

Music

Main article:Music of Burkina Faso

Themusic of Burkina Fasoincludes thefolk musicof 60 differentethnic groups.TheMossi people,centrally located around the capital,Ouagadougou,account for 40% of the population while, to the south,Gurunsi,Gurma,DagaabaandLobipopulations, speakingGur languagesclosely related to theMossi language,extend into the coastal states. In the north and east theFulaniof theSahelpreponderate, while in the south and west theMande languagesare common;Samo,Bissa,Bobo,SenufoandMarka.Burkinabé traditional music has continued to thrive and musical output remains quite diverse. Popular music is mostly in French: Burkina Faso has yet to produce a major pan-African success.

Media

Main articles:Media of Burkina FasoandCommunications in Burkina Faso

A cameraman inOuagadougou,Burkina Faso in 2010

The nation's principal media outlet is its state-sponsored combined television and radio service,Radio Télévision du Burkina(RTB).RTBbroadcasts on twomedium-wave(AM) and severalFMfrequencies. Besides RTB, there are privately owned sports, cultural, music, and religious FM radio stations.RTBmaintains a worldwide short-wave news broadcast (Radio Nationale Burkina) in the French language from the capital at Ouagadougou using a 100 kW transmitter on 4.815 and 5.030 MHz.

Attempts to develop an independent press and media in Burkina Faso have been intermittent. In 1998, investigative journalistNorbert Zongo,his brother Ernest, his driver, and another man were assassinated by unknown assailants, and the bodies burned. The crime was never solved.However, an independent Commission of Inquiry later concluded that Norbert Zongo was killed for political reasons because of his investigative work into the death of David Ouedraogo, a chauffeur who worked for François Compaoré, President Blaise Compaoré's brother.

In January 1999, François Compaoré was charged with the murder of David Ouedraogo, who had died as a result of torture in January 1998. The charges were later dropped by a military tribunal after an appeal. In August 2000, five members of the President's personal security guard detail (Régiment de la Sécurité Présidentielleor RSP) were charged with the murder of Ouedraogo. RSP members Marcel Kafando, Edmond Koama, and Ousseini Yaro, investigated as suspects in the Norbert Zongo assassination, were convicted in the Ouedraogo case and sentenced to lengthy prison terms.

Since the death of Norbert Zongo, several protests regarding the Zongo investigation and treatment of journalists have been prevented or dispersed by government police and security forces. In April 2007, popular radio reggae hostKarim Sama,whose programs feature reggae songs interspersed with critical commentary on alleged government injustice and corruption, received several death threats.

Sama's personal car was later burned outside the private radio stationOuaga FMby unknown vandals.In response, theCommittee to Protect Journalists(CPJ) wrote to President Compaoré to request his government investigate the sending of e-mailed death threats to journalists and radio commentators in Burkina Faso who were critical of the government.In December 2008, police in Ouagadougou questioned leaders of a protest march that called for a renewed investigation into the unsolved Zongo assassination. Among the marchers was Jean-Claude Meda, the president of the Association of Journalists of Burkina Faso.

Cultural festivals and events

Every two years, Ouagadougou hosts thePanafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou(FESPACO), the largest African cinema festival on the continent (February, odd years).

Held every two years since 1988, theInternational Art & Craft Fair(SIAO), is one of Africa's most important trade shows for art and handicrafts (late October-early November, even years).

Also every two years, theSymposium de sculpture sur granit de Laongotakes place on a site located about 35 kilometres (22 miles) fromOuagadougou,in the province ofOubritenga.

TheNational Culture Week of Burkina Faso,better known by its French name La Semaine Nationale de la culture (SNC), is one of the most important cultural activities of Burkina Faso. It is a biennial event which takes place every two years in Bobo Dioulasso, the second-largest city in the country.

TheFestival International des Masques et des Arts(FESTIMA), celebratingtraditional masks,is held every two years inDédougou.

See also

• Index of Burkina Faso-related articles
• Outline of Burkina Faso
• 2023 in Burkina Faso

Bibliography

• Rupley, Lawrence; Bangali, Lamissa & Diamitani, Boureima (2013).Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso.The Scarecrow Press.ISBN978-0-8108-6770-3.

Further reading

• Engberg-Perderson, Lars;Endangering Development: Politics, Projects and Environment in Burkina Faso(Praeger Publishers, 2003).
• Englebert, Pierre;Burkina Faso: Unsteady Statehood in West Africa(Perseus, 1999).
• Howorth, Chris;Rebuilding the Local Landscape: Environmental Management in Burkina Faso(Ashgate, 1999).
• McFarland, Daniel Miles and Rupley, Lawrence A.;Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso(Scarecrow Press, 1998).
• Manson, Katrina and Knight, James;Burkina Faso(Bradt Travel Guides, 2011).
• Roy, Christopher D. and Wheelock, Thomas G. B.;Land of the Flying Masks: Art and Culture in Burkina Faso: The Thomas G.B. Wheelock Collection(Prestel Publishing, 2007).
• Sankara, Thomas;Thomas Sankara Speaks: The Burkina Faso Revolution 1983–1987(Pathfinder Press, 2007).
• Sankara, Thomas;We are the Heirs of the World's Revolutions: Speeches from the Burkina Faso Revolution 1983–1987(Pathfinder Press, 2007).

External links

• Premier Ministère,official government portal.(in French)(archived 15 September 2010)
• Burkina Faso.The World Factbook.Central Intelligence Agency.
• LeFaso.net,a news information site (archived 7 May 2008)
• Burkina FasofromUCB Libraries GovPubs(archived 21 August 2008)
• Burkina FasoatCurlie
• Burkina Faso profilefrom theBBC News.
• Wikimedia Atlas of Burkina Faso
• News headline linksfromAllAfrica.
• Overseas Development Institute(archived 26 May 2012)
• Country profileatNew Internationalist.
• Key Development Forecasts for Burkina FasofromInternational Futures.
• Burkina Faso Business FactsfromBizpages
• World Bank 2011 Trade Summary for Burkiana Faso