Douglas C-47 Skytrain

"C-47" redirects here. For other uses, seeC-47 (disambiguation).

"R4D" redirects here. For the rocket engine, seeR-4D.

C-47 Skytrain / Dakota C-53 Skytrooper
C-4743-30652 "Whiskey 7"at Duxford D-Day Show 2014
Role	Military transport aircraft
National origin	United States
Manufacturer	Douglas Aircraft Company
First flight	December 23, 1941(1941-12-23)
Status	In service
Primary users	United States Army Air Forces Royal Air Force United States Navy Royal Canadian Air Force See operators
Number built	10,174
Developed from	Douglas DC-3
Variants	Douglas XCG-17 Douglas AC-47 Spooky Douglas R4D-8

TheDouglas C-47 SkytrainorDakota(RAFdesignation) is amilitary transport aircraftdeveloped from the civilianDouglas DC-3airliner. It was used extensively by theAlliesduringWorld War II.During the war the C-47 was used fortroop transport,cargo,paratrooper,for towingglidersand military cargo parachute drops. The C-47 remained in front-line service with various military operators for many years.It was produced in approximately triple the numbers as the larger, much heavier payloadCurtiss C-46 Commando,which filled a similar role for the U.S. military.

Approximately 100 countries' armed forces have operated the C-47 with over 60 variants of the aircraft produced. As with the civilian DC-3, the C-47 remains in service in the present day, over 80 years after the type's introduction.

Design and development

The C-47 differed from the civilian DC-3 by way of numerous modifications, including being fitted with a cargo door, hoist attachment and strengthened floor - along with a shortened tail cone forglider-towingshackles, and anastrodomein the cabin roof.

During World War II, the armed forces of many countries used the C-47 and modified DC-3s for the transport of troops, cargo, and wounded. The U.S. naval designation was R4D. More than 10,000 aircraft were produced inLong BeachandSanta Monica, California,andOklahoma City, Oklahoma.Between March 1943 and August 1945, the Oklahoma City plant produced 5,354 C-47s.

The specialized C-53Skytroopertroop transport started production in October 1941 at Douglas Aircraft's Santa Monica plant. It lacked the cargo door, hoist attachment, and reinforced floor of the C-47. Only 380 aircraft were produced in all because the C-47 was found to be more versatile.

Super DC-3 (R4D-8)

Main article:Douglas R4D-8

U.S. Navy C-117Ds atRAF Mildenhallin 1967

Large numbers of DC-3s and surplus C-47s were in commercial use in the United States in the 1940s. In response to proposed changes to theCivil Air Regulationsairworthiness requirements that would limit the continuing use of these aircraft, Douglas offered a late-1940s DC-3 conversion to improve takeoff and single-engine performance. This new model, the DC-3S or "Super DC-3", was 39 in (0.99 m) longer. It allowed 30 passengers to be carried, with increased speed to compete with newer airliners. The rearward shift in the center of gravity led to larger tail surfaces and new outer, swept-back wings. More powerful engines were installed along with shorter, jet ejection-type exhaust stacks. These were either 1,475 hp (1,100 kW)Wright R-1820Cyclones or 1,450 hp (1,081 kW)Pratt & Whitney R-2000 Twin Waspsin larger engine nacelles. Minor changes included wheel-well doors, a partially retractable tailwheel, flush rivets, and low-drag antenna. These all contributed to an increased top speed of 250 mph (400 km/h; 220 kn). With over 75% of the original DC-3/C-47 configuration changed, the modified design was virtually a new aircraft.The first DC-3S made its maiden flight on 23 June 1949.

The changes fully met the new FAR 4B airworthiness requirements, with significantly improved performance. However, little interest was expressed by commercial operators in the DC-3S. It was too expensive for the smaller operators that were its main target; only three were sold toCapital Airlines.The U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps had 100 of their R4D aircraft modified to Super DC-3 standards as the R4D-8, later redesignated the C-117D.

Operational history

World War II

U.S. Army PathfindersandUSAAFflight crew prior toD-Day,June 1944, in front of a C-47 Skytrain atRAF North Witham

The C-47 was vital to the success of many Allied campaigns, in particular, those atGuadalcanaland in the jungles ofNew GuineaandBurma,where the C-47 and its naval version, the R4D, made it possible for Allied troops to counter the mobility of the light-traveling Japanese Army. C-47s were used to airlift supplies to the encircled American forces during theBattle of Bastognein Belgium. Possibly its most influential role in military aviation, however, was flying "The Hump"from India into China. The expertise gained flying" The Hump "was later used in theBerlin Airlift,in which the C-47 played a major role until the aircraft were replaced byDouglas C-54 Skymasters.

In Europe, the C-47 and a specializedparatroopvariant, the C-53 Skytrooper, were used in vast numbers in the later stages of the war, particularly to towglidersand drop paratroops. During theinvasion of Sicilyin July 1943, C-47s dropped 4,381 Allied paratroops. More than 50,000 paratroops were dropped by C-47s during the first few days of theD-Daycampaign also known as theinvasion of Normandy,France, in June 1944.In thePacific War,with careful use of the island landing strips of the Pacific Ocean, C-47s were used for ferrying soldiers serving in the Pacific theater back to the United States.

About 2,000 C-47s (received underLend-Lease) in British and Commonwealth servicetook the name "Dakota",possibly inspired by the acronym "DACoTA" for Douglas Aircraft Company Transport Aircraft.

The C-47 also earned the informal nickname "gooney bird"in the European theatre of operations.Other sourcesattribute this name to the first aircraft, a USMC R2D—the military version of the DC-2—being the first aircraft to land on Midway Island, previously home to the long-winged albatross known as the gooney bird which was native to Midway.

Postwar era

C-47s unloading atTempelhof Airportduring theBerlin Airlift

TheUnited States Air Force'sStrategic Air Commandhad Skytrains in service from 1946 to 1967. The US Air Force's6th Special Operations Squadronwas flying the C-47 until 2008.

TC-47D atMcChord AFB

With all of their aircraft and pilots having been part of the Indian Air Force prior to independence, both theIndian Air ForceandPakistan Air Forceused C-47s to transport supplies to their soldiers fighting in theIndo-Pakistan War of 1947.

After World War II, thousands of surplus C-47s were converted to civilian airline use, some remaining in operationin 2012,as well as being used as private aircraft.

Vietnam War

Several C-47 variants were used in theVietnam Warby the United States Air Force, including three advanced electronic-warfare variations, which sometimes were called "electric gooneys" designated EC-47N, EC-47P, or EC-47Q depending on the engine used. In addition, HC-47s were used by the 9th Special Operations Squadron to conduct psychological warfare operations over South Vietnam and Laos. Miami Air International, Miami International Airport was a USAF military depot used to convert the commercial DC-3s/C-47s into military use. They came in as commercial aircraft purchased from third-world airlines and were completely stripped, rebuilt, and reconditioned. Long-range fuel tanks were installed, along with upgraded avionics and gun mounts. They left as first-rate military aircraft headed for combat in Vietnam in a variety of missions.EC-47s were also operated by the Vietnamese, Laotian, and Cambodian Air Forces.A gunship variation, using three 7.62 mm miniguns, designatedAC-47 "Spooky",often nicknamed "Puff the magic dragon",also was deployed.

Variants

Main article:List of Douglas DC-3 family variants

C-47 in RCAF livery, still flying today. Operated by the RAF in England during WWII. FZ692 participated in two major airborne operations, Normandy and the Rhine Crossing.

Paratroop C-47, 12th Air Force Troop Carrier Wing, invasion of southern France, August 15, 1944

Interior view of Douglas C-47,HendonAerodrome,England

Aircraft of the6th Special Operations Squadronincluding a turboprop C-47 (Basler BT-67) in use by the U.S. Air Force,c. 2005

Douglas C-47 lineup at Willow Run, Michigan Airshow, August 2017

C-47B Skytrain43-49942

A former USAAF C-47A Skytrain which flew from a base in Devon, England, during theD-DayNormandy invasion and shows "invasion stripes"on her wings and fuselage

Douglas C-53 Skytrooper, c/n 4935, operated by askydivingservice atEloy, Arizona

Douglas C-47A SkytrainOld Number 30

C-47 Skytrain cockpit

Douglas C-47A Skytrain of the Venezuelan Air Force

C-47

Initial military version of the DC-3 had four crew (pilot, co-pilot, navigator, and radio operator) and seats for 27 troops alongside the fuselage interior. "Aerial Ambulances" fitted for casualty evacuation could carry 18 stretcher cases and a medical crew of three; 965 built (including 12 for the United States Navy as R4D-1).

C-47A

C-47 with a 24-volt electrical system, 5,254 built including USN aircraft designated R4D-5

RC-47A

C-47A equipped for photographic reconnaissance and ELINT missions

SC-47A

C-47A equipped for Search Air Rescue; redesignatedHC-47Ain 1962

VC-47A

C-47A equipped for VIP transport role

C-47B

Powered by R-1830-90 engines with two-speed superchargers (better altitude performance) to cover theChina-Burma-Indiaroutes, 3,364 built

VC-47B

C-47B equipped for VIP transport role

XC-47C

C-47 tested with Edo Model 78 floats for possible use as a seaplane

C-47D

C-47B with second speed (high blower) of engine supercharger disabled or removed after the war

AC-47DSpooky

Gunship aircraft with three side-firing.30 in (7.62 mm)Minigunmachine guns

EC-47D

C-47D with equipment for the Electronics Calibration, of which 26 were so converted by Hayes in 1953; prior to 1962 was designatedAC-47D

NC-47D

C-47D modified for test roles

RC-47D

C-47D equipped for photographic reconnaissance and ELINT missions

SC-47D

C-47D equipped for Search Air Rescue; redesignatedHC-47Din 1962

VC-47D

C-47D equipped for VIP transport role

C-47E

Modified cargo variant with space for 27–28 passengers or 18–24 litters

C-47F

YC-129 redesignated, Super DC-3 prototype for evaluation by USAF later passed to USN asXR4D-8

C-47L/M

C-47H/Js equipped for the support of American Legation United States Naval Attache (ALUSNA) and Military Assistance Advisory Group (MAAG) missions

EC-47N/P/Q

C-47A and D aircraft modified for ELINT/ARDF mission, N and P differ in radio bands covered, while Q replaces analog equipment found on the N and P with a digital suite, redesigned antenna equipment and uprated engines

C-47R

One C-47M modified for high altitude work, specifically for missions in Ecuador

C-53 Skytrooper

Troop transport version of the C-47 that lacked the reinforced cargo floor, large cargo door, and hoist attachment of the C-47Skytrain.It was dedicated for the troop transport role and could carry 28 passengers in fixed metal seats arranged in rows in the former cargo space; 221 built.

XC-53A Skytrooper

One testbed aircraft modified in March 1942 with full-span slotted flaps and hot-air leading edge de-icing. Converted to C-53 standard in 1949 and sold as surplus.

C-53B Skytrooper

Winterized and long-range Arctic version of the C-53 with extra fuel tanks in the fuselage and separate navigator's astrodome station for celestial navigation; eight built.

C-53C Skytrooper

C-53 with larger port-side access door; 17 built.

C-53D Skytrooper

C-53C with 24V DC electrical system and its 28 seats attached to the sides of the fuselage; 159 built.

C-117A Skytrooper

C-47B with 24-seat airline-type interior for staff transport use, 16 built.

VC-117A

Three redesignated C-117s used in the VIP role

SC-117A

One C-117C converted for air-sea rescue

C-117B/VC-117B

High-altitude two-speed superchargers replaced by one-speed superchargers, one built and conversions from C-117As all laterVC-117B

C-117D

USN/USMC R4D-8 redesignated C-117D in 1962.

LC-117D

USN/USMC R4D-8L redesignated LC-117D in 1962.

TC-117D

USN/USMC R4D-8T redesignated TC-117D in 1962.

VC-117D

USN R4D-8Z redesignated VC-117D in 1962.

YC-129

Super DC-3 prototype for evaluation by USAF redesignated C-47F and later passed to USN asXR4D-8.Wright R-1820engines uprated to 1425 hp.

CC-129

Canadian Forces designation for the C-47 (post-1970)

XCG-17

One C-47 tested as a 40-seat troop glider with engines removed and faired over

R4D-1 Skytrain

USN/USMC version of the C-47

R4D-3

Twenty C-53Cs transferred to USN

R4D-5

C-47A variant 24-volt electrical system replacing the 12-volt of the C-47; redesignatedC-47Hin 1962, 238 transferred from USAF

R4D-5L

R4D-5 for use in Antarctica. RedesignatedLC-47Hin 1962. Photos of this type show the removal of underslung engine oil coolers typical of the R-1830 engine installation; apparently not needed in the cold polar regions.

R4D-5Q

R4D-5 for use as special ECM trainer. RedesignatedEC-47Hin 1962

R4D-5R

R4D-5 for use as a personnel transport for 21 passengers and as a trainer aircraft; redesignatedTC-47Hin 1962

R4D-5S

R4D-5 for use as a special ASW trainer; redesignatedSC-47Hin 1962

R4D-5Z

R4D-5 for use as a VIP transport; redesignatedVC-47Hin 1962

JMSDF R4D-6Q

USN R4D-8 from VR-23Codfish AirlineoverMount Fuji,1952

United States Navy R4D-8

R4D-6

157 C-47Bs transferred to USN; redesignatedC-47Jin 1962

R4D-6L, Q, R, S, and Z

Variants as the R4D-5 series; redesignatedLC-47J,EC-47J,TC-47J,SC-47J,andVC-47Jrespectively in 1962

R4D-7

44 TC-47Bs transferred from USAF for use as a navigational trainer; redesignatedTC-47Kin 1962

R4D-8

R4D-5 and R4D-6 remanufactured aircraft with stretched fuselage,Wright R-1820engines, fitted with modified wings and redesigned tail surfaces; redesignated C-117D in 1962

R4D-8L

R4D-8 converted for Antarctic use, redesignatedLC-117Din 1962

R4D-8T

R4D-8 converted as crew trainers, redesignatedTC-117Din 1962

R4D-8Z

R4D-8 converted as a staff transport, redesignatedVC-117Din 1962

C-47TP "Turbo Dak"

Refit with two Pratt & Whitney CanadaPT6A-67Rturbopropsand fuselage stretch for the South African Air Force

Basler BT-67

C-47 conversion with a stretched fuselage, strengthened structure, modern avionics, and powered by two Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-67R turboprops

RAF designations

A Dakota IV in RAF Transport Command colors, owned by theClassic Air Force,operating out ofCoventry Airport

Dakota I

RAF designation for the C-47 and R4D-1.

Dakota II

RAF designation for nine C-53 Skytroopers received under the lend lease scheme. Unlike the majority of RAF Dakotas, these aircraft were therefore dedicated troop transports, lacking the wide cargo doors and reinforced floor of the C-47.

Dakota III

RAF designation for the C-47A.

Dakota IV

RAF designation for the C-47B.

Airspeed AS.61

Projected conversion of Dakota I aircraft by Airspeed. None built.

Airspeed AS.62

Projected conversion of Dakota II aircraft by Airspeed. None built.

Airspeed AS.63

Projected conversion of Dakota III aircraft by Airspeed. None built.

BEA Pionair/Dart-Dakota

Conversion of Dakota toRolls-Royce Dartpower and used byBEAto prove turboprop engines prior to entry into service ofVickers Viscount.

Aftermarket conversions

Main article:List of Douglas DC-3 family variants § Conversions

Operators

South African Air Force C-47TP "Turbo Dak"

A Royal Thai Air Force Basler BT-67 (C-47 conversion with Pratt & Whitney turboprops and stretched fuselage)

See also:List of Douglas C-47 Skytrain operators

• Argentina
• Australia
• Belgium
• Benin
• Biafra
• Bangladesh
• Bolivia
• Brazil
• Burma
• Cambodia
• Canada
• Chad
• Chile
• China
• Colombia
• Republic of the Congo
• Democratic Republic of the Congo
• Cuba
• Czechoslovakia
• Denmark
• Dominican Republic
• Ecuador
• Egypt
• El Salvador
• Ethiopia
• Finland
• France
• Gabon
• Greece
• Guatemala
• Haiti
• Honduras
• Hungary
• Iceland
• India
• Indonesia
• Iran
• Israel
• Italy
• Ivory Coast
• Jordan
• Japan
• Kenya
• Laos
• Libya
• Madagascar
• Malawi
• Mali
• Mauritania
• Mexico
• Monaco
• Morocco
• Netherlands
• New Zealand
• Nicaragua
• Niger
• Nigeria
• Northern Rhodesia
• Norway
• Oman
• Pakistan
• Panama
• Papua New Guinea
• Paraguay
• Peru
• Philippines
• Poland
• Portugal
• Rhodesia
• Romania
• Rwanda
• Saudi Arabia
• Senegal
• South Africa
• South Korea
• South Vietnam
• Somalia
• Soviet Union(also asLisunov Li-2)
• Sri Lanka
• Spain
• Sweden
• Singapore
• Syria
• Taiwan
• Tanzania
• Thailand
• Togo
• Turkey
• Uganda
• Uruguay
• United Kingdom
• United States
• Venezuela
• Vietnam
• West Germany
• Yemen
• Yugoslavia
• Zaire
• Zambia

Accidents and incidents

Further information:List of accidents and incidents involving the DC-3

Surviving aircraft

Main article:List of surviving Douglas C-47 Skytrains

Large numbers of C-47s, C-117s and other variants survive, on display in museums or as monuments; operated aswarbirds;or remaining in service.

As part of the 75th-anniversary commemoration in June 2019, 14 American C-47s and another group of 'Daks' from Europe retraced the route across the English Channel toNormandytaken by roughly 850 of these aircraft onD-Day..Among them wereThat's All, Brother,Betsy's Biscuit Bomber,Miss Montana,Spirit of Benovia,D-Day Doll,Boogie Baby,N47EMiss Virginia,andWhiskey 7.

Specifications (C-47B-DK)

Douglas C-47 Skytrain 3-view drawing

Data fromMcDonnell Douglas aircraft since 1920: Volume I

General characteristics

• Crew:4 (pilot, co-pilot, navigator, radio operator)
• Capacity:28 troops or 6,000 lb (2.72 t) of cargo
• Length:63 ft 9 in (19.43 m)
• Wingspan:95 ft 6 in (29.11 m)
• Height:17 ft 0 in (5.18 m)
• Wing area:987 sq ft (91.7 m²)
• Airfoil:root:NACA 2215;tip:NACA 2206
• Empty weight:18,135 lb (8,226 kg)
• Gross weight:26,000 lb (11,793 kg)
• Max takeoff weight:31,000 lb (14,061 kg)
• Powerplant:2 ×Pratt & Whitney R-1830-90C Twin Wasp14-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engines, 1,200 hp (890 kW) each
• Propellers:3-bladed constant-speed propellers

Performance

• Maximum speed:224 mph (360 km/h, 195 kn) at 10,000 ft (3,000 m)
• Range:1,600 mi (2,600 km, 1,400 nmi)
• Ferry range:3,600 mi (5,800 km, 3,100 nmi)
• Service ceiling:26,400 ft (8,000 m)
• Time to altitude:10,000 ft (3,000 m) in 9 minutes 30 seconds
• Wing loading:26.3 lb/sq ft (128 kg/m²)
• Power/mass:0.0926 hp/lb (0.1522 kW/kg)

See also

Related development

• Basler BT-67
• Conroy Turbo-Three
• Douglas AC-47 Spooky
• Douglas DC-3
• Douglas XCG-17
• Lisunov Li-2
• Showa/Nakajima L2D

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

• Curtiss C-46 Commando
• Junkers Ju 52/3m

Related lists

• List of aircraft of World War II
• List of military aircraft of the United States
• List of United States Navy aircraft designations (pre-1962)
• List of non-carrier aircraft flown from aircraft carriers

References

Bibliography

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• Chorlton, Martyn.Paths in the Wood.Cowbit, UK: Old Forge Publishing Ltd, 2003.ISBN0-9544507-0-1.
• De Vink, Hervé (August 1976). "Adieu au" Dakota "de la Force aérienne belge" [Farewell to the Dakotas of the Belgian Air Force].Le Fana de l'Aviation(in French) (81): 17–19.ISSN0757-4169.
• Donald, David.The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft.New York: Barnes & Noble, 1997.ISBN0-7607-0592-5.
• Flintham, Victor.Air Wars and Aircraft: A Detailed Record of Air Combat, 1945 to the Present.New York: Facts on File, 1990.ISBN0-8160-2356-5.
• Francillon, René J.McDonnell Douglas Aircraft Since 1920.London: Putnam & Company, 1979.ISBN0-370-00050-1.
• Gradidge, Jennifer M.The Douglas DC-1, DC-2, DC-3: The First Seventy Years.Two volumes. Tonbridge, UK: Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd., 2006.ISBN0-85130-332-3.
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• Kaplan, Philip.Legend: A Celebration of the Douglas DC-3/C-47/Dakota.Peter Livanos & Philip Kaplan, 2009.ISBN978-0-9557061-1-0.
• Parker, Dana T.Building Victory: Aircraft Manufacturing in the Los Angeles Area in World War II.Cypress, California: Dana Parker Enterprises, 2013.ISBN978-0-9897906-0-4.
• Pearcy, Arthur Jr. "Douglas R4D variants (US Navy's DC-3/C-47)".Aircraft in Profile, Volume 14.Windsor, Berkshire, UK: Profile Publications, 1974, pp. 49–73.ISBN0-85383-023-1.
• "Pentagon Over the Islands: The Thirty-Year History of Indonesian Military Aviation".Air Enthusiast Quarterly(2): 154–162. n.d.ISSN0143-5450.
• Serrano, José Luis González (March–April 1999). "Fifty Years of DC Service: Douglas Transports Used by the Spanish Air Force".Air Enthusiast(80): 61–71.ISSN0143-5450.
• Widfeldt, Bo (April–July 1980). ""Operation Ball": USAAF Operations in Sweden 1944–45 ".Air Enthusiast.No. 12. pp. 51–53.ISSN0143-5450.
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External links

• Boeing: Historical Snapshot: C-47 Skytrain military transport
• Manual: (1943) T.O. No. 01-40NC-1 Pilot's Flight Operating Instructions C-47 Airplane
• "Our Tow Ships".National WWII Glider Pilots Association, Inc. 09 July 2014.
• Pilot training manual for the C-47–The Museum of Flight Digital Collections