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Order of the British Empire

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Most Excellent
Order of the British Empire
CBE neck decoration (in civil division)
Awarded by themonarch of the United Kingdom
TypeOrder of chivalry
Established1917
MottoFor God and the Empire
EligibilityBritish nationals,citizens of theCommonwealth realms,or anyone who has made a significant achievement for the United Kingdom
Awarded forProminent national or regional achievements[1]
StatusCurrently constituted
SovereignCharles III
Grand MasterQueen Camilla
Grades
  • Knight/Dame Grand Cross (GBE)
  • Knight/Dame Commander (KBE/DBE)
  • Commander (CBE)
  • Officer (OBE)
  • Member (MBE)
Former grades
Precedence
Next (higher)Royal Victorian Order
Next (lower)Varies, depending on rank

Military ribbon

Civil ribbon

TheMost Excellent Order of the British Empireis a Britishorder of chivalry,rewarding contributions to the arts and sciences, work with charitable and welfare organizations, and public service outside thecivil service.[2]It was established on 4 June 1917 byKing George Vand comprises five classes across both civil and military divisions, the most senior two of which make the recipient either aknightif male ordameif female.[3]There is also the relatedBritish Empire Medal,whose recipients are affiliated with, but not members of, the order.

Recommendations for all appointments to the Order of the British Empire were originally made on the nomination of the United Kingdom, the self-governingDominionsof the Empire (later Commonwealth) and theViceroy of India.Nominations continue today from Commonwealth countries that participate in recommending British honours. Most Commonwealth countries ceased recommendations for appointments to the Order of the British Empire when they created their own honours.[a]

Current classes[edit]

The five classes of appointment to the Order are, from highest grade to lowest grade:

  1. Knight Grand Cross or Dame Grand Crossof the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (GBE)[b]
  2. Knight Commander or Dame Commanderof the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (KBE or DBE)
  3. Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (CBE)
  4. Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (OBE)
  5. Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (MBE)

Styles and honorary knighthoods[edit]

The senior two ranks of Knight or Dame Grand Cross, and Knight or Dame Commander, entitle their members to use the title ofSirfor men andDamefor women before their forename. Most members are citizens of the United Kingdom or the Commonwealth realms that use the Imperial system of honours and awards.

Honorary knighthoods are granted to citizens of nations where the monarch is nothead of state,and may permit use of post-nominal letters but not the title ofSirorDame.Occasionally, honorary appointees are, incorrectly, referred to asSirorDame.Honorary appointees who later become a citizen of a Commonwealth realm can convert their appointment from honorary to substantive, then enjoy all privileges of membership of the order, including use of the title ofSirandDamefor the senior two ranks of the Order. An example is Irish broadcasterTerry Wogan,who was appointed an honorary Knight Commander of the Order in 2005, and on successful application for British citizenship, held alongside his Irish citizenship, was made a substantive member and subsequently styled as Sir Terry Wogan.[4][5]

History[edit]

MBE (civil division) as awarded in 1918
Grand CrossStar of the Order of the British Empire
Close-up of an MBE from 1945 showing "For God and the Empire"

King George Vfounded the order to fill gaps in theBritish honours system:

In particular, George V wished to create an order to honour the many thousands of those who had served in a variety of non-combat roles during theFirst World War.When first established, the Order had only one division. However, in 1918, soon after its foundation, it was formally divided into Military andCivilDivisions.[further explanation needed][6]The Order's motto isFor God and the Empire.[2]

At the foundation of the order, the Medal of the Order of the British Empire was instituted, to serve as a lower award granting recipients affiliation but not membership. In 1922, this was renamed theBritish Empire Medal(BEM). It stopped being awarded by the United Kingdom as part of the1993 reformsto the honours system, but was again awarded beginning in 2012, starting with 293 BEMs awarded forQueen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee.[7]In addition, the BEM is awarded by theCook Islandsand by some otherCommonwealthnations. In 2004, a report entitledA Matter of Honour: Reforming Our Honours Systemby aCommonscommittee recommended phasing out the Order of the British Empire, as its title was "now considered to be unacceptable, being thought to embody values that are no longer shared by many of the country's population".[8] In 2004, a House of Commons Select Committee recommended changing the name of the award to the Order of British Excellence, and changing the rank of Commander to Companion; as the former was said to have a "militaristic ring".[9][10]

Composition[edit]

TheBritish sovereignis the Sovereign of the order and appoints all other officers of the order (by convention, on the advice of the governments of the United Kingdom and someCommonwealth realms). The second-most senior officer is theGrand Master.The position has been held by the following people:

No. Portrait Name
(Born–died) 		Term of office
Took office Left office
1
Edward, Prince of Wales
(1894–1972)		 4 June 1917 20 January 1936
2
Queen Mary
(1865–1953)		 27 March 1936 24 March 1953
3 The Duke of Edinburgh
(1921–2021)		 1 June 1953(1953-06-01) 9 April 2021(2021-04-09)
4 Queen Camilla
(1947–present)		 23 April 2024(2024-04-23) present

The order is limited to 300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross, 845 Knights and Dames Commander, and 8,960 Commanders. There are no limits applied to the total number of members of the fourth and fifth classes, but no more than 858 officers and 1,464 members may be appointed per year. Foreign appointees, as honorary members, do not contribute to the numbers restricted to the order as full members do. Although the Order of the British Empire has by far the highest number of members of the British orders of chivalry, with over 100,000 living members worldwide, there are fewer appointments to knighthoods than in other orders.[2]

Though men can be knighted separately from an order of chivalry (Knight Bachelor), women cannot, and so the rank of Knight/Dame Commander of the Order is the lowest rank of damehood, and second-lowest of knighthood (above Knights Bachelor). Because of this, an appointment as Dame Commander is made in circumstances in which a man would be created a Knight Bachelor. For example, by convention, female judges of theHigh Court of Justiceare created Dames Commander after appointment, while male judges become Knights Bachelor.

From time to time, individuals are appointed to a higher grade within the Order, thereby ceasing usage of the junior post-nominal letters.

Officers[edit]

In addition to the sovereign and thegrand master,the order has six further officers:[11]

TheKing of Armsis not a member of theCollege of Arms,as are many otherheraldicofficers. TheLady Usher of the Purple Roddoes not – unlike theOrder of the Garterequivalent, theLady Usher of the Black Rod– perform any duties related to theHouse of Lords.

Gallantry[edit]

A crossed pair of oak leaves, in silver, against a background of red woven ribbon material
A silver oak-leaf emblem denotes gallantry

Although initially intended to recognise meritorious service, the order began to also be awarded for gallantry. There were an increased number of cases in the Second World War for service personnel and civilians including the merchant navy, police, emergency services and civil defence, mostly MBEs but with a small number of OBEs and CBEs. Such awards were for gallantry that did not reach the standard of theGeorge Medal,but, as an order, were listed before it on the Order of Wear. Awards for meritorious service usually appear without a citation but there were often citations for gallantry awards, some detailed and graphic.[14]From 14 January 1958, these awards were designated Commander, Officer or Member of the Order of the British Empire for Gallantry.[15]

Any individual made a member of the order for gallantry after 14 January 1958 wears an emblem of two crossed silver oak leaves on the same ribbon as the badge, with a miniature version on the ribbon bar when worn alone. When the ribbon only is worn the emblem is worn in miniature.[15]It could not be awardedposthumously,and was replaced in 1974 with theQueen's Gallantry Medal(QGM). If recipients of the Order of the British Empire for Gallantry received promotion within the order, whether for gallantry or otherwise, they continued to wear also the insignia of the lower grade with the oak leaves.[16]However, they used only the post-nominal letters of the higher grade.

Vestments and accoutrements[edit]

Members of the order wear elaborate vestments on important occasions (such as quadrennial services andcoronations), which vary by rank (the designs underwent major changes in 1937):

  • Themantle,worn by only Knights and Dames Grand Cross, was originally made of yellow satin lined with blue silk, but is now made of rose pink satin lined with pearl-grey silk. On the left side is a representation of the star (see below).
  • Thecollar,also worn by only Knights and Dames Grand Cross, is made of gold. It consists of six medallions depicting the Royal Arms, alternating with six medallions depicting the Royal and Imperial Cypher of George V (GRI,which stands for "Georgius Rex Imperator"). The medallions are linked with gold cables depicting lions and crowns.
  • Knight and Dame Grand Cross insignia
  • Mantle worn by Knights and Dames Grand Cross (GBE)
    Mantle worn by Knights and Dames Grand Cross (GBE)
  • Close-up of the Star on the mantle
    Close-up of the Star on the mantle
  • Collar and Star of a Knight or Dame Grand Cross of the Order
    Collar and Star of a Knight or Dame Grand Cross of the Order

On certain "collar days"designated by the Sovereign, members attending formal events may wear the order's collar over their military uniform, formal day dress, or evening wear. When collars are worn (either on collar days or on formal occasions such as coronations), the badge is suspended from the collar. Collars are returned upon the death of their owners, but other insignia may be retained.

On less important occasions, simpler insignia are used:

  • Thestaris an eight-pointed silver star used by only Knights and Dames Grand Cross and Knights and Dames Commander. It is worn pinned to the left breast. Varying in size depending on class, it bears a crimson ring with the motto of the order inscribed. Within the ring, a figure ofBritanniawas originally shown. Since 1937, however, the effigies of George V and Mary of Teck have been shown instead.
  • Thebadgeis the only insignia used by all members of the order. Until 1937, it was suspended on a purple ribbon, with a red central stripe for the military division; since then, the ribbon has been rose-pink with pearl-grey edges, with the addition of a pearl-grey central stripe for the military division. Knights and Dames Grand Cross wear it on a riband or sash, passing from the right shoulder to the left hip. Knights Commander and male commanders wear the badge from a ribbon around the neck; male officers and members wear the badge from a ribbon on the left chest; all females other than Dames Grand Cross wear it from a bow on the left shoulder. The badge is in the form of acrosspatonce(having the arms growing broader and floriated toward the end), the obverse of which bears the same field as the star (that is, either Britannia orGeorge VandQueen Mary); the reverse bears George V's Royal and Imperial Cypher. Both are within a ring bearing the motto of the Order. The size of the badges varies according to rank: the higher classes have slightly larger badges. The badges of Knights and Dames Grand Cross, Knights and Dames Commander, and commanders are enamelled with pale blue crosses and crimson rings; those of officers are plain gold; those of members are plain silver.
  • TheBritish Empire Medalis made of silver. On the obverse is an image of Britannia surrounded by the motto, with the words "For Meritorious Service" at the bottom; on the reverse is George V's Imperial and Royal Cypher, with the words "Instituted by King George V" at the bottom. The name of the recipient is engraved on the rim. This medal is nicknamed "the Gong", and comes in both a full-sized and miniature versions – the latter for formal white-tie and informal black-tie occasions.
  • Alapel pinfor everyday wear was first announced at the end of December 2006, and is available to recipients of all levels of the order, as well as to holders of theBritish Empire Medal.The pin design is not unique to any level. The pin features the badge of the order, enclosed in a circle of ribbon of its colours of pink and grey. Lapel pins must be purchased separately by a member of the order.[17]The creation of such a pin was recommended inSir Hayden Phillips' review of the honours system in 2004.[18]
  • Insignia
    Insignia
  • Badge as awarded to a female MBE
    Badge as awarded to a female MBE
Order of the British Empireribbon bars
Civil Military
1917–1935
Since 1936

Chapel[edit]

Chapel of the Order in thecryptofSt Paul's Cathedral(photographed in 2013). The banners are those of theSovereign(right) and of theGrand Master(left) of the Order as they were then in office.

The Chapel of the Order of the British Empire is inSt Paul's Cathedral.It occupies the far eastern end of the cathedral crypt and was dedicated in 1960. The only heraldic banners normally on display in the chapel are those of theSovereign of the Order of the British Empireand of theGrand Master of the Order of the British Empire.Rather than using this chapel, the Order now holds its great services upstairs in the nave of the cathedral. In addition to the Chapel of the Order of the British Empire, St Paul's Cathedral also houses the Chapel ofThe Most Distinguished Order of St Michael and St George.Religious services for the whole Order are held every four years; new Knights and Dames Grand Cross are installed at these services.

Precedence and privileges[edit]

See also:Order of precedence in England and Wales
Knights, Dames and Commanders of theOrdermay display itscircletaround (and suspend itsBadgebelow) theircoat of arms.

Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commander prefixSir,and Dames Grand Cross and Dames Commander prefixDame,to their forenames.[c]Wives of Knights may prefixLadyto their surnames, but no equivalent privilege exists for husbands of Knights or spouses of Dames. Such forms are not used by peers and princes, except when the names of the former are written out in their fullest forms. Male clergy of theChurch of Englandor theChurch of Scotlanddo not use the titleSir(unless they were knighted before being ordained) as they do not receive theaccolade(they are not dubbed "knight" with a sword), although they do append thepost-nominal letters;dames do not receive the accolade, and therefore female clergy are free to use the titleDame.

Knights and Dames Grand Cross use the post-nominal GBE; Knights Commander, KBE; Dames Commander, DBE; Commanders, CBE; Officers, OBE; and Members, MBE. The post-nominal for the British Empire Medal is BEM.

Members of all classes of the order are assigned positions in theorder of precedence.Wives of male members of all classes also feature on the order of precedence, as do sons, daughters and daughters-in-law of Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commander; relatives of Ladies of the Order, however, are not assigned any special precedence. As a general rule, only wives and children of male recipients are afforded privileges.

Knights and Dames Grand Cross are also entitled to be grantedheraldic supporters.They may, furthermore, encircle their arms with a depiction of thecirclet(a circle bearing the motto) and the collar; the former is shown either outside or on top of the latter. Knights and Dames Commander and Commanders may display the circlet, but not the collar, surrounding their arms. The badge is depicted suspended from the collar or circlet.[19]

Current knights and dames grand cross[edit]

Knights and dames grand cross[edit]

For a more comprehensive list, seeList of knights grand cross of the Order of the British Empire.

Military ranks listed denotes the awarded being in the military division.

Name Post-nominals Year appointed
Sir Christopher Leaver GBE,KStJ,JP 1981
Sir Anthony Jolliffe GBE,DL 1982
Air Chief MarshalSir David Harcourt-Smith GBE,KCB,DFC 1989
Sir Alexander Graham GBE 1990
Air Chief MarshalSir Patrick Hine GCB,GBE 1991
Sir Brian Jenkins GBE 1991
Air Chief MarshalSir Bill Wratten GBE,CB,AFC 1998
Sir Stephen Brown GBE 1999
Air Chief MarshalSir Anthony Bagnall GBE,KCB 2002
Sir Michael Sydney Perry GBE 2002
Sir Ronnie Flanagan GBE,QPM 2002
The Baroness Butler-Sloss GBE,PC 2005
GeneralSir Timothy Granville-Chapman GBE,KCB 2011
The Lord King of Lothbury KG,GBE,FBA 2011
Sir John Parker GBE 2012
The Baroness Hayman GBE,PC 2012
Sir Keith Mills GBE,DL 2013
Sir John Bell GBE,CH,FRS 2015
Air Chief MarshalThe Lord Peach KG,GBE,KCB,DL 2016
Sir Ian Wood KT,GBE 2016
Sir Cyril Chantler GBE 2017
Sir Keith Peters GBE 2018
Sir Craig Reedie GBE 2018
Sir Christopher Greenwood GBE,CMG,KC 2018
The Lady Higgins GBE,KC 2019
Sir Michael Burton GBE,KC 2019
The Earl Howe GBE,PC 2021
Dame Sue Ion GBE,FRS 2022
Sir Partha Dasgupta GBE,FRS 2023
Dame Hermione Lee GBE,FBA 2023
Dame Margaret Beckett GBE,MP 2024
Dame Carol Black GBE,FRCP 2024
Sir William Beaumont GBE,DL 2024
Sir James McDonald GBE,FRSE,FREng,FInstP,FIET 2024
Sir Ridley Scott GBE 2024
Dame Jenny Abramsky GBE 2024
The Lord Etherton GBE,KC,PC 2024

Honorary[edit]

For a more comprehensive list, seeList of current honorary knights and dames of the Order of the British Empire.

An honorary Order of the British Empire award can be given to a non-British citizen for their work in a chosen field.

Recommendations by Commonwealth countries[edit]

Countries making recommendations to the Order of the British Empire (2020)
Main article:Orders, decorations, and medals of the Commonwealth realms

Since the Second World War, severalCommonwealth realmshave established their own national system of honours and awards and have created their own unique orders, decorations and medals.

Recommendations for appointments to the Order of the British Empire continue to be made by some Commonwealth realms. In 2019,Antigua and Barbuda,The Bahamas,Barbados,Belize,Grenada,Papua New Guinea,Saint Christopher and Nevis,Saint Lucia,Saint Vincent and the Grenadines,theSolomon Islands,andTuvalu,as well as theNew Zealandassociated state of theCook Islandsall included Order of the British Empire awards in their New Year's or Queen's Birthday honours lists.[20]

Canada seldom made recommendations for appointments to the Order of the British Empire except for the Second World War and Korea but continued to recommend gallantry awards for both military and civilians until the creation of theOrder of Canada.[21]Australian recommendations for the Order of the British Empire continued to be submitted for 15 years after the creation of theOrder of Australia.The last Australian Federal recommendations were for the 1983 New Year honours and the lastAustralian staterecommendations were for the 1989 Queen's Birthday honours.[22]The New Zealand Government ceased to recommend the Order in 1996, upon the establishment of theNew Zealand Order of Merit,but the Government of the Cook Islands continues to do so.[23]

People who declined Order of the British Empire honours[edit]

See also:List of people who have declined a British honour

In 2003,The Sunday Timespublished a list of the people who had rejected the Order of the British Empire, includingDavid Bowie,John Cleese,Nigella Lawson,Elgar Howarth,L. S. Lowry,George Melly,andJ. G. Ballard.[24]In addition, Ballard voiced his opposition to the honours system, calling it "a preposterous charade".[24]

The order has attracted some criticism for its naming having connection with the idea of the now-extinctBritish Empire.[25]Benjamin Zephaniah,a British poet ofJamaicanandBarbadiandescent, publicly rejected appointment as an Officer in 2003 because, he asserted, it reminded him of "thousands of years of brutality". He also said that "it reminds me of how my foremothers were raped and my forefathers brutalised".[26]

The authorC. S. Lewis(1898–1963) was named on the last list of honours byGeorge VIin December 1951. Despite being amonarchist,he declined so as to avoid association with any political issues.[27][28]

In 2019,John Oliverturned down an offer of an OBE, which would have been part of theQueen's New Year's Honourslist.[29][30]

The Beatleswere appointed Members in 1965:John Lennonjustified his investiture by comparing military membership in the Order: "Lots of people who complained about us receiving the MBE [status] received theirs for heroism in the war – for killing people... We received ours for entertaining other people. I'd say we deserve ours more". Lennon later returned his MBE insignia on 25 November 1969, as part of his ongoing peace protests.[31]Other criticism centres on the view that many recipients of the Order are being rewarded with honours for simply doing their jobs; critics say that the Civil Service and Judiciary receive far more orders and honours than leaders of other professions.[25]

Chin Peng,a veteran guerrilla fighter of theMalayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army,was appointed as an Officer for his role in fighting against theJapanese occupation of MalayaduringWorld War II,in close co-operation with the British commandoForce 136.Several years after WWII, his OBE membership was withdrawn by the British government (and became undesirable to Chin Peng himself) when the Communist leader headed his party's guerrilla insurgency against the British Empire during theMalayan Emergency.[32]

Forfeiture of Order of the British Empire honours[edit]

Only the monarch can annul an honour. TheHonours Forfeiture Committeeconsiders cases and makes recommendations for forfeiture. An individual can renounce their honour by returning the insignia to Buckingham Palace and by ceasing to make reference to their honour, but they still hold the honour unless and until annulled by the monarch.[33]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^The last Canadian recommendation for the Order of the British Empire was an MBE for gallantry gazetted in 1966, a year before the creation of the Order of Canada. The Australian Honours System unilaterally created in 1975 did not achieve bi-partisan support until 1992 when Australian federal and state governments agreed to cease Australian recommendations for British honours. The last Australian recommended Order of the British Empire appointments were in the 1989 Queen's Birthday Honours. New Zealand ceased to use the order when it introduced its own honours system.
  2. ^It is commonly written without "of the Most Excellent Order" and other words not implied by the post-nominals.
  3. ^Never surnames – thus SirAntony Shermay be shortened to Sir Antony, but not to Sir Sher.

References[edit]

  1. ^"Guide to the Honours".BBC News.BBC.10 June 2015.Retrieved25 May2016.
  2. ^abc"Order of the British Empire".The Official Website of the British Monarchy.The Royal Household. Archived fromthe originalon 27 March 2010.Retrieved24 August2009.
  3. ^"No. 30250".The London Gazette(2nd supplement). 24 August 1917. pp. 8791–8999.
  4. ^"No. 57855".The London Gazette(1st supplement). 31 December 2005. p. 26.
  5. ^"Radio's Wogan becomes Sir Terry".BBC News.BBC.6 December 2005.Retrieved7 February2009.
  6. ^"No. 31084".The London Gazette.27 December 1918. p. 15135.
  7. ^"Birthday Honours: 'Working class' British Empire Medal revived".BBC News.BBC.16 June 2012.Retrieved20 June2012.
  8. ^"A Matter of Honour: Reforming Our Honours System"(PDF).House of Commons Public Administration Select Committee.Parliament.uk. 13 July 2004.Retrieved15 January2016.
  9. ^"Select Committee on Public Administration Fifth Report".
  10. ^"Honours system outdated, say MPs",BBC News, 13 July 2004, Retrieved 28 February 2007
  11. ^"The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire: Newsletter"(PDF).TheCentral Chancery of the Orders of Knighthood.December 2015.Archived(PDF)from the original on 24 July 2019.Retrieved23 April2019.
  12. ^HM Government (7 December 2018)."Central Chancery of the Orders of Knighthood".The London Gazette.Archivedfrom the original on 10 April 2023.Retrieved22 December2018.
  13. ^"No. 64397".The London Gazette.15 May 2024. p. 9430.
  14. ^Abbott, PE; Tamplin, J. M. A. (1981).British Gallantry Awards.London:Nimrod Dix & Co. Chapters 35–38.ISBN978-0-902633-74-2.
  15. ^ab"No. 41285".The London Gazette(Supplement). 14 January 1958. p. 365.
  16. ^"No. 56878".The London Gazette(Supplement). 17 March 2003. p. 3353.
  17. ^"Emblem for honours (Archived 4 April 2012)".The National Archives.DirectGov (UK). Archived fromthe originalon 4 April 2012.Retrieved26 July2014.
  18. ^"BEM Recipients Entitled to New Emblem".The Berwickshire News. 12 November 2008. Archived fromthe originalon 29 July 2014.Retrieved26 July2014.
  19. ^Statutes1995, article 34.
  20. ^"Commonwealth New Year and Birthday Honours lists (1981-2024)".London Gazette.Retrieved25 May2024.
  21. ^However, there were awards of the related British Empire Medal for Gallantry, whose recipients are affiliated with, but not members of the Order of the British Empire, after the creation of the Order of Canada. see"No. 44630".The London Gazette.9 July 1968. p. 7607.
  22. ^London Gazette51778, Sat, 17 June 1989, p. 45
  23. ^New Zealand Royal Honours System: History,Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, Retrieved on 19 May 2020
  24. ^abMcGavin, Henry (22 December 2003)."Honoured? No thanks, say elite of arts and TV".Independent.Archivedfrom the original on 24 May 2022.Retrieved4 March2018.
  25. ^abA reformed Honours system,Select Committee on Public Administration, 7 July 2004, Retrieved 13 May 2012
  26. ^Mills, Merope (27 November 2003)."Rasta poet publicly rejects his OBE".The Guardian.Retrieved31 July2015.
  27. ^"Chronology of the Life of C. S. Lewis".Archived fromthe originalon 6 February 2012.
  28. ^Lewis, C. S. (1994). W. H. Lewis, Walter Hooper (ed.).Letters of C. S. Lewis.New York: Mariner Books. p. 528.ISBN978-0-15-650871-1.
  29. ^Conan O'Brien (21 October 2019)."Conan O'Brien Needs a Friend – John Oliver Episode 42".TeamCoco(Podcast). Team Coco. Event occurs at 52:35.Retrieved5 October2022.
  30. ^Nunn, Christina (21 January 2021)."John Oliver Rejected Queen Elizabeth's Royal Award — 'Why on Earth Would I Want That?'".Showbiz Cheat Sheet.Retrieved5 October2022.
  31. ^Roylance, Brian; Harrison, George; Lennon, John; McCartney, Paul; Starr, Ringo (2000).The Beatles Anthology.Chronicle Books. pp.183.ISBN978-0-8118-2684-6.
  32. ^Dead or Alive(subscription required)Archived21 July 2013 at theWayback MachineTime,12 May 1952
  33. ^"Having honours taken away (forfeiture)".GOV.UK.30 September 2021.Retrieved24 January2024.

Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]

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