Canadian Journey
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Canadian Journey(French:L'épopée canadienne) is the sixth series ofbanknotes of the Canadian dollardesigned and circulated by theBank of Canada.It succeeded the1986 Birds of Canada banknote series.The first banknote of the Canadian Journey series issued into circulation was the $10 bill on 17 January 2001, and the last to be issued was the $50 bill on 17 November 2004. The series was succeeded by the2011 Frontier series,the banknotes of which were first issued into circulation from 2011 to 2013.
This series introduced new security features and discontinued the use of planchettes, a security feature common since the earliest Canadian banknote series. All banknotes havetactile featuresto assist people who havevisual impairmentsto identify the notes.
Designs on thereverseof each banknote in the series were based on themes of fundamental Canadian values and achievements. The $20 banknote was awarded 2004 Banknote of the Year by the International Bank Note Society.
Design
[edit]The Bank of Canada began the process for a banknote series to replace Birds of Canada in 1997[1]by establishing a currency development team.[2]It faced several constraints, including the use of a more secure substrate, addressing increased counterfeiting, improving accessibility for those withvisual impairments,and ensuring a financially feasible production because of budgetary constraints.[2]TheMinistry of Financewas involved in the design process, providing ideas for banknote themes for the series.[3]
The formal design of the banknotes began in 1998[2]and was performed by a team led by art director Jorge Peral at theCanadian Bank Note Company,which also had members from theBritish American Bank Note Company.[4][5]The team created model designs that were reviewed by focus groups.[4]The Bank of Canada had considered using portraits of famous Canadian artists and inventors, instead of those of theQueen of Canadaand former prime ministers, but ultimately rejected the idea at the request ofJean Chrétien,who preferred the familiar portraits.[4]
Early prototype designs included prominent portraits and vignettes ofparliamentary buildingssimilar to those of the final design.[5]The reverse of each denomination featured an animal indigenous to Canada in vertical portrait orientation. The set of themes that would ultimately be chosen had to adhere to modern banknote security design principles and "reflect fundamental values recognized and cherished across the country".[4]These values includedCanadian culture,diversity (for examplemulticulturalism), achievements, and that the concepts could be rendered artistically.[4]Two elements of the design would not be changed: the portraits featured on each denomination and the dominant colour for each denomination, both of which were to be the same as those for the respective denomination in the Birds of Canada series.[6]
It was the first time the Bank of Canada involved the public in the design process for a banknote series, conductingtelephone surveysin 1997 to obtain public opinion about design themes and selecting individuals to participate infocus groupsto review design selections.[3][2]Children throughout Canada submitted designs to the Bank of Canada via theirelementary schools,and over 4,000 Canadians participated in the design process.[3]
All banknotes in the series feature a stylisedFlag of Canadain the upper right-hand corner of the obverse,[7]and measured 152.4 by 69.85 millimetres (6.000 by 2.750 in).[8]Each banknote also included an excerpt from literary works reflecting the denomination's theme.[9]
Security
[edit]Because of the increasing proliferation of affordable consumercolour photocopiers,inkjet printers,andscanners,the security features of Birds of Canada was becoming increasingly easier to circumvent.[10]As a result, the Bank of Canada undertook development of the Canadian Journey Series, during which time it also developed a new anti-counterfeiting strategy.
In addition to improving the security of the substrate and the integration of security features in the banknote designs, the Bank of Canada also launched a public education campaign, actively deterred counterfeiting by closer collaboration with law enforcement, and accelerated the removal and destruction of banknotes from older series from circulation.[11][12]Moreover, it actively discourages financial transactions using banknotes from older series.[13]
Substrate
[edit]In the mid 1990s, the Bank of Canada tested a new substrate, named "Luminus"[14]and produced by Domtar, for use in printing banknotes.[15]It printed 100,000 experimental $5 banknotes, using the Birds of Canada design, having a substrate of polymer core between two layers of cotton paper.[16][15]The notes were issued into circulation, and the test found "no major problems" with the substrate.[14]It was chosen as the substrate for the $5 and $10 banknotes in June 1998 and for all other denominations in September 1999.[14]In December 1999, the manufacturer withdrew its offer to supply the substrate because of technical production issues and its market viability.[14]The Bank of Canada found a cotton fibre substrate with "characteristics similar to those of Luminus" on which to print the $10 banknote it would issue in January 2001 and later for the $5 banknote issued in March 2002.[14]The similarity of the substrate to Luminus would enable a transition to it once production issues were resolved, as the Bank of Canada had acquired Canada-wide rights to the substrate and continued to develop it,[14]but the project was ultimately discontinued in 2002.[16][15]As a result, the Bank of Canada chose to use the standard watermarked paper, but required suppliers to include a "windowed metallic thread" in the substrate.[15]
Features
[edit]Incorporating the desired security features into the design was a "challenging aspect of the design process".[4]These features included:intaglioprinting, such as the raised ink in some numerals;microprinting,such as in the descriptions adjacent to the building vignettes on the obverse of each banknote; a holographic stripe adjacent to the portrait, with iridescentmaple leavesshifting from a matte to shiny gold when tilted; a watermark of the portrait and denomination's value in an empty space near the building vignettes; a see-through number with disjoint components appearing as a complete numeral when viewed with background lighting; a colour-shifting thread embedded on one side of the banknote, on which is printed the banknote's denomination; and features visible when exposed to ultraviolet light.[15][17]
Features implemented with raised ink on the obverse of each banknote include the large numeral at the bottom right, the shoulder of the portrait, and the words "Bank of Canada" and "Banque du Canada" in a vertical stripe to the left of the holographic metallic strip.[18]A genuine banknote from this series will not fluoresce when exposed to ultraviolet light except for the coat of arms and the words "Bank of Canada", "Banque du Canada", "Ten", and "Dix" over the left portion of the portrait.[19]Randomly distributed white security fibres embedded in the substrate will glow red.[20]
When a banknote is backlit, the "ghost-like" portrait in the watermark will become visible and the colour-shifting thread is revealed as a set of windows along a continuous line that shift colour when tilted.[21]The maple leaves on the holographic metallic strip appear to move when the note is tilted, and each is split by a colour change.[21]
The series also excluded former security features, such as the planchettes, green dots randomly occurring on the surface of the banknotes.[15]Planchettes were replaced by coloured fibres embedded in the paper thatfluorescewhen exposed toultravioletlight.[15]
Each banknote features theEURion constellation.[22]On the obverse, the pattern occurs in a band between the portrait's shoulder and the signatures of theGovernor of the Bank of Canadaand deputy governor in the lower right of the banknote.[22]All but the $50 banknote also contain several instances of the constellation on the lower portion of the building vignette at the centre of the banknote.[22]On the reverse, the $5 and $10 banknotes have a visible plain yellow EURion constellation pattern. The pattern is "clearly identifiable" on the $20 and $100 banknotes, which encloses each dot of the constellation in a blank circle.[22]On the $50 banknote, the pattern is nearly undetectable, as a pattern of fine red lines masks the yellow dots; these are revealed when viewing theblue channelof a digital image of the banknote.[22]
Accessibility
[edit]The Bank of Canada began investigating integration of accessibility features into banknotes with the passage of theCanadian Human Rights Actin 1977.[23]Its research indicated that Braille was not a viable option, as not all visually impaired individuals are able to read it, and denominations of different sizes are not financially viable.[23]It thus chose to develop features that could be identified by a banknote reader, which it implemented in the Birds of Canada series.[23]
For the Canadian Journey Series, the Bank of Canada and theCanadian National Institute for the Blindheld consultations with "experts in the fields of vision and tactility perception",[1]during which several desirable features were identified.[23]The Bank of Canada concluded that accessibility features should enable an individual to identify a banknote's denomination "quickly, independently, privately, and with the note in any orientation" and that it should implement features assisting individuals with a range of vision impairments.[1]It again rejected denominations having banknotes of different size for being inconsistent with the use of banknote processing equipment[24]such asautomated teller machines,vending machines,self checkoutmachines,slot machines,ticket and parking lot machines, and note sorting equipment.
This series was the first issued by the Bank of Canada to incorporate atactile featureto allow individuals withvisual impairmentsto determine a banknote's denomination.[15]This takes the form ofBrailleblocks consisting of six dots arranged in two parallel columns, each denomination having a different pattern of blocks, placed on the top right-hand corner when facing the obverse. The feature was developed by the Canadian Bank Note Company, which collaborated withQueen's Universitytactility perception expert for symbol design.[24]It produced 48 sample designs, of which six were selected for final consideration based on tactility, production techniques, and banknote thickness.[24]These were tested with collaboration of the Canadian National Institute for the Blind and the Canadian Council of the Blind by individuals with functional blindness.[23][24]The feature was considered appealing as it did not require individuals to useassistive technologyin order to identify a banknote's denomination.[24]
The colour for each banknote denomination was updated to enable individuals to more easily distinguish between them, particularly the brown of the $100 banknote and the red of the $50 banknote, along with the purple of the $10 banknote and the blue of the $5 banknote.[23]The design of each denomination also included large, high-contrast numerals and a barcode, each identifying the respective denomination.[15]The numerals were about 30% larger than in the Birds of Canada series and were chosen after testing conducted by vision experts at theUniversity of Waterloo.[24]
The electronic banknote reader distributed for Canadians requiring assistive technologies was also updated to be able to scan and identify these banknotes,[15]and was half the size and weight than that used for the Birds of Canada series.[24]It was also improved by adding tone and vibration output modes in addition to thespeech synthesisvoice output of the earlier model.[24]Its development cost aboutCA$500,000.[25]
Approximately 3% of a banknote's production cost is associated with the tactile feature.[25]
Banknotes
[edit]Value | Main colour | Obverse | Reverse | Issued[8] | Withdrawn |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
$5 | Blue | Wilfrid Laurier | Children playing hockey, tobogganing, and skating; excerpt from "The Hockey Sweater"byRoch Carrier | 27 March 2002 | 15 November 2006 |
15 November 2006 | 7 November 2013 | ||||
$10 | Purple | John A. Macdonald | Peacekeeping forces and war memorial; poppy field and excerpt from "In Flanders Fields"byJohn McCrae | 17 January 2001 | 18 May 2005 |
18 May 2005 | 7 November 2013 | ||||
$20 | Green | Elizabeth II | Artwork ofBill Reidand an excerpt fromGabrielle Roy's novelThe Hidden Mountain | 29 September 2004 | 7 November 2012 |
$50 | Red | William Lyon Mackenzie King | The Famous FiveandThérèse Casgrain;quotation from theUniversal Declaration of Human Rights | 17 November 2004 | 26 March 2012 |
$100 | Brown | Robert Borden | Maps of Canada and an excerpt fromMiriam Waddington's poem, "Jacques Cartier in Toronto" | 17 March 2004 | 14 November 2011 |
$5 note
[edit]The theme chosen for the $5 banknote was "children at play".[4]The banknote was the second issued in the series and was first circulated in March 2002.[7]An updated version of the $5 denomination banknote, incorporating the security features introduced in the higher-denomination banknotes of this series, was issued in November 2006.[26]
The obverse has a portrait ofWilfrid Laurier,the engraving for which was created byCzesław Słania.[7]The building depicted at the centre is a vignette of theWest Blockof Parliament Hill.[7]
The reverse features a depiction of the banknote's theme, with images of children tobogganing, skating, and playing hockey on a frozen pond.[7]Below a white snowflake near the middle of the banknote is an excerpt from "The Hockey Sweater"byRoch Carrier.[20]It and the $10 bill were the last of the Canadian Journey banknotes to be printed, with printing ceasing in November 2013.
$10 note
[edit]The theme chosen for the $10 banknote was "remembrance and peacekeeping".[4]The banknote was the first issued in the series and was first circulated on 17 January 2001.[27][28]An updated version of the $10 denomination banknote, incorporating the security features introduced in the higher-denomination banknotes of this series, was issued in May 2005.[26]
The obverse has a portrait ofJohn A. Macdonald,the engraving for which was created by Peral.[29]The vignette at the centre is theLibrary of Parliamentbuilding.[28]
The reverse features a depiction of the chosen theme. Standing in front of a largecenotaphin the background are a femaleRoyal Canadian Navyofficer and a maleCanadian Armymaster corporal, and in the foreground are two children withCanadian Armed ForcesveteranRobert MetcalfeobservingRemembrance Day.[28][30]In the centre is a femaleRoyal Canadian Air Forceofficer depicted in peacekeeping duties[28]wearing a combat uniform and blue beret. Adjacent to the officer are white doves in flight and the phrase "In the service of peace".[31]In the lower left corner are red poppies superimposed on a maple leaf, beside which is an excerpt from "In Flanders Fields",[28]awar poemin the form of arondeauwritten byJohn McCraeduringWorld War Ithat is now aRemembrance Dayicon.[32]Underneath it is an equivalent excerpt from "Au champ d'honneur", the French translation of the poem written by Jean Pariseau.[28]The text of the poem was obtained from a manuscript hand-written by McCrae stored atLibrary and Archives Canada.[27]Red poppies became a symbol of remembrance for war dead because of McCrae's poem.[27]It and the $5 bill were the last of the Canadian Journey banknotes to be printed, with printing ceasing in November 2013.
$20 note
[edit]The theme chosen for the $20 banknote was "arts and culture".[4]The banknote was first circulated in September 2004.[33]
The portrait's engraving on the obverse was created by Peral based on a photograph ofElizabeth IItaken by Charles Green in 2000.[34]The photograph was taken specifically for rendering an image on this banknote, which appears next to a vignette of theCentre Blockof Parliament Hill.[33]
The reverse depicts the chosen theme using illustrations of artwork created byBill Reid,an artist of maternalHaidaheritage from which he draws creative inspiration.[33]To the far left is an illustration ofThe Raven and the First Men,a laminated yellow cedar sculpture housed at theMuseum of Anthropologyat theUniversity of British Columbia,adjacent to which is an excerpt from the 1961 bookLa Montagne secrètebyGabrielle Royand its English translation by Harry Binsse.[35][33]To the right is a prominent illustration of the sculptureSpirit of Haida Gwaii,with a yellow-toned background depicting the ceremonial drum sculptureHaida Grizzly Bear.[35]In the upper right-hand corner is an illustration depicting the sculptureMythic Messengers,an 8.5 metres (28 ft) bronzefriezenow installed at the Bill Reid Gallery of Northwest Coast Art.[36]
$50 note
[edit]The theme chosen for the $50 banknote was "nation building".[4]The banknote was first circulated in November 2004 and was the last of the Canadian Journey banknotes to be introduced.[33]
The obverse portrait is ofWilliam Lyon Mackenzie Kingcreated using a computer-assisted engraving process byGiesecke & Devrient.[33]The central vignette depicts thePeace Toweron Parliament Hill.[33]
The reverse features an illustration of the statue of the women known asThe Famous Fivefronted by an illustration of the Thérèse Casgrain Volunteer Award medallion honouringThérèse Casgrain.[33]The text excerpt included on the left-hand side is a quotation from theUniversal Declaration of Human Rights,the first draft of which was composed by Canadianhuman rightsadvocateJohn Peters Humphrey.[33]
$100 note
[edit]The theme chosen for the $100 banknote was "exploration and innovation".[4]Its design involved input from seven separate sources, among themNatural Resources Canada,theCanadian Space Agency,theNational Archives of Canada,and theCanadian Canoe Museum.[9]The banknote was first circulated on 17 March 2004.[37]
On the obverse is a portrait ofRobert Borden,based on awatercolourby Peral, engraved by Czesław Słania.[38]The vignette at the centre is of theEast Blockof Parliament Hill.[38]
On the reverse is a depiction of the chosen theme featuring Canadian achievements incartographyandcommunications.[38]In the lower left-hand corner is an illustration of a birch bark canoe and a 1632 map ofNew FrancebySamuel de Champlain,above which is a quotation from the poemJaques Cartier in TorontobyMiriam Waddingtonand a French translation by Christine Klein-Letaud.[38]To the right is a satellite image of Canada, with an illustration ofRadarsat-1to its left and a communications antenna to its right.[38]
Printings
[edit]Canadian Journey Series banknotes differ based on the date they were printed. Other than the change to the $5 and $10 banknotes to update their security features, the most notable change is the combination of signatures of theGovernor of the Bank of Canadaand the Deputy Governor occurring on the banknotes, which were updated with every change to the executive of the Bank of Canada. The following signature combination banknotes were released:[8]
Governor | Deputy governor | Years of printing | Denominations |
---|---|---|---|
Gordon Thiessen | Malcolm Knight | 2001 | $10 (2001) |
David Dodge | Malcolm Knight | 2001–2003 | $5 (2002), $10 (2001) |
David Dodge | Paul Jenkins | 2003–2008 | $5 (2002, 2006), $10 (2001, 2005), $20, $50, $100 |
Mark Carney | Paul Jenkins | 2008–2010 | $5 (2006), $10 (2005), $20, $50, $100 |
Mark Carney | Tiff Macklem | 2010–2013 | $5 (2006), $10 (2005), $20, $50, $100 |
Canadian Banknotes were printed by two differentsecurity printersuntil 2011: theCanadian Banknote Companyand BA International Inc. The serial number prefix indicates which printer was responsible for printing the particular banknote.
Counterfeiting
[edit]The first two banknotes issued in the series introduced three security features new to Canadian banknotes.[14]These were the hidden number to the left of the portrait, the iridescent maple leaves, and the fluorescent features (embedded fibre and images over left side of the portrait).[14]These features did not deter counterfeiting.[14]
In 2003, high-qualitycounterfeitsof the $10 banknote appeared in circulation in Ontario and Quebec.[39]In May 2006,Peel Regional Policein theGreater Toronto Areaseized $50,000 worth of $20 and $50 counterfeit banknotes and received assistance from the Integrated Counterfeit Enforcement Teams division of theRoyal Canadian Mounted Policeto search for the production plant, which had created counterfeit banknotes with a total face value over $1,000,000.[40]In the spring of 2008, a batch of counterfeit $100 appeared in the Greater Toronto Area.[41]Reaching a peak distribution there in May, similar forgeries were later found in the Montreal area, with its peak distribution in June.[41]
In 2004, Canada had a counterfeit ratio of 470 parts per million, which decreased to 133 parts per million by 2007.[42]The banknotes in the series with the holographic metallic stripe were counterfeited by "well-organized, well-financed groups" having the resources and time to replicate the security features.[43]The $5 and $10 denominations released earlier, lacking the metallic stripe and other security features, were a common target of counterfeiters.[44]One of the largest counterfeit operations in Canada was discovered inToronto,which by the time of its dismantling in 2006 had released counterfeit $10, $20, $50 and $100 banknotes with a face value over $9 million.[45]The operation was also beginning production of counterfeit United StatesFederal Reserve Notesand traded in fraudulentpayment cardsandidentity documents.[45]
During the peak counterfeiting period in 2004, the counterfeit ratio for $10 banknotes was 1,292 parts per million, and the ratio for the $20 banknotes was 601 parts per million.[11]All banknotes in this series are now considered unfit for circulation due to their lacking any modern security features, such as a metallic stripe.[46]Financial institutions must return the banknotes to the Bank of Canada, which will destroy them.[46]Individuals may keep the banknotes indefinitely.[47]
Reception
[edit]The series was launched in January 2001 when the Bank of Canada issued the $10 banknote at a launch event inOttawa.[48]It also made public presentations to familiarize Canadians with the new banknotes and security features.[48]TheCurrency Museumdeveloped atravelling exhibitiontitledThe Colour of Your Moneythat was launched on the same day.[48]
Collecting
[edit]When the $10 banknote was first issued, the Bank of Canada also announced anumismaticsset fornotaphiliststitledLasting Impressions.[48]This set contained two uncirculated $10 banknotes, one from this series and the other from the Birds of Canada series, with matchingserial numbers.[48]In 2002, a similar set with the same title was issued for the $5 banknote.[49]Both were released in an em Boss ed folder also containing an information booklet with the history of the respective denomination and the features of each banknote.[48][49][50]
Legacy
[edit]InThe Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes,the Bank of Canada refers to the Canadian Journey Series as "the most distinctly Canadian series of notes ever produced by the Bank".[3]It was also the first Canadian banknote series to be printed on paper sourced from a non-domestic supplier, as no Canadian company could produce the requested substrate at the time.[15]
The $20 banknote was awarded the 2004 Bank Note of the Year by theInternational Bank Note Society,the inaugural year for the award.[51]Amongst the qualities cited for the award were "probably the finest portrait of the mature monarch to appear on any bank note" and "well-balanced design, strong images, and advanced security features".[51]
The accessibility features were "very well received within the blind and visually impaired community" of over 100,000 Canadians.[23]A study was conducted in 2007 to assess the impact of the accessibility features in preparation for development of the next series of banknotes, theFrontier Series.[25]It found that the tactile feature was most useful to those with complete of functional blindness, but it was less useful for older individuals (with decreased tactile sensitivity) and the feature could not be detected on some banknotes owing to physical wear from use.[25]Some individuals would mitigate this problem by requesting only new banknotes during financial transactions.[52]Numeral size and the more vivid colours on the banknotes was a more useful feature for individuals with partial vision.[25]The overall impact on quality of life for visually impaired individuals was moderate.[52]The only regression in accessibility compared to the Birds of Canada series was that the Canadian Journey Series banknotes could only be read from one end in the banknote reader, whereas both ends could be read in the Birds of Canada Series.[52]The Bank of Canada's cost for distributing banknote readers to visually impaired Canadians is about $150,000 per year.[25]
With the development and release of this series, the Bank of Canada also implemented a continuous research and development program representing a "more proactive approach" toward counterfeiting and also integrated a monitoring program to assess "confidence levels and awareness" of banknote security features.[13]
When released, the $10 banknote drew complaints from Canadians who thought the excerpt from "In Flanders Field" was incorrectly quoted.[27]It was based on a common misconception about the poem.[27]
Some Canadians have modified the $5 banknotes by drawing over the portrait of Wilfrid Laurier to make it appear as the characterSpock(as portrayed byLeonard Nimoy) from the fictional universe ofStar Trek,or as the characterSeverus Snape(as portrayed byAlan Rickman) from theHarry Potterfilm series.[53]
Notes
[edit]- ^abcSamuel 2009,p. 31.
- ^abcdMoxley, Meubus & Brown 2007,p. 48.
- ^abcdThe Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes 2006,p. 97.
- ^abcdefghijkThe Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes 2006,p. 98.
- ^abThe Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes 2006,p. 100.
- ^The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes 2006,p. 97-98.
- ^abcdeThe Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes 2006,p. 108.
- ^abcBank of Canada 2010.
- ^abThe Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes 2006,p. 99.
- ^Toronto Star 2000.
- ^abMoxley, Meubus & Brown 2007,p. 52.
- ^Moxley, Meubus & Brown 2007,p. 53.
- ^abMoxley, Meubus & Brown 2007,p. 54.
- ^abcdefghiMoxley, Meubus & Brown 2007,p. 50.
- ^abcdefghijkThe Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes 2006,p. 101.
- ^abBrown 2011,p. 1.
- ^The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes 2006,p. 107.
- ^Wise up to counterfeiting 2012,p. 11.
- ^Bank of Canada 2002,p. 32.
- ^abSmall 2002.
- ^abRoyal Canadian Mounted Police 2007,Appendix: Security Features of the Canadian Journey (stripe) Series of Bank Notes.
- ^abcdeMackie 2005.
- ^abcdefgMoxley, Meubus & Brown 2007,p. 51.
- ^abcdefghSamuel 2009,p. 32.
- ^abcdefSamuel 2009,p. 33.
- ^abThe Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes 2006,p. 102.
- ^abcdeLos Angeles Times 2001.
- ^abcdefThe Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes 2006,p. 109.
- ^The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes 2006,p. 103.
- ^"Robert Metcalfe: You Have Seen His Picture".Royal Aviation Museum of Western Canada.RetrievedMay 25,2015.
- ^Detraz 2013,p. 67.
- ^Holmes 2005,p. 11.
- ^abcdefghiThe Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes 2006,p. 110.
- ^The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes 2006,p. 106.
- ^abToronto Star 2004b.
- ^Bill Reid Foundation.
- ^Toronto Star 2004.
- ^abcdeThe Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes 2006,p. 111.
- ^Royal Canadian Mounted Police 2007.
- ^Black 2007.
- ^abToronto Star 2009.
- ^Royal Canadian Mounted Police 2007,Introduction.
- ^Royal Canadian Mounted Police 2007,Technology and Methodology.
- ^Royal Canadian Mounted Police 2007,Historical Perspective.
- ^abRoyal Canadian Mounted Police 2007,Ontario.
- ^ab"Unfit Bank Notes"(PDF).bankofcanada.ca.Bank of Canada. October 2012.RetrievedJanuary 15,2020.
- ^CBC News 2000.
- ^abcdefBank of Canada 2002,p. 31.
- ^abGraham 2004,p. 294.
- ^Graham 2004,p. 296.
- ^abInternational Bank Note Society 2004.
- ^abcSamuel 2009,p. 34.
- ^The Huffington Post Canada 2013.
References
[edit]- Black, Debra (15 May 2007)."RCMP teams tackle 'business' of forgery".Toronto Star.p. A16.Retrieved20 September2014.
- Brown, Maura, ed. (20 June 2011)."Paying with Polymer: Developing Canada's New Bank Notes"(PDF).Bank of Canada Review(Supplement).Bank of Canada.Retrieved7 March2014.
- Detraz, Nicole (2013).International Security and Gender.Dimensions of Security. John Wiley & Sons.ISBN9780745676173.
- Mackie, Brent W.J. (March 2005)."Eurion Constellations".Canadian Paper Money Society Newsletter.Canadian Paper Money Society.Retrieved20 September2014.
- Graham, R. J., ed. (2004).Canadian Government Paper Money 17th Edition.A Charlton Standard Catalogue (17th ed.). Charlton Press.ISBN0889682909.
- Holmes, Nancy (2005). ""In Flanders Fields" — Canada's Official Poem: Breaking Faith ".Studies in Canadian Literature.30(1).University of New Brunswick:11–33.ISSN1718-7850.
- Moxley, Jill; Meubus, Helen; Brown, Maura (Autumn 2007)."The Canadian Journey: An Odyssey into the Complex World of Bank Note Production"(PDF).Bank of Canada Review.Bank of Canada.
- Samuel, Carolyn (Winter 2009–2010)."Making Bank Notes Accessible for Canadians Living with Blindness or Low Vision"(PDF).Bank of Canada Review.Bank of Canada.
- Small, Peter (28 March 2002)."Idyllic winter scenes grace updated $5 bill; Awareness campaign aimed at counterfeiters".Toronto Star.p. A7.Retrieved20 September2014.
- "Annual report 2001"(PDF).Bank of Canada. 28 February 2002.ISSN0067-3587.Retrieved20 September2014.
- "Canadian Journey".Bank of Canada. 11 August 2010.Retrieved23 September2014.
- The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes(PDF).Bank of Canada. 6 December 2006.ISBN0660632462.
- "Wise up to counterfeiting: A guide for police officers"(PDF).Bank of Canada. 2012.Retrieved1 March2014.
- "Bill Reid's art graces the $20 banknote".Bill Reid Foundation.Retrieved20 September2014.
- "Spock And Snape Canadian $5 bills are sadly doomed".The Huffington Post Canada.26 August 2013.
- "Banknote of 2004".International Bank Note Society. 2004.Retrieved21 June2013.
- "Flanders poppies blow up furor in Canada".Los Angeles Times.Associated Press.11 February 2001.
- "Counterfeit Currency in Canada — December 2007".Project Sandstone.Royal Canadian Mounted Police.December 2007. Archived fromthe originalon 1 March 2014.Retrieved1 March2014.
- "New bills' high tech features will aid blind, foil criminals; Birds on back 'are history,' says bank official".Toronto Star.27 September 2000.Retrieved18 September2014.
- "Bill worth a gander".Toronto Star.26 January 2004. p. A16.Retrieved20 September2014.
- "New $20 bill is work of art; Bill Reid's sculptures depicted Notes include new security features".Toronto Star.27 August 2004b. p. A14.Retrieved20 September2014.
- "Funny money in big supply: Bank".Toronto Star.4 January 2009. p. A4.Retrieved20 September2014.
- "Bank of Canada kills $1000 bill".CBC News.26 September 2000.Retrieved2 March2014.
External links
[edit]- Canadian Journeyat theBank of Canada
- 2001–2004 Series, Canadian Journeyof Bank of Canada archive at Collections Canada