Jump to content

Canadian peacekeeping

Add links
This is a good article. Click here for more information.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

a person in a military uniform wearing a United Nations blue helmet
Canadian peacekeeper in 1976 wearing the distinctiveflag of CanadaandUN blue helmet

Canada has served in over 50 peacekeeping missions, including everyUnited Nations(UN)peacekeepingeffort from its inception until 1989.[1]More than 125,000 Canadians have served in international peacekeeping operations, with approximately 130 Canadians having died during these operations.[2]Canada's strong support formultilateralismandinternationalismhas been closely related to its peacekeeping efforts.[3][4][5]

Canada's role in the development of and participation inpeacekeeping during the 20th centuryled to its reputation as a positivemiddle power.[6][7]Canada's successful role in mediating the 1956Suez Canal Crisisgave it credibility and established it as a country fighting for the common good of all nations.[8][9]The Canadian public came to identify the nation's peacekeeping role as the country's top contribution in international affairs.[10][11][12]

Canada faced controversy over its involvement in some peacekeeping efforts resulting in a military reassessment in the late 1990s.[13]By the 21st century, Canadian direct participation in UN peacekeeping efforts greatly declined, with its military participation reallocated to UN-sanctioned operations through theNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO).[14]This military reallocation resulted in a shift towards more militarized and deadly missions, rather than traditional peacekeeping duties.[15]

Foreign relations context[edit]

Further information:Foreign relations of Canada
Canadian Delegation to the United Nations seated around conference table
The Canadian delegation to theUnited Nations Conference on International Organization,San Francisco, May 1945[16]

The notion of peacekeeping is deeply embedded inCanadian cultureand a distinguishing feature that Canadians feel sets their foreign policy apart from itsclosest ally, the United States.[17][11][18]Canada's foreign policyof peacekeeping,peace enforcement,peacemaking,andpeacebuildinghas been intertwined with its tendency to pursuemultilateralandinternationalsolutions since the end ofWorld War II.[19][20][21][22]

Canada's central role in the development of peacekeeping in the mid 1950s gave it credibility and established it as a country fighting for the "common good" of all nations.[23]Canada has since been engaged with theUnited Nations,NATOand theEuropean Union(EU) in promoting itsmiddle powerstatus into an active role in world affairs.[24][25]In the early Cold-War years, Canada occasionally served as a mediator in international conflicts.[26]The "golden age of Canadian diplomacy" refers to a period in Canadian history, typically considered to be the mid-twentieth century, when Canada experienced a high level of success in its foreign relations and diplomatic efforts.[27]

Canada has long been reluctant to participate in military operations that are not sanctioned by the United Nations,[28][29]such as theVietnam Waror the2003 Invasion of Iraq.[28][29]Canada has participated in US-led, UN-sanctioned operations such as thefirst Gulf War,inAfghanistanandLibya.[28][29]The country also participates with its NATO allies in UN-sanctioned missions, such as theKosovo Conflictand inHaiti.[28][29]

History[edit]

See also:Military history of CanadaandUnited Nations peacekeeping

Inception of modern peacekeeping[edit]

Further information:History of United Nations peacekeeping
External videos
video icon"Peace Operations"–Historica Canada- Record of Service. (2:45 mins)

Lester B. Pearson,theCanadian Minister of Foreign Affairs,had become a very prominent figure in the United Nations during its infancy and found himself in a peculiar position in 1956 during theSuez Crisis.[30]Pearson and Canada found themselves mediating a conflict involving their closest allies when the United States opposed theBritish, French, and Israeliinvasion of Egypt.[31]During United Nations meetings, Pearson proposed to thesecurity councilthat aUnited Nations police forcebe established to prevent furtherconflict in the region,allowing the countries involved an opportunity to sort out a resolution.[32]Pearson's proposal and offer to dedicate 1,000 Canadian soldiers to that cause was seen as a brilliant political move that prevented another war.[31]

Pearson would be awarded theNobel Peace Prizein 1957 and be called "the father of modern peacekeeping" for his role during the Suez Crisis.[33][34][35]He would go on to serve as the 14thPrime Minister of Canadafrom 1963 to 1968 overseeingthe creationof thedistinctly Canadian flagthat is worn by Canadian peacekeepers.[36]During the Suez Crisis, Pearson was disturbed when the Egyptian government originally objected to Canadian forces in view of the fact thatCanada's Red Ensigncontained the same symbol (theUnion Flag) used by theUnited Kingdom,one of the belligerents.[37]

Peacekeeping efforts[edit]

Canada participated in every UN peacekeeping effort from its inception until 1989.[1]Prior to the creation of the formal UN peacekeeping system, Canada had engaged in UN intervention operations, notably the 1948 mission in the secondKashmir conflict.[38]Since 1953 Canada has been involved in thefirst international unified command(UNCMAC) in support of the ongoingarmistice between North and South Korea,[39]and played a central role in theInternational Control Commission(ICC), which tried tobroker peace in Vietnambeginning in 1954.[40]

External videos
video icon"Dextraze in the Congo"– Historica Canada. -Heritage Minutes(1:01 min)

High-profile UN peacekeeping missions involving Canada include those inCongo(1961),Cyprus(1964),Lebanon(1978),Angola(1989),Somalia(1992),Rwanda(1993),East Timor(1999),Haiti(2004),Mali(2013), and observation missions in theSinai Peninsula and Golan Heightsduring the mid-1970s.[41]Canada also participated inmultiple missions in the Balkanswith the UN, NATO and the EU in Croatia from 1991-1995; Bosnia and Herzegovina from 1992-2010; Kosovo from 1998-1999; and the former Republic of Macedonia in 2001.[42]

Since 1989, theRoyal Canadian Mounted Police(RCMP) have been involved in peacekeeping missions related to training law enforcement personnel,[43]notably the United NationsCivilian Police Mission in Haiti(MIPONUH) from 1997 to 2000[44][45]and the NATO led missions inAfghanistan for over a decade.[45]

Personnel contributions[edit]

a person in a police uniform wearing a United Nations blue beret
Royal Canadian Mounted Policepeacekeeper in 2011 wearing the distinctiveUN blue beret

Canada provided the most amount of UN peacekeepersduring the Cold Warwith approximately 80,000 personnel – equivalent to 10 percent of total UN forces.[46][47]In all, more than 125,000 Canadian men and women military personnel, civilians, diplomats – including over 4,000Canadian police officers– have served in peacekeeping operations.[48]Approximately 130 Canadians have died in service of peacekeeping operations, with 123 of these deaths occurring during UN missions.[2]

Canada's ongoing participation inUnited Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus(Operation Snowgoose) that began in 1964, has seen over 33,000 Canadians serve with 28 deaths.[49]Canada's largest contribution of approximately 40,000 personnel and resulting in 23 deaths, took place from 1992 to 2010 in multiple operations in theBalkansduring and after theYugoslav Wars.[50]The death of nine Canadian Armed Forces personnel when theirBuffalo 461wasshot down over Syriaon August 9, 1974, remains the largest single death toll in Canadian peacekeeping history.[51][52]TheUnited Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haitisaw the death of two Canadian RCMP peacekeepers as a result of the2010 earthquake.[53]

Canada's "high point" of participation took place in April 1993, when there was 3,336 Canadian UN peacekeepers,[54]with a record low number of 34 UN designated Canadian peacekeepers in August 2020.[54]In March 2024, there were 59 – including18 womenCanadiansdeployed in UN peacekeeper missions,resulting in Canada being the 69th-largest, out of 120, personnel contributor.[55]Canada's military in the same period had over 3,000 personneldeployed overseas in multiple non-UN operations.[56]Canada has been criticized domestically and internationally for its non-fulfillment of UN personnel commitments in the 21st century.[12][57][58][59]

Peacekeeping assessment[edit]

Further information:Peacekeeping assessmentandCriticism of peacekeeping

Assessments of peacekeeping operations deemed they are generally successful, usually resulted in long-term peace.[60]Thepost–Cold War erahas seen the concept and practice of peacekeeping evolve significantly.[61]Traditionally focused on ceasefire monitoring and maintaining stability in conflict zones, peacekeeping missions evolved to have a wider range of activities including protecting civilians, promoting human rights, and supporting political processes in post-conflict societies.[62]Canada has tried to adapt to these changing circumstances by modernizing its approach to peacekeeping, focusing on conflict prevention, mediation, and capacity-building in conflict-affected regions.[63]

External videos
video icon"Canada's peacekeepers face a troubled world"–CBC News:The National. 2016 (5:10 mins)

Critics argue that Canadian personnel may not consistently had the necessary training or resources to successfully navigate complex and volatile environments, leading to mixed results in their peacekeeping and peace enforcement efforts.[64]Other criticisms include the perceived lack of clear objectives and mission parameters.[11]

Canadian troops have been accused of being complicit in human rights abuses,[65]notably in 1993 when theCanadian Armed Forceswere deployed during theSomali Civil Warto supportUNOSOM Iin a peace enforcement capacity.[66][67][68][69]Soldiers from theCanadian Airborne Regimenttortured and killed a 16-year-old youth who broke into the encampment.[70][71]Known as theSomalia affair,the incident has been described as "the darkest era in thehistory of the Canadian military"and led to the regiment's disbandment.[70][72]

Canadian troops and the UN system have been accused of failing to adequately protect civilian populations in conflict zones,[73]notably in 1994 when Canadian troops were deployed to theUnited Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda.The mission was criticized for the perceived failure to prevent or intervene in thegenocide that occurred,despite Canadian GeneralRoméo Dallairewarning top UN officials of an impending humanitarian crisis.[74][75]On 11 January 1994, General Dallaire, commander ofUNAMIR,sent his "now infamous genocide fax" toUN headquarters,stating [the informant] has been ordered to register allTutsiinKigalito prepare "for their extermination".[74]

Military reallocation in the 21st century[edit]

Further information:Military history of Canada in the 21st century

A period of reassessment took place in late 1990s within the Canadian military and the United Nations after the Somalia and Rwanda missions.[76]This led to the UN Security Council reducing the number of new operations,[77]and thus a significant decline in Canadian direct participation in UN peacekeeping efforts.[2]Canada began redeploying its military efforts to multilateral UN-sanctionedoperations through NATO,rather than directly to the UN by the turn of the century.[14]Despite the military reallocation the Canadian public views its smaller peacekeeping efforts in the 21st century as its "most important contribution to the world".[12]

External videos
video icon"Canada marks 10 years since the Afghanistan military mission's end"–CBC News:The National. 2024 (2;49 mins)

The military reallocation in the 21st century resulted in a shift towards more militarized and deadly missions, where Canadian troops were tasked with combat and security support roles rather than traditional peacekeeping duties.[15]Most notably inseveral missions and campaignsin support of the globalwar on terror.[78][79]Canada's participation in the Afghanistan war(2001–2014) saw165 Canadian deaths,the largest for any single Canadian military mission since theKorean Warin the early 1950s.[80][81]Many within Canadian society expressed opposition to Canada's combative roles in Afghanistan on the grounds that it was inconsistent with Canada's historic role of peacekeeping.[82][83]The Canadian government rhetoric of peacekeeping, peacemaking, and peacebuilding in support of the Afghanistan war despite Canada's combat roles was a point of contention within Canadian society.[84]

Alongside many domestic obligations and a few ongoing peacekeeping missions such as theMultinational Force and Observersoperation in the Sinai Peninsula, the Canadian Armed Forces, police and civilian personnel are currentlydeployed in multiple foreign military operations.[85]Notable missions include;Operation UnifierinUkrainetraining military personnel,Operation Caribbein theCaribbean Searelated to the elimination of organized crime, Operation Projection in theAsia-Pacific,Euro-Atlanticand African regions in support of NATO operations related to maritime security andOperation Impactas part of themilitary intervention against ISIL.[85]

Financing[edit]

Further information:United Nations funding

The unpredictability of peacekeeping operations makes forecasting costs a challenging task for policymakers and budget planners.[86]Canada has always fulfilled its financial commitment to the UN by paying its dues "in full, on time and without conditions" unlike other nations.[12][86] In 2022 Canada was the eighth-largest UN peace operations financial contributor with approximately $198.8 million for ongoing missions worldwide.[87]Canada in total allocated $2.49 billion tomultiple UN organizationsincluding those related to peacekeeping, policing, research, training, climate change and humanitarian efforts such as medicine and food distribution.[88]Canada's total military expenditure in the same period was approximately $26.9 billion, or around 1.2 percent of the country'sgross domestic product(GDP) — placing it 14th formilitary expenditure by country.[89]

Recognition[edit]

See also:United Nations Medal;Canadian war memorials;andOrders, decorations, and medals of Canada
a statue of a person in front of a flag and two other persons kneeling down
ThePeacekeeping Monumentin Ottawa, Canada[90]

TheSomalia Medal,acampaign medalcreated in 1992 to recognize Canadian military personnel who participated inthe international military coalition invasion to stabilize Somalia,has been awarded to 1,422 individuals.[91]In 1992,Reconciliation: The Peacekeeping Monumentwas completed, commemorating Canada's role in international peacekeeping and the soldiers and police officers who have participated and are currently participating, both living and dead.[92]The 1995Canadian one-dollar coindisplays thePeacekeeping Monument.[93]This commemoration was followed by the 2001$10 Canadian banknotenamed "remembrance and peacekeeping" that depicts a female peacekeeper.[94]

In 1988, the Nobel Peace Prize wasawarded to United Nations peacekeepers,inspiring the creation of theCanadian Peacekeeping Service Medalin 1999 that has been awarded to over 75,000 Canadians.[95][96]Since 2008, after a campaign by theCanadian Association of Veterans in United Nations Peacekeeping,August 9 has officially beenNational Peacekeepers' Dayin Canada,[97]with ceremonies taking place throughout the country at memorials andPeacekeeper Parks.[98]

List of UN missions[edit]

Main articles:List of Canadian military operationsandList of United Nations peacekeeping missions
See also:List of non-UN peacekeeping missionsandList of NATO operations

Below is a list of high-profile UN peacekeeping missions undertaken by Canada from 1947 to present, with Canadian operational names listed when assigned.[99]

Date UN operation Location Conflict Canadian operation
1948–present United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) Middle East Israeli–Palestinian conflict(initially) Military observers[100]
1948–1950 United Nations Temporary Commission on Korea (UNCOK) North Korea Korean conflict Several civilian and military personnel[101]
South Korea
1949–1979 United Nations Military Observer Group for India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) India Kashmir conflict Military observers and military personnel[102]
Pakistan
1956–1967 United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF I) Egypt Suez Crisis Truce Supervisory Organization(UNTSO)[103]
1960–1964 United Nations Operation in the Congo (ONUC) Republic of the Congo Congo Crisis Long term missionMONUSCO[104]
1962–1963 United Nations Temporary Executive Authority (UNTEA) Netherlands New Guinea Transfer of sovereignty overWestern New Guinea
following theWest New Guinea dispute 		Security and law enforcement[105]
Indonesia
1964–present United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) Cyprus Cyprus dispute Operation SNOWGOOSE[106]
Northern Cyprus
1973–1979 United Nations Emergency Force, Middle East (UNEF II) Egypt Yom Kippur War logistics/ signals air and service units[107]
Israel
1974–present United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) Israel Maintains ceasefire following theYom Kippur War. Operation DANACA[108]
Syria
1978 United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) Lebanon 1978 South Lebanon conflict Operation ANGORA[109]
1981–present Multinational Force and Observers (MFO) Sinai Peninsula Enforce theEgypt–Israel peace treaty Operation CALUMET[110]
1989–1990 United Nations Transition Assistance Group (UNTAG) Namibia Namibian War of Independence Operation MATADOR[111]
1991–1994 United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO) Western Sahara Western Sahara conflict Operation PYTHON[112]
1992–1993 United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) Cambodia Conflict in Cambodia Operation MARQUIS 1 and MARQUIS 2[113]
1992–1995 United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) Bosnia and Herzegovina Yugoslav Wars Operation Harmony[114]
Croatia
Republic of Macedonia
FR Yugoslavia
April 1992 – December 1992 United Nations Operation in Somalia I (UNOSOM I) Somalia Somali Civil War Operation CORDON[115]
December 1992 – May 1993 Unified Task Force (UNITAF) Somalia Somali Civil War Somalia Affair[116]
May 1993 – March 1995 United Nations Operation in Somalia II (UNOSOM II) Somalia Somali Civil War Operation DELIVERANCE[117]
1993–1996 United Nations Mission in Haiti (UNMIH) Haiti 1991 Haitian coup d'état Operation CAULDRON - October 1993
Operation PIVOT - March 1995 to April 1996
Operation STANDARD - April 1996 to Sept 1996
soldiers and civilian police[118]
1993–1996 United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR) Rwanda Rwandan Civil War Operation LANCE[119]
1994–1996 United Nations Confidence Restoration Operation (UNCRO) Croatia Croatian War of Independence Canadian Battle Group through Operation MEDUSA
Operation WALLEYE for support[120]
1995–1999 United Nations Preventive Deployment Force (UNPREDEP) Macedonia Aftermath of the Yugoslav wars Observer[121]
1995–2000 United Nations Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina (UNMIBH) Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnian War Canadian Forces personnel and RCMP and civilian police[122]
1996–1997 United Nations Support Mission in Haiti (UNSMIH) Haiti Stabilizing Haiti's democracy Operation STANDARD and Operation STABLE[123]
1997–2004 United Nations Transition Mission in Haiti (UNTMIH) Haiti Training of theHaitian National Police Operation CONSTABLE[124]
1997–2000 United Nations Civilian Police Mission in Haiti (MIPONUH) Haiti Training of theHaitian National Police Operation COMPLIMENT[125]
1998–2000 United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic (MINURCA) Central African Republic Mutinies in the Central African Republic armed forces Operation PRUDENCE[126]
1999–2000 The United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET) East Timor 1999 East Timorese crisis Operation TOUCAN[127]
Indonesia
1999–2002 United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) Serbia Kosovo War Operation Kinetic[128]and Operation QUADRANT[129]
Kosovo
1999–2005 United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL) Sierra Leone Sierra Leone Civil War Operation REPTILE[130]
1999–2010 United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC) Democratic Republic of the Congo Second Congo War Operation CROCODILE[131]
2000–2002 The United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET) East Timor 1999 East Timorese crisis Operation TOUCAN[127]
Indonesia
2000-2003 United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea (UNMEE) Eritrea Eritrean–Ethiopian War Operation Addition[132]
Ethiopia
2004 United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) Haiti Aftermath of the2004 Haitian coup d'état Operation HALO[133]
2005–2009 United Nations Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS) Sudan Second Sudanese Civil War Operation SAFARI[134]
2008–2020 United Nations/African Union Mission in Darfur (UNAMID) Sudan War in Darfur Operation SATURN[135][136]
2018–2023 Multidimensional Integrated Stabilisation Mission in Mali (MINUSMA) Mali Mali War Operation PRESENCE[137]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^abRudderham, M. A. (2008)."Canada and United Nations Peace Operations: Challenges, Opportunities, and Canada's Response".International Journal.63(2). [Sage Publications, Ltd., Canadian International Council]: 359–384.doi:10.1177/002070200806300210.ISSN0020-7020.JSTOR40204368.
  2. ^abc"Canada and Peacekeeping".The Canadian Encyclopedia.Jun 30, 2023.Archivedfrom the original on February 26, 2024.RetrievedMar 14,2024.
  3. ^Sens, Allen; Stoett, Peter (2013).Global Politics(5th ed.). Nelson Education. p. 6.ISBN978-0-17-648249-7.Archivedfrom the original on 2023-11-30.Retrieved2024-02-26.
  4. ^"Plans at a glance and operating context".Global Affairs Canada. Archived fromthe originalon September 25, 2020.RetrievedAugust 4,2020.
  5. ^Munton, Don; Keating, Tom (2001)."Internationalism and the Canadian Public".Canadian Journal of Political Science / Revue canadienne de science politique.34(3). Canadian Political Science Association: 517–549.doi:10.1017/S0008423901777992.ISSN0008-4239.JSTOR3233002.S2CID154625162.Archivedfrom the original on September 22, 2023.RetrievedMarch 5,2024.
  6. ^Chapnick, Adam (2011).The Middle Power Project: Canada and the Founding of the United Nations.UBC Press. pp. 2–5.ISBN978-0-7748-4049-1.Archivedfrom the original on 2023-11-30.Retrieved2024-02-26.
  7. ^Gabryś, M.; Soroka, T. (2017).Canada as a selective power: Canada's Role and International Position after 1989.Societas. Neriton, Wydawnictwo. p. 39.ISBN978-83-7638-792-5.Archivedfrom the original on 2024-02-26.Retrieved2024-02-26.
  8. ^Donaghy, Greg (2016). "The politics of accommodation: Canada, the Middle East, and the Suez Crisis, 1950–1956".International Journal: Canada's Journal of Global Policy Analysis.71(2): 313–327.doi:10.1177/0020702016643261.ISSN0020-7020.
  9. ^Gaffen, Fred (1987).In The Eye of The Storm: A History of Canadian Peacekeeping.Deneau & Wayne Publishers. p. 43.
  10. ^Anker, Lane (June 20, 2005)."Peacekeeping and Public Opinion".Government of Canada, National Defence, Canadian Defence Academy.Archivedfrom the original on February 10, 2024.RetrievedFebruary 26,2024.
  11. ^abcCarroll, Michael K (2016)."Peacekeeping: Canada's past, but not its present and future?".International Journal.71(1). [Sage Publications, Ltd., Canadian International Council]: 167–176.doi:10.1177/0020702015619857.ISSN0020-7020.JSTOR44631172.Archivedfrom the original on February 28, 2024.RetrievedFebruary 28,2024.
  12. ^abcdMurray, R.W.; Gecelovsky, P. (2021).The Palgrave Handbook of Canada in International Affairs.Canada and International Affairs. Springer International Publishing. pp. 187–189.ISBN978-3-030-67770-1.
  13. ^"Honouring 60 Years of United Nations Peacekeeping".United Nations. May 29, 2008.RetrievedMarch 25,2024.
  14. ^abLinda McQuaig (2010).Holding the Bully's Coat: Canada and the U.S. Empire.Random House Digital. p. 50.ISBN978-0-385-67297-9.
  15. ^abJames, P.; Michaud, N.; O'Reilly, M. (2006).Handbook of Canadian Foreign Policy.Le xing ton Books. p. 177.ISBN978-0-7391-5580-6.
  16. ^"Canada and the United Nations: A Half Century Partnership".GAC.April 25, 2019.Archivedfrom the original on February 8, 2023.
  17. ^Gutiérrez-Haces, Maria Teresa (Nov 6, 2018).Identity and Otherness in Canadian Foreign Policy.Collection internationale d'Études canadiennes | International Canadian Studies Series. University of Ottawa Press. pp. 231–250.ISBN978-0-7766-2722-9.Archivedfrom the original on March 4, 2024.RetrievedMarch 4,2024.
  18. ^"Canada's Current Role in World"(PDF).Environics Institute for Survey Research.Archived(PDF)from the original on 2024-03-04.Retrieved2024-03-04.
  19. ^Edgar, Alistair D. (2002). "Canada's changing participation in international peacekeeping and peace enforcement: What, if anything, does it mean?".Canadian Foreign Policy Journal.10(1): 107–117.doi:10.1080/11926422.2002.9673309.ISSN1192-6422.
  20. ^Keating, T.F. (2002).Canada and World Order: The Multilateralist Tradition in Canadian Foreign Policy.Oxford University Press. pp. 108, 112.ISBN978-0-19-541529-2.
  21. ^Whitworth, S. (2004).Men, Militarism, and UN Peacekeeping: A Gendered Analysis.Critical security studies. Lynne Rienner Pub. p. 91.ISBN978-1-58826-296-7.Archivedfrom the original on 2024-03-15.Retrieved2024-03-05.
  22. ^Gabryś, M.; Soroka, T. (2017).Canada as a selective power: Canada's Role and International Position after 1989.Societas. Neriton, Wydawnictwo. p. 40.ISBN978-83-7638-792-5.
  23. ^Fred Gaffen (1987).In The Eye of The Storm: A History of Canadian Peacekeeping.Deneau & Wayne Publishers. p.43.ISBN978-0-88879-160-3.
  24. ^McKercher, B.J.C. (2012).Routledge Handbook of Diplomacy and Statecraft.Routledge handbooks. Taylor & Francis. p. 131.ISBN978-1-136-66437-3.RetrievedJune 17,2024.
  25. ^Juneau, T.; Momani, B. (2022).Middle Power in the Middle East: Canada's Foreign and Defence Policies in a Changing Region.University of Toronto Press. p. 131.ISBN978-1-4875-2847-8.
  26. ^Courtney, J.; Courtney, J.C.; Smith, D. (2010).The Oxford Handbook of Canadian Politics.Oxford Handbooks in Politics & International Relations. OUP USA. p. 363.ISBN978-0-19-533535-4.
  27. ^Harris, C.; Matthews, G.J.; Kerr, D.; Holdsworth, D.W.; Gentilcore, R.L. (1987).Historical Atlas of Canada: Addressing the twentieth century, 1891-1961.University of Toronto Press. p. 118.ISBN978-0-8020-3448-9.RetrievedJun 5,2024.
  28. ^abcdMassie, Justin (2019-04-30). "Why Canada Goes to War: Explaining Combat Participation in US-led Coalitions".Canadian Journal of Political Science.52(3). Cambridge University Press (CUP): 575–594.doi:10.1017/s0008423919000040.ISSN0008-4239.
  29. ^abcdMingst, K.; Karns, M.P. (2019).The United Nations In The Post-cold War Era, Second Edition.Taylor & Francis. p. 63.ISBN978-1-000-30674-3.
  30. ^Alan Vaughan Lowe;Adam Roberts; Jennifer Welsh (2008).The United Nations Security Council and war: the evolution of thought and practice since 1945.Oxford University Press. p. 280.ISBN978-0-19-953343-5.
  31. ^abAndrew Cohen (2008).Lester B. Pearson.Penguin Canada. pp.116–125.ISBN978-0-14-317269-7.
  32. ^Fred Gaffen (1987).In the eye of the storm: a history of Canadian peacekeeping.Deneau & Wayne. pp.40–41.ISBN978-0-88879-160-3.
  33. ^Holloway, Steven Kendall (2006).Canadian Foreign Policy: Defining the National Interest.University of Toronto Press. pp. 102–103.ISBN978-1-55111-816-1.
  34. ^Mays, Terry M. (December 16, 2010).Historical Dictionary of Multinational Peacekeeping.Scarecrow Press. pp. 218–.ISBN978-0-8108-7516-6.
  35. ^Durch, W.J. (2006).Twenty-first-century Peace Operations.United States Institute of Peace and the Henry L. Stimson Center. p. 12.ISBN978-1-929223-91-6.Archivedfrom the original on 2024-03-15.Retrieved2024-02-26.
  36. ^Heritage, Canadian (Aug 28, 2017)."The history of the National Flag of Canada".Canada.ca.RetrievedMar 26,2024.
  37. ^"A country nourished on self-doubt: documents in post-confederation Canadian history: Thorner, Thomas: Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming: Internet Archive".Internet Archive.March 25, 2023. p. 48.RetrievedApril 1,2024.
  38. ^Andrew Cohen (2011).While Canada Slept: How We Lost Our Place in the World.Random House Digital. p. 82.ISBN978-1-55199-587-8.
  39. ^Defence, National (March 14, 2019)."United Nations Command Military Armistice Commission (UNCMAC)".Canada.ca.RetrievedMarch 24,2024.
  40. ^Preston, Andrew (2003)."Balancing War and Peace: Canadian Foreign Policy and the Vietnam War, 1961–1965".Diplomatic History.27(1). Oxford University Press: 73–111.doi:10.1111/1467-7709.00340.ISSN0145-2096.JSTOR24914431.Archivedfrom the original on February 29, 2024.RetrievedFebruary 29,2024.
  41. ^Frederick H. Fleitz (2002).Peacekeeping fiascoes of the 1990s: causes, solutions, and U.S. interests.Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 54–55.ISBN978-0-275-97367-4.
  42. ^"Balkans".Veterans Affairs Canada.March 25, 2009.RetrievedMar 23,2024.
  43. ^"The International Police Peacekeeping and Peace Operations Program".Public Safety Canada / Sécurité publique Canada.January 11, 2019.Archivedfrom the original on March 5, 2024.RetrievedMarch 5,2024.
  44. ^Antonini, Blanca (2015-07-09). Koops, Joachim A.; Tardy, Thierry; MacQueen, Norrie; Williams, Paul D. (eds.).United Nations Civilian Police Mission in Haiti (MIPONUH).Oxford University Press. p. 12.doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199686049.013.53.
  45. ^ab"The RCMP and overseas service".Veterans Affairs Canada.March 25, 2009.Archivedfrom the original on February 15, 2023.RetrievedMar 14,2024.
  46. ^Dorn, A. Walter; Libben, Joshua (2018)."Preparing for peace: Myths and realities of Canadian peacekeeping training".International Journal.73(2). [Sage Publications, Inc., Sage Publications, Ltd., Canadian International Council]: 257–281.doi:10.1177/0020702018788552.ISSN0020-7020.JSTOR26499686.S2CID149978007.Archivedfrom the original on February 29, 2024.RetrievedFebruary 29,2024.
  47. ^"The Fall of Canadian Peacekeeping: Should It Be Revived?".NAOC.2019-07-31.Archivedfrom the original on 2024-03-14.Retrieved2024-03-14.This event began the era of Canadian domination of peacekeeping. Canada ranks first in the amount of peacekeepers provided during the Cold War. During this time, Canada was also the only country to be a part of every UN peacekeeping operation. Canada provided 80,000 peacekeepers (10 percent of the UN total) before UN peacekeepers won the 1988 Nobel Peace Prize. All these accomplishments show that Canada used to be a world leader in peacekeeping.
  48. ^"The benefits of policing beyond Canadian borders".Royal Canadian Mounted Police.2024-01-15.Archivedfrom the original on 2024-02-29.Retrieved2024-02-29.
  49. ^"Canadian Peacekeepers in Cyprus".The Canadian Encyclopedia.Dec 5, 2023.Archivedfrom the original on March 13, 2024.RetrievedMar 13,2024.
  50. ^Defence, National (Jul 25, 2016)."Canadian Armed Forces operations in Bosnia-Herzegovina".Canada.ca.RetrievedMar 23,2024.
  51. ^"9 Killed in U.N. Plane Downed in Syria".The New York Times.10 August 1974.Archivedfrom the original on 17 February 2021.Retrieved9 February2021.
  52. ^"Canadian Remember Lost Peacekeepers"(PDF).Golan: The UNDOF Journal(100): 11. July–September 2004.Archivedfrom the original on 2021-02-17.Retrieved2024-02-27.
  53. ^"Haiti".Veterans Affairs Canada.2009-03-25.Archivedfrom the original on 2024-03-05.Retrieved2024-03-05.
  54. ^abDorn, Dr. Walter(September 30, 2023)."Tracking the Promises -- Canada's Current Contributions to UN Peacekeeping".Canadian Forces College.Archivedfrom the original on February 26, 2024.RetrievedFebruary 28,2024.
  55. ^"Canada".United Nations Peacekeeping.Archivedfrom the original on 2023-09-12.Retrieved2024-03-15.Today (2024-03-15), Canada provides 59 uniformed personnel, including 18 women, to six UN peace operations making it the 69th-largest contributor. Its largest contribution of personnel is to the UN Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO), where 23 of its women and men now serve. Canada also contributes to the United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA); the UN Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS); UN Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO); the UN Integrated Office in Haiti (BINUH); and the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP)
  56. ^Defence, National (2024)."Current Operations and Combined Military Exercises list".Canada.ca.RetrievedMarch 15,2024.
  57. ^Berthiaume, Lee (Dec 13, 2020)."'Promises were made and not kept,' former Liberals slam failure on peacekeeping ".CP24.RetrievedMar 19,2024.
  58. ^Vanderperre, Julie (April 20, 2017)."Canada Is Still Wavering in Its Pledge to UN Peacekeeping".PassBlue.RetrievedMarch 19,2024.
  59. ^The Canadian Press; Berthiaume, Lee (Apr 13, 2023)."Canada slow to deliver UN 200 peacekeeping soldiers".CTVNews.RetrievedMar 19,2024.
  60. ^
  61. ^Diehl, Paul F.; Richmond, Oliver P. (Oct 25, 2022)."The Changing Face(s) of Peace Operations: Critical and Behavioral-Quantitative Paths for Future Research".Journal of International Peacekeeping.25(3). Brill: 205–235.doi:10.1163/18754112-25030003.ISSN1875-4104.
  62. ^Bellamy, Alex J.; Hunt, Charles T. (2015)."Twenty-first century UN peace operations: protection, force and the changing security environment".International Affairs.91(6). [Wiley, Royal Institute of International Affairs]: 1277–1298.doi:10.1111/1468-2346.12456.ISSN0020-5850.JSTOR24539055.RetrievedApr 11,2024.
  63. ^Canada, Senate of (June 14, 2024)."Committees (44th Parliament, 1st Session)".SenCanada.RetrievedJune 14,2024.
  64. ^Dorn, Walter (March 17, 2013)."Canadian Peacekeeping No Myth"(PDF).Royal Canadian Military Institute.Archived(PDF)from the original on March 8, 2024.RetrievedFebruary 28,2024.
  65. ^Razack, Sherene (2000)."From the".Cultural Anthropology.15(1). [Wiley, American Anthropological Association]: 127–163.doi:10.1525/can.2000.15.1.127.ISSN0886-7356.JSTOR656642.
  66. ^Thakur, Ramesh (1994)."From Peacekeeping to Peace Enforcement: The UN Operation in Somalia".The Journal of Modern African Studies.32(3). Cambridge University Press: 387–410.doi:10.1017/S0022278X00015159.ISSN0022-278X.JSTOR161981.RetrievedApr 11,2024.
  67. ^Kim Richard Nossal (2002).Diplomatic Departures: Conservative Era in Canadian Foreign Policy.UBC Press. p. 120.ISBN978-0-7748-0865-1.
  68. ^Farnsworth, Clyde H (November 27, 1994)."Torture by Army Peacekeepers in Somalia Shocks Canada".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on May 1, 2011.
  69. ^Dawson, G. (2011)."Here Is Hell": Canada's Engagement in Somalia.UBC Press. p. 3.ISBN978-0-7748-4016-3.Archivedfrom the original on 2024-03-15.Retrieved2024-03-05.
  70. ^abFoot, Richard (2 August 2019)."Canadian Peacekeepers in Somalia".thecanadianencyclopedia.ca.Historica Canada.Archivedfrom the original on 12 March 2024.Retrieved26 February2024.
  71. ^Sherene Razack (2004).Dark threats and white knights: the Somalia Affair, peacekeeping, and the new imperialism.University of Toronto Press. p. 4.ISBN978-0-8020-8663-1.
  72. ^Cohen, S.A. (2010).Israel's Armed Forces in Comparative Perspective.BESA studies in international security. Taylor & Francis. p. 160.ISBN978-1-135-16956-5.Archivedfrom the original on 2024-03-04.Retrieved2024-02-27.
  73. ^Dorn, A. Walter; Matloff, Jonathan (August 2000)."View of Preventing the Bloodbath: Could the UN have Predicted and Prevented the Rwandan Genocide?".Journal of Conflict Studies.RetrievedMar 19,2024.
  74. ^abAdams, Smin (21 January 2014)."The UN, Rwanda and the" Genocide Fax "– 20 Years Later".Huffington Post.Archivedfrom the original on 25 September 2015.Retrieved14 April2015.
  75. ^"Canadian Peacekeepers in Rwanda".The Canadian Encyclopedia.May 2, 2022.RetrievedMar 19,2024.
  76. ^MacKay, Peter (Mar 3, 2021)."Peacekeeping is not suited to today's conflicts".Policy Options.RetrievedMar 18,2024.
  77. ^"Our history".United Nations Peacekeeping.October 20, 2016.RetrievedMarch 15,2024.
  78. ^Schalk, O. (2023).Canada in Afghanistan.James Lorimer Limited, Publishers. p. 17.ISBN978-1-4594-1766-3.
  79. ^Defence, National (October 26, 2020)."ARCHER (ENDURING FREEDOM)".Canada.ca.RetrievedMarch 24,2024.
  80. ^"Canada and the War in Afghanistan".The Canadian Encyclopedia.Sep 11, 2001.RetrievedMarch 25,2024.In total, 165 Canadians died during the war in Afghanistan (158 soldiers, 7 civilians). More than 2,000 members of the CAF were wounded or injured during the war.
  81. ^Defence, National (Aug 30, 2016)."Canada in Afghanistan (2001-2014)".Canada.ca.RetrievedMarch 25,2024.
  82. ^Charbonneau, B.; Cox, W.S. (2010).Locating Global Order: American Power and Canadian Security after 9/11.UBC Press. p. 119.ISBN978-0-7748-5966-0.
  83. ^Anker, Lane (Jun 20, 2005)."Peacekeeping and Public Opinion".Government of Canada, National Defence, Canadian Defence Academy.RetrievedApr 4,2024.
  84. ^Melnyk, George(2011)."Canada and Afghanistan: Peacemaking as Counter-Insurgency Warfare; A Study in Political Rhetoric".Peace Research.43(1). Canadian Mennonite University: 5–29.ISSN0008-4697.JSTOR23607861.
  85. ^abDefence, National (2024-03-27)."Current Operations and Combined Military Exercises list".Canada.ca.Retrieved2024-04-05.
  86. ^abTrade, Canada. Department of Foreign Affairs and International (1999).Performance Report for the Period Ending...(PDF).Government Review and Quality Services, Treasury Board Secretariat. p. 54.ISBN0-660-61432-4.
  87. ^Canada, Global Affairs (May 29, 2023)."Statement to mark International Day of United Nations Peacekeepers".Canada.ca.RetrievedMarch 25,2024.
  88. ^"Prime Minister advances progress toward a peaceful, healthy future at United Nations General Assembly".Prime Minister of Canada.Sep 21, 2023.RetrievedMarch 25,2024.
  89. ^"Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2022"(PDF).Stockholm International Peace Research Institute.April 2023.Retrieved29 April2023.
  90. ^"National Inventory of Canadian Military Memorials (NICMM)".Veterans Affairs Canada.March 25, 2009.Archivedfrom the original on February 26, 2024.RetrievedFeb 26,2024.
  91. ^"Somalia Medal".Veterans Affairs Canada.March 25, 2009.Archivedfrom the original on March 4, 2024.RetrievedMar 4,2024.
  92. ^Gough, P. (2002). "' Invicta Pax ' Monuments, Memorials and Peace: an analysis of the Canadian Peacekeeping Monument, Ottawa ".International Journal of Heritage Studies.8(3): 201–223.doi:10.1080/1352725022000018903.ISSN1352-7258.S2CID159974425.
  93. ^"1 DOLLAR".The Royal Canadian Mint.Archivedfrom the original on March 12, 2024.RetrievedMar 12,2024.
  94. ^"Canadian Journey Series $10 Note".Bank of Canada Museum.Jul 20, 2014.Archivedfrom the original on March 12, 2024.RetrievedMar 12,2024.
  95. ^"Canadian Peacekeeping Service Medal (CPSM)".Veterans Affairs Canada.2009-03-25.Archivedfrom the original on 2024-01-29.Retrieved2024-02-26.
  96. ^Christopher McCreery (2005).The Canadian honours system.Dundurn Press. p. 181.ISBN978-1-55002-554-5.
  97. ^"National Peacekeepers' Day Act".Site Web de la législation (Justice).Jun 18, 2008.Archivedfrom the original on February 26, 2024.RetrievedFeb 26,2024.
  98. ^Rehman, Mishall (2023-08-10)."Peacekeepers' Day Marks 15th Anniversary".Canadian Military Family Magazine.Archivedfrom the original on 2024-02-29.Retrieved2024-02-29.
  99. ^Defence, National (2023)."Military operations".Canada.ca.Retrieved2024-03-20.
  100. ^"UN Truce Supervision Organization (Palestine)-Middle East: 1948".Home.Apr 4, 1949.Archivedfrom the original on March 12, 2024.RetrievedMar 12,2024.
  101. ^Defence, National (Dec 11, 2018)."United Nations Commission on Korea (UNCOK)".Canada.ca.Archivedfrom the original on January 15, 2021.RetrievedMar 12,2024.
  102. ^Defence, National (Mar 14, 2019)."United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP)".Canada.ca.Archivedfrom the original on March 12, 2024.RetrievedMar 12,2024.
  103. ^Defence, National (Dec 11, 2018)."United Nations Emergency Force I (UNEF I)".Canada.ca.Archivedfrom the original on March 12, 2024.RetrievedMar 12,2024.
  104. ^Defence, National (Mar 26, 2019)."Opération des Nations unies au Congo (ONUC)".Canada.ca.Archivedfrom the original on March 12, 2024.RetrievedMar 12,2024.
  105. ^Defence, National (Jun 3, 2019)."United Nations Security Force in West New Guinea (UNSF)".Canada.ca.Archivedfrom the original on March 12, 2024.RetrievedMar 12,2024.
  106. ^Defence, National (Feb 20, 2013)."Operation SNOWGOOSE".Canada.ca.Archivedfrom the original on March 12, 2024.RetrievedMar 12,2024.
  107. ^Defence, National (Jul 15, 2019)."United Nations Emergency Force II (UNEF II)".Canada.ca.Archivedfrom the original on March 12, 2024.RetrievedMar 12,2024.
  108. ^Defence, National (Jul 22, 2013)."Operation DANACA".Canada.ca.Archivedfrom the original on March 12, 2024.RetrievedMar 12,2024.
  109. ^Defence, National (Jul 10, 2019)."Operation Angora".Canada.ca.Archivedfrom the original on March 12, 2024.RetrievedMar 12,2024.
  110. ^Defence, National (Aug 20, 2019)."Operation Calumet".Canada.ca.Archivedfrom the original on March 12, 2024.RetrievedMar 12,2024.
  111. ^Defence, National (Jul 18, 2019)."United Nations Transition Assistance Group Namibia".Canada.ca.Archivedfrom the original on March 12, 2024.RetrievedMar 12,2024.
  112. ^Defence, National (Dec 11, 2018)."Misión de las Naciones Unidas para el referéndum del Sàhara Occidental".Canada.ca.Archivedfrom the original on March 12, 2024.RetrievedMar 12,2024.
  113. ^Defence, National (Oct 25, 2020)."MARQUIS (UNTAC)".Canada.ca.Archivedfrom the original on October 28, 2023.RetrievedMar 12,2024.
  114. ^Defence, National (Dec 17, 2013)."Operation HARMONY".Canada.ca.Archivedfrom the original on March 12, 2024.RetrievedMar 12,2024.
  115. ^Defence, National (Dec 11, 2018)."United Nations Operation in Somalia I".Canada.ca.Archivedfrom the original on March 12, 2024.RetrievedMar 12,2024.
  116. ^"Canadian Peacekeepers in Somalia".The Canadian Encyclopedia.Jul 25, 2019.Archivedfrom the original on March 12, 2024.RetrievedMar 12,2024.
  117. ^Defence, National (Dec 11, 2018)."United Nations Operations in Somalia II (UNOSOM II)".Canada.ca.Archivedfrom the original on March 12, 2024.RetrievedMar 12,2024.
  118. ^Defence, National (Dec 11, 2018)."United Nations Mission in Haiti (UNMIH)".Canada.ca.Archivedfrom the original on March 12, 2024.RetrievedMar 12,2024.
  119. ^Defence, National (Oct 26, 2020)."LANCE (UNAMIR)".Canada.ca.Archivedfrom the original on March 12, 2024.RetrievedMar 12,2024.
  120. ^Defence, National (Dec 11, 2018)."United Nations Confidence Restoration Organization (UNCRO)".Canada.ca.Archivedfrom the original on March 12, 2024.RetrievedMar 12,2024.
  121. ^Defence, National (Dec 11, 2018)."United Nations Preventive Deployment Force (UNPREDEP)".Canada.ca.Archivedfrom the original on March 12, 2024.RetrievedMar 12,2024.
  122. ^Defence, National (Dec 11, 2018)."United Nations Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovenia (UNMIBH)".Canada.ca.Archivedfrom the original on March 12, 2024.RetrievedMar 12,2024.
  123. ^Defence, National (Dec 11, 2018)."United Nations Support Mission in Haiti (UNSMIH)".Canada.ca.Archivedfrom the original on March 12, 2024.RetrievedMar 12,2024.
  124. ^Defence, National (Jul 30, 1997)."Operation CONSTABLE".Canada.ca.Archivedfrom the original on March 12, 2024.RetrievedMar 12,2024.
  125. ^Defence, National (Dec 11, 2018)."United Nations Civilian Police Mission in Haiti (MIPONUH)".Canada.ca.Archivedfrom the original on March 12, 2024.RetrievedMar 12,2024.
  126. ^Defence, National (Dec 11, 2018)."United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic (MINURCA)".Canada.ca.Archivedfrom the original on March 12, 2024.RetrievedMar 12,2024.
  127. ^abDefence, National (Nov 5, 2013)."Operation TOUCAN".Canada.ca.Archivedfrom the original on March 12, 2024.RetrievedMar 12,2024.
  128. ^Defence, National (Jul 22, 2013)."Operation Kinetic".Canada.ca.Archivedfrom the original on March 12, 2024.RetrievedMar 12,2024.
  129. ^Defence, National (Jul 22, 2013)."Operation QUADRANT".Canada.ca.Archivedfrom the original on March 12, 2024.RetrievedMar 12,2024.
  130. ^Defence, National (Jul 22, 2013)."Operation REPTILE".Canada.ca.Archivedfrom the original on March 12, 2024.RetrievedMar 12,2024.
  131. ^Defence, National (Feb 20, 2013)."Operation CROCODILE".Canada.ca.Archivedfrom the original on March 12, 2024.RetrievedMar 12,2024.
  132. ^Defence, National (Nov 21, 2013)."Operation ADDITION".Canada.ca.Archivedfrom the original on March 12, 2024.RetrievedMar 12,2024.
  133. ^Defence, National (Jul 22, 2013)."Operation HALO".Canada.ca.Archivedfrom the original on March 12, 2024.RetrievedMar 12,2024.
  134. ^Defence, National (Jul 22, 2013)."Operation SAFARI".Canada.ca.Archivedfrom the original on December 4, 2023.RetrievedMar 12,2024.
  135. ^Defence, National (Feb 20, 2013)."Operation SATURN".Canada.ca.Archivedfrom the original on March 12, 2024.RetrievedMar 12,2024.
  136. ^Defence, National (Dec 11, 2018)."United Nations Assistance Mission in Darfur (UNAMID)".Canada.ca.Archivedfrom the original on March 12, 2024.RetrievedMar 12,2024.
  137. ^Defence, National (Jul 5, 2018)."Operation PRESENCE".Canada.ca.Archivedfrom the original on March 12, 2024.RetrievedMar 12,2024.

Further reading[edit]

Main article:Bibliography of Canadian military history

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related toPeacekeeping missions of Canada.
Archives
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canadian_peacekeeping&oldid=1234152627"