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China National Nuclear Corporation

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Not to be confused withChina General Nuclear Power Group,the other major Chinese nuclear power company
China National Nuclear Corporation
Native name
Trung Quốc hạch công nghiệp tập đoàn công ty
Company typeState-owned enterprise
IndustryNuclear technology
PredecessorMinistry of Nuclear Industry
Founded1955[1]
HeadquartersBeijing,China
Key people
Sun Qin (President)[2]
ProductsNuclear weapons,nuclear power generation
RevenueUS$39.6 billion (2023)[3]
US$1.3 billion (2023)[3]
Total assetsUS$188.6 billion (2023)[3]
OwnerGovernment of China
Number of employees
182,750 (2023)[3]
SubsidiariesChina Nuclear International Uranium Corporation
Nuctech
Websiteen.cnnc.cnEdit this at Wikidata
China National Nuclear Corporation
Simplified ChineseTrung Quốc hạch công nghiệp tập đoàn công ty
Traditional ChineseTrung Quốc hạch công nghiệp tập đoàn công ty
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinZhōngguó Hégōngyè Jítuán Gōngsī

TheChina National Nuclear Corporation(CNNC;Chinese:Trung Quốc hạch công nghiệp tập đoàn công ty;pinyin:Zhōngguó Hé Gōngyè Jítuán Gōngsī) is astate-owned enterprisefounded in 1955 inBeijing.[1][4][5]CNNC's president and vice-president are appointed by thePremier of the People's Republic of China.CNNC oversees all aspects of China's civilian and military nuclear programs.[6][7]According to its own mission statement, it "is a main part of the national nuclear technology industry and a leading element of national strategic nuclear forces and nuclear energy development."[8]

Its headquarters are inXicheng District, Beijing.[9]

History

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The Ministry of Nuclear Industry built China's first atom bomb, hydrogen bomb andnuclear submarine.[citation needed]It functioned as a government bureau for the national nuclear industry and reported directly to the State Council. It oversaw China's nuclear-related corporations, manufacturers, institutions, research institutes, and plants, including those related to nuclear weapons. It was responsible for the design and operation ofnuclear power plants;nuclear fuelproduction and supply, including the processing ofnatural uranium,uranium conversion and enrichment, fuel assembly fabrication,spent fuel reprocessing,andnuclear wastedisposal.[citation needed]

In 1988 the Ministry of Nuclear Industry was re-organised and became the CNNC.[10]: 202 Thecorporatizationwas partly carried out to gain funds from outside of the government via exports.[11]

In the mid-1990s, CNNC had 300,000 employees and managed 200 organisations.[11]

Kang Rixin,a senior general manager is currently being investigated (as of August 10, 2009) for $260 million that was earmarked for the construction of three nuclear plants and allegedly used the funds for the stock market sustaining heavy losses. He is also accused of accepting bribes from a foreign company that intended to build nuclear power stations in China.[12][13]

As of 2014CNNC has 100,000 employees and 110 subsidiaries. It has 4 nuclear power plants with 9 reactors in operation with a generation capacity of 6.5 GWe, with a further 12 reactors under construction.[1]

In June 2015, CNNC announced it would aim to raise 13.19 billionChinese yuanin aninitial public offering,that if successful, would be the largest inChinain almost four years previously.[14]In September 2015, CNNC signed a memorandum of understanding withBill Gates-backedTerraPowerfor the construction of atraveling wave reactor.[15]

In September, CNNC announced a project with the UK'sNational Nuclear Laboratoryto create the Joint Research and Innovation Centre. The centre will investigate aspects of thenuclear fuel cycle.The UK and China will jointly fund the project over five years at the cost of £50 million.[16]

As of 2017, CNNC was developing a 400 MWthheat-only reactor fordistrict heating.[17]

In 2018, CNNC acquired nuclear power plant builder China Nuclear Engineering & Construction Corp (CNECC).[18][19]

It is one of the two most significant companies in China's uranium mining and nuclear power sectors (the other beingChina General Nuclear Power Group).[10]: 201 CNNC is supervised by theState Councilvia theState-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission.[10]: 202 

U.S. sanctions

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In August 2020, theUnited States Department of Defensepublished the names of companies linked to thePeople's Liberation Armyoperating directly or indirectly in the United States. CNNC and CNECC were included on the list.[20][21]In November 2020,Donald Trumpissued anexecutive orderprohibiting any American company or individual from owning shares in companies that the United States Department of Defense has listed as having links to the People's Liberation Army, which included the two companies above.[22][23][24]

Reactor designs

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CNNC is the only exporter of Chinese nuclear power plants.[10]: 202 

CNP / ACP series

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Main article:CNP / ACP nuclear reactors

The CNPGeneration II nuclear reactors(andGeneration IIIsuccessor ACP) were a series ofnuclear reactorsdeveloped by China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC), and are predecessors of the more currentHualong Onedesign.

The CNP series ofGeneration II reactorsstarted with theCNP-300pressurized water reactor, was the first reactor design developed domestically in China. The first unit began operation atQinshan Nuclear Power Plantin 1991.

A larger version of the reactor, theCNP-600was developed based on both theCNP-300[25]and the M310 reactor design used inDaya Bay Nuclear Power Plant.[26][27]It was installed atChang gian g Nuclear Power Plant,with two units operational from 2015 and 2016, respectively. AGeneration IIIACP-600 successor was also developed but none were built.

A three loop, 1000-MW version of the CNP reactor, the CNP-1000, was under development since the 1990s with the help of vendors Westinghouse and Framatome (now AREVA). 4 units of the CNP-1000 were later built atFuqing NPP.Further work on the CNP-1000 was stopped in favour of the ACP-1000.

In 2013, China announced that it had independently developed theGeneration IIIACP-1000, with Chinese authorities claiming full intellectual property rights over the design. As a result of the success of the Hualong One project, no ACP-1000 reactors have been built to date. CNNC had originally planned to use the ACP-1000 inFuqingreactor 5 and 6 but switched over to the Hualong One.[28]

Hualong One

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Main article:Hualong One

In 2012, central planners in Beijing directed China General Nuclear (CGN) and the other large nuclear builder and operator, CNNC to 'rationalise' theirGeneration III reactordesign programs. This meant CGN's ACPR1000 and CNNC's ACP1000, both of which were based on the FrenchGeneration IIM310,were 'merged' into one standardised design - theHualong One.[29]After the merger, both companies retain their own supply chain and their versions of the Hualong One will differ slightly (units built by CGN will retain some features from the ACPR1000) but the design is considered to be standardised. Some 85% of its components will be made domestically.[30]

The Hualong One power output will be 1170 MWe gross, 1090 MWe net, with a 60-year design life, and would use a combination of passive and active safety systems with a double containment.[31]It has a 177 assembly core design with an 18-month refuelling cycle. The power plant's utilisation rate is as high as 90%. CNNC has said its active and passive safety systems, double-layer containment and other technologies meet the highest international safety standards.[32]

The Hualong One is now largely seen as the replacement for all previous Chinese nuclear reactor designs, and has been exported overseas.

Hualong Two

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Main article:Hualong Two

CNNC plans to start building Hualong Two by 2024. It will be a more economical version using similar technology, taking a year less to build with about a quarter less in construction costs.[33]

Advanced CANDU reactor

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In September 2016 it was announced thatSNC-Lavalinhas signed anagreement in principlewith CNNC and theShanghai ElectricGroup to design, market and build theadvanced CANDU reactor.Its ability to usereprocessed uraniumwill reduce China's stock ofspent nuclear fuel.[34]

DHR-400

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CNNC has developed a pool-type light-water reactor for district heating, called the DHR-400 (District Heating Reactor 400 MWt). It operates at low temperature and air pressure, so is easy to operate and decommission.[35]Building cost is 1.5 billion yuan ($230 million), taking three years to build. It is well suited for the existing centralised heating systems of northern Chinese cities, currently often coal fueled.[36]

In February 2019, China'sState Power Investment Corporation(SPIC) signed a cooperation agreement with theBaishanmunicipal government inJilinprovince for the Baishan Nuclear Energy Heating Demonstration Project, which would use a DHR-400.[37]

ACP100

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In July 2019, CNNC announced it would start building a demonstration ACP100small modular reactoron the north-west side of the existingChang gian g Nuclear Power Plantby the end of the year.[38]Design of the ACP100 started in 2010. It will be a fully integrated reactor module with an internal coolant system, with a 2-year refueling interval, producing 385 MWt and about 125 MWe.[39]In July 2021 the announcement was made that the construction of the first ACP100 has been started.[40]The beginning of the installation phase was announced in December 2022;[41]by March 2023, the main internal structure of the reactor building was completed.[42]The reactor type is also calledLinglong One.

See also

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References

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  1. ^abcCNNC (27 January 2014)."CNNC: The Main Force of Nuclear Power Development in China".UK Trade & Industry (Market Briefing). pp. 64–98.Archivedfrom the original on 3 March 2016.Retrieved7 April2014.{{cite web}}:|author=has generic name (help)
  2. ^"Managements".Official website of CNNC.Archived fromthe originalon 8 May 2015.Retrieved13 February2015.
  3. ^abcd"China National Nuclear".Fortune Global 500.Fortune.Retrieved2024-08-24.
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  5. ^"Conference brochure"(PDF).aben.br.2015.Archived(PDF)from the original on 2019-01-25.Retrieved2020-07-18.
  6. ^Allen-Ebrahimian, Bethany (2020-06-24)."Defense Department produces list of Chinese military-linked companies, 20 years after mandate".Axios.Archivedfrom the original on 2020-06-25.Retrieved2020-06-24.
  7. ^"China National Nuclear Corporation".Australian Strategic Policy Institute.June 11, 2020.Archivedfrom the original on March 17, 2020.Retrieved2020-07-18.
  8. ^"Company Profile".China National Nuclear Corporation.2016-02-01.Archivedfrom the original on April 29, 2016.Retrieved2020-07-18.
  9. ^"Contact Us".China National Nuclear Corporation.Archivedfrom the original on 2021-06-23.Retrieved2021-03-02.Address: No 1 Nansanxiang, Sanlihe, Xicheng district, Beijing, P.R. China-Chinese addressArchived2021-07-28 at theWayback Machine:"Thành phố Bắc Kinh tây thành nội ba dặm Hà Nam tam hẻm nhất hào"
  10. ^abcdMassot, Pascale (2024).China's Vulnerability Paradox: How the World's Largest Consumer Transformed Global Commodity Markets.New York, NY, United States of America:Oxford University Press.ISBN978-0-19-777140-2.
  11. ^ab"China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC)".Nuclear Threat Initiative.Archivedfrom the original on 17 April 2016.Retrieved5 March2016.
  12. ^"Beijing airport ex-head executed".August 7, 2009.Archivedfrom the original on November 12, 2019.RetrievedAugust 10,2009– via news.bbc.co.uk.
  13. ^China’s Rapid Reactor Expansion Raises ConcernsArchived2017-02-11 at theWayback MachineKEITH BRADSHER, Published: December 15, 2009
  14. ^ReutersArchived2015-10-02 at theWayback Machine,China National Nuclear aims to raise $2.13 billion in largest IPO since 2011, Reuters, 31 May 2015
  15. ^"TerraPower, CNNC team up on travelling wave reactor".World Nuclear News.25 September 2015.Archivedfrom the original on 2 June 2020.Retrieved2020-07-25.
  16. ^"UK-China Joint Research and Innovation Centre".National Nuclear Laboratory.Archivedfrom the original on 19 March 2016.Retrieved5 March2016.
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  18. ^"More consolidation for China's nuclear industry".Nuclear Engineering International. 1 February 2018.Archivedfrom the original on 12 November 2019.Retrieved4 February2018.
  19. ^"CNNC merges China Nuclear Engineering & Construction Co".CNNC.2018-01-31.Archivedfrom the original on 30 August 2020.Retrieved30 August2020.
  20. ^"DOD Releases List of Additional Companies, in Accordance with Section 1237 of FY19 NDAA".U.S. Department of Defense.August 28, 2020.Archivedfrom the original on 30 August 2020.Retrieved30 August2020.
  21. ^"Qualifying Entities Prepared in Response to Section 1237 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1999 (PUBLIC LAW 105–261)"(PDF).U.S. Department of Defense.August 28, 2020.Archived(PDF)from the original on 28 August 2020.Retrieved30 August2020.
  22. ^Chen, Shawna (November 12, 2020)."Trump bans Americans from investing in 31 companies with links to Chinese military".Axios.Archivedfrom the original on October 28, 2021.RetrievedNovember 12,2020.
  23. ^Pamuk, Humeyra; Alper, Alexandra; Ali, Idrees (2020-11-12)."Trump bans U.S. investments in firms linked to Chinese military".Reuters.Archivedfrom the original on 2021-10-28.Retrieved2020-11-12.
  24. ^Swanson, Ana (2020-11-12)."Trump Bars Investment in Chinese Firms With Military Ties".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on 2020-11-13.Retrieved2020-11-13.
  25. ^Biello, David (29 March 2011)."China forges ahead with nuclear energy".Nature.doi:10.1038/news.2011.194.Archivedfrom the original on 19 December 2020.Retrieved28 May2018.
  26. ^"China's commercial reactors"(PDF).Nuclear Engineering International.Archived(PDF)from the original on 29 May 2018.Retrieved29 May2018.
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  29. ^"Nuclear Power in China".World Nuclear Association. 24 September 2013.Archivedfrom the original on 3 November 2013.Retrieved30 September2013.
  30. ^"Chinese reactor design passes safety review - World Nuclear News".Archivedfrom the original on 2022-02-02.Retrieved2022-02-02.
  31. ^Ji Xing; Daiyong Song; Yuxiang Wu (March 2016)."HPR1000: Advanced Pressurized Water Reactor with Active and Passive Safety".Engineering.2(1): 79–87.doi:10.1016/J.ENG.2016.01.017.
  32. ^"China to begin construction of Hualong Two in 2024 - Nuclear Engineering International".Archivedfrom the original on 2022-02-02.Retrieved2022-02-02.
  33. ^"China to begin construction of Hualong Two in 2024".Nuclear Engineering International. 15 April 2021.Archivedfrom the original on 2 February 2022.Retrieved2 February2022.
  34. ^Marotte, Bertrand (2016-09-22)."SNC-Lavalin strikes deal to build nuclear reactors in China".The Globe and Mail.Archivedfrom the original on 2017-04-19.Retrieved2017-08-25.
  35. ^"CNNC completes design of district heating reactor".World Nuclear News. 7 September 2018.Archivedfrom the original on 8 June 2019.Retrieved18 March2019.
  36. ^Stanway, David (10 December 2017)."China looks to nuclear option to ease winter heating woes".Reuters.Archivedfrom the original on 9 June 2018.Retrieved18 March2019.
  37. ^"China signs agreement for nuclear heating demonstration project".Nuclear Engineering International. 14 March 2019.Archivedfrom the original on 11 January 2020.Retrieved18 March2019.
  38. ^"CNNC launches demonstration SMR project".World Nuclear News. 22 July 2019.Archivedfrom the original on 9 August 2019.Retrieved22 July2019.
  39. ^"Specific Design Consideration of ACP100 for Application in the Middle East and North Africa Region"(PDF).CNNC. 2 October 2017.Archived(PDF)from the original on 11 January 2020.Retrieved22 July2019.
  40. ^"China launches first commercial onshore small reactor project".Reuters.14 July 2021. Archived fromthe originalon 2021-07-13.Retrieved14 July2021.
  41. ^"Chinese SMR project enters installation phase".World Nuclear News.Archivedfrom the original on 6 January 2023.Retrieved6 January2023.
  42. ^"Reactor building internal structures completed at Chinese SMR".World Nuclear News.Archivedfrom the original on 25 March 2023.Retrieved23 March2023.

Further reading

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  • The Impact of Government Restructuring on Chinese Nuclear Arms Control and Nonproliferation Policymaking,Wen L. Hsu, The Nonproliferation Review, Fall 1999, p. 155.
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