Canarium
| Canarium | |
|---|---|
| |
| Fruiting branch ofCanarium harveyi | |
Scientific classification
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Sapindales |
| Family: | Burseraceae |
| Genus: | Canarium L.(1754)[1] |
| Species | |
|
About 120, see text | |
| Synonyms[2] | |
| |
Canariumis agenusof about 120speciesoftropicalandsubtropicaltrees,in the familyBurseraceae.They grow naturally across tropicalAfrica,south and southeastAsia,Indochina,Malesia,Australiaand westernPacific Islands;including from southernNigeriaeast toMadagascar,Mauritius,Sri LankaandIndia;fromBurma,MalaysiaandThailandthrough theMalay PeninsulaandVietnamto southChina,Taiwanand thePhilippines;throughBorneo,Indonesia,TimorandNew Guinea,through to theSolomon Islands,Vanuatu,New Caledonia,Fiji,Samoa,TongaandPalau.[3]
Canariumspecies grow up to largeevergreentrees of 40–50 m (130–160 ft) tall, and have alternately arranged,pinnateleaves.[3]They aredioecious,with male and female flowers growing on separate trees.[4]
Common names
[edit]The trees and their edible nuts have a large number of common names in their range. These include Pacific almond, canarium nut,pili nut,Java almond, Kenari nut, galip nut, nangai, and ngali.[5]
Species
[edit]As of January 2024,Plants of the World Onlineaccepts 121 species.[2]The brief species distribution information was sourced fromFlora Malesiana,[3]theFlora of China(series),theAustralian Tropical Rainforest Plantsinformation system,and Plants of the World Online.
- Canarium acutifolium(DC.) Merr.– New Guinea, Maluku, Sulawesi, New Britain, New Ireland, Bougainville, Qld Australia
- Canarium album(Lour.) DC.Chinese white olive ( quả trám ) – Taiwan, S China, Vietnam
- Canarium ampasindavaeDaly, Raharim. & Federman– Madagascar
- Canarium apertumH.J.Lam– Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo
- Canarium arcuatumDaly, Raharim. & Federman– Madagascar
- Canarium asperumBenth.– New Guinea, Maluku, Sulawesi, Philippines, Borneo, Java, Sumbawa, Sumba, Flores, Timor, Solomon Is.,
- Canarium australasicum(F.M.Bailey) Leenh.– Qld, NSW, Australia endemic
- Canarium australianumF.Muell.– New Guinea, Qld, NT, WA, Australia
- Canarium balansaeEngl.– New Caledonia endemic
- Canarium balsamiferumWilld.– Maluku, Sulawesi
- Canarium batjanenseLeenh.– Maluku
- Canarium bengalenseRoxb.– India, Burma, Laos, Thailand, S China
- Canarium betamponaeDaly, Raharim. & Federman– Madagascar
- Canarium boiviniiEngl.– northeastern Madagascar
- Canarium bullatum(Leenh.) Daly, Raharim. & Federman– northern and northeastern Madagascar
- Canarium caudatumKing– Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo
- Canarium cestracionLeenh.– E New Guinea
- Canarium chinareGrutt. & H.J.Lam– Solomon Is., Admiralty Is.
- Canarium cinereumGuillaumin– Vietnam
- Canarium compressumDaly, Raharim. & Federman– Madagascar
- Canarium copaliferumA.Chev.– Vietnam
- Canarium decumanumGaertn.– E Borneo, Maluku, New Guinea, Sulawesi
- Canarium denticulatumBlume– Andaman Is., Burma, Sumatra, Malay Penin., Java, Borneo, Philippines
- Canarium dichotomum(Blume) Miq.– Sumatra, Borneo
- Canarium divergensEngl.– Borneo
- Canarium egregiumDaly, Raharim. & Federman– Madagascar
- Canarium elegansDaly, Raharim. & Federman— Madagascar
- Canarium engleriH.J.Lam– Vietnam
- Canarium euphyllumKurz– Andaman Is.
- Canarium euryphyllumG.Perkins– Philippines
- Canarium ferrugineumDaly, Raharim. & Federman– Madagascar
- Canarium findensDaly, Raharim. & Federman– Madagascar
- Canarium fugaxDaly, Raharim. & Federman– Madagascar
- Canarium fuscocalycinumStapf ex Ridl.– Borneo
- Canarium galokenseDaly, Raharim. & Federman– Madagascar
- Canarium globosumDaly, Raharim. & Federman– Madagascar
- Canarium gracileEngl.– Philippines
- Canarium grandifolium(Ridl.) H.J.Lam– Malay Peninsula
- Canarium harveyiSeem.– Fiji, Niue, Santa Cruz Islands, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu, Wallis and Futuna
- Canarium hirsutumWilld.– New Guinea to throughout Malesia, Solomon Is., Palau
- Canarium indicumL.– New Guinea, New Britain, New Ireland, Solomon Is., Vanuatu, Maluku, Sulawesi
- Canarium indistinctumDaly, Raharim. & Federman– Madagascar
- Canarium intermediumH.J.Lam– S Sumatra
- Canarium kanienseLauterb.– New Guinea
- Canarium karoenseH.J.Lam– N Sumatra
- Canarium kerriiCraib– Thailand
- Canarium kinabaluenseLeenh.– N Borneo
- Canarium kipella(Blume) Miq.– W Java
- Canarium kostermansiiLeenh.– Borneo
- Canarium lamianumDaly, Raharim. & Federman– Madagascar
- Canarium lamiiLeenh.– New Guinea
- Canarium latistipulatumRidl.– Borneo
- Canarium liguliferumLeenh.– Solomon Islands (Rob Roy Island)
- Canarium littoraleBlume– Indo-China, Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Java, Borneo
- Canarium lobocarpumDaly, Raharim. & Federman– Madagascar
- Canarium longistipulatumDaly, Raharim. & Federman– Madagascar
- Canarium luzonicum(Blume) A.Gray– Philippines
- Canarium lyiC.D.Dai & Yakovlev– Vietnam
- Canarium macadamiiLeenh.– New Guinea
- Canarium madagascarienseEngl.– Madagascar (Nosy Bé)
- Canarium maluenseLauterb.– Sulawesi, Maluku, New Guinea, Borneo
- Canarium maniiKing– Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Myanmar
- Canarium manongarivumDaly, Raharim. & Federman– Madagascar
- Canarium megacarpumLeenh.– New Guinea
- Canarium megalanthumMerr.– Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo
- Canarium merrilliiH.J.Lam– Borneo
- Canarium muelleriF.M.Bailey– Queensland endemic, Australia
- Canarium multiflorumEngl.– Madagascar
- Canarium multinerveDaly, Raharim. & Federman– Madagascar
- Canarium nitidifoliumDaly, Raharim. & Federman– Madagascar
- Canarium obovatumDaly, Raharim. & Federman– Madagascar
- Canarium obtusifoliumScott Elliot– eastern Madagascar
- Canarium odontophyllumMiq.– Sumatra, Borneo, Philippines (Palawan)
- Canarium oleiferumBaill.– New Caledonia endemic
- Canarium oleosum(Lam.) Engl.– New Guinea, New Britain, Timor, Maluku, Sulawesi
- Canarium ovatumEngl.– Philippines, cultivated Asia–Pacific
- Canarium pallidumDaly, Raharim. & Federman– Madagascar
- Canarium paniculatum(Lam.) Benth. ex Engl.– Mauritius
- Canarium parvumLeenh.– S China, Vietnam
- Canarium patentinerviumMiq.– Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Banka, Borneo
- Canarium perlisanumLeenh.– Malay Peninsula (Perlis)
- Canarium pilicarpumDaly, Raharim. & Federman– northern and east-northeastern Madagascar
- Canarium pilososylvestreLeenh.– W New Guinea
- Canarium pilosumA.W.Benn.– Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo
- subsp.borneensisLeenh.– Borneo
- Canarium pimelaK.D.KoenigChinese black olive ( ô lãm ) – Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, S China
- Canarium planifoliumDaly, Raharim. & Federman– Madagascar
- Canarium polyphyllumK.Schum.– New Guinea
- Canarium pseudodecumanumHochr.– Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo
- Canarium pseudopatentinerviumH.J.Lam– S Sumatra, Banka, Borneo
- Canarium pseudopimelaKochummen– Borneo (Sarawak)
- Canarium pseudosumatranumLeenh.– Malay Peninsula
- Canarium pulchrebracteatumGuillaumin– eastern Madagascar
- Canarium reniformeKochummen & Whitmore– Peninsular Malaysia
- Canarium resiniferumBruce ex King– Assam and Bangladesh
- Canarium rigidum(Blume) Zipp. ex Miq.– New Guinea
- Canarium rotundifoliumGuillaumin– Cambodia and Vietnam
- Canarium salomonenseB.L.Burtt– New Guinea and Solomon Islands
- Canarium sarawakanumKochummen– Borneo (Sarawak)
- Canarium schweinfurthiiEngl.– African canarium; from Nigeria and Angola to Uganda
- Canarium sikkimenseKing– Sikkim
- Canarium strictumRoxb.– India, Burma, S China
- Canarium subsidariumDaly, Raharim. & Federman– Madagascar
- Canarium subtileDaly, Raharim. & Federman– Madagascar
- Canarium subulatumGuillaumin– Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, S China
- Canarium sumatranumBoerl. & Koord.– Sumatra, Malay Peninsula
- Canarium sylvestreGaertn.– New Guinea, Maluku
- Canarium thorelianumGuillaumin– Cambodia and Vietnam
- Canarium trifoliolatumEngl.– New Caledonia endemic
- Canarium trigonumH.J.Lam– Sulawesi
- Canarium vanikoroenseLeenh.– Fiji, Santa Cruz Islands, Vanuatu, and Wallis and Futuna
- Canarium velutinifoliumDaly, Raharim. & Federman– Madagascar
- Canarium venosumCraib– Thailand
- Canarium vitienseA.Gray– Fiji, Solomon Is., Samoa, Tonga, New Guinea, Bismarck Arch., Admiralty Is., Louisiade Arch., Torres Strait I's, Qld Australia
- Canarium vittatistipulatumGuillaumin– Vietnam
- Canarium vrieseanumEngl.– Philippines, Sulawesi
- Canarium vulgareLeenh.– Flores, Timor, Sulawesi, Maluku
- Canarium whiteiGuillaumin– New Caledonia endemic
- Canarium zeylanicum(Retz.) Blume– Sri Lanka
Uses and ecology
[edit]Several species have ediblenuts,known as galip nut ornangae(C. indicum), pili nut (C. ovatum), or simply canarium nut (C. harveyiandC. indicum).C. indicumare among the most important nut-bearing trees in easternIndonesiaand the Southwest Pacific.C. ovatumis cultivated as a food crop only in thePhilippines.[6]
C. odontophyllum,known commonly as dabai or kembayau, is a species with a nutritious fruit with a creamy taste. It is hard when raw and may be pickled or softened with hot water when prepared. Many animals feed on the fruit in the wild, such as thered-bellied lemur(Eulemur rubriventer) and theruffed lemurs(Varecia) ofMadagascar's easterntropical forests.Canariumfruit is also an important part of the diet of theaye-aye(Daubentonia madagascarensis).[7]
Canarium albumproduces a fruit consumed in Vietnam, Thailand (where it is known asnam liap(Thai:หนำเลี้ยบ),samo chin(Thai:สมอจีน) orkana(Thai:กาน้า)) and in China (Chinese:Quả trám) with an appearance of a big olive.
Canarium luzonicum,commonly known aselemi,is a tree native to the Philippines. Anoleoresin,which containsElemicin,is harvested from it.
Canarium strictumproduces a resin called blackdammar.
Superb fruit-doves(Ptilinopus superbus) are known to be fond of the fruit ofscrub turpentine(C. australianum), which they swallow whole.[8][9]
References
[edit]- ^ "International Plant Names Index".International Plant Names Index(IPNI).Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew;Harvard University Herbaria&Libraries;Australian National Botanic Gardens.Retrieved13 Nov2013.
- ^abCanariumL.Plants of the World Online.Retrieved 19 January 2024.
- ^abc Leenhouts, P. W.; Kalkman, C.; Lam, H. J. (March 1956)."Canarium(Burseraceae) "(Digitised, online).Flora Malesiana.Series I, Spermatophyta: Flowering Plants. Vol. 5. Leiden, The Netherlands: Rijksherbarium / Hortus Botanicus, Leiden University. pp. 249–296.Retrieved13 Nov2013.
- ^Federman, Sarah; Donoghue, Michael J.; Daly, Douglas C.; Eaton, Deren A. R. (2018)."Reconciling species diversity in a tropical plant clade (Canarium,Burseraceae) ".PLOS ONE.13(6): e0198882.Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1398882F.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0198882.PMC6003679.PMID29906281.
- ^"Canarian indicum"http://agroforestry.net/tti/Canarium-canariumnut.pdf,accessed 12 Dec 2013; Sheppard, Peter J. "Lapita Colonization across the Near/Remote Oceania Boundary"Current AnthropologyVol. 52, No. 6 (Dec 2011), p. 802
- ^Pili Nut,Canarium ovatum,New Crop Fact Sheet.Purdue University Center for New Crops and Plant Products.
- ^Timothy M. Sefczek; Zach J. Farris; Patricia C. Wright (2012). "Aye-Aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis) Feeding Strategies at Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar: An Indirect Sampling Method ".Folia Primatologica; International Journal of Primatology.- 83(1): 1–10.doi:10.1159/000338103.PMID22627178.S2CID207622496.
- ^ Crome, F. H. J. (1975). "The ecology of fruit pigeons in tropical northern Queensland".Wildlife Research.2(2): 155–185.doi:10.1071/wr9750155.
- ^ Frith, H. J.; Crome, F. H. J.; Wolfe, T. O. (1976)."Food of fruit-pigeons in New Guinea".Emu.76(2): 49–58.Bibcode:1976EmuAO..76...49F.doi:10.1071/mu9760049.Retrieved16 Nov2013.
External links
[edit]- "CanariumL. "Atlas of Living Australia.