Canon of Kings
TheCanon of Kingswas a dated list of kings used by ancientastronomersas a convenient means to date astronomical phenomena, such aseclipses.For a period, the Canon was preserved by the astronomerClaudius Ptolemy,and is thus known sometimes asPtolemy's Canon.It is one of the most important bases for our knowledge ofancient chronology.
The Canon derives originally fromBabyloniansources. Thus, itlists Kings of Babylonfrom 747 BC until the conquest of Babylon byAchaemenid Persiansin 539 BC, and thenPersian kingsfrom 538 to 332 BC. At this point, the Canon was continued by Greek astronomers inAlexandria,and lists theMacedoniankings from 331 to 305 BC, thePtolemiesfrom 304 BC to 30 BC, and theRomanandByzantine Emperors,although they are not kings; in some manuscripts the list is continued down to theFall of Constantinoplein 1453.[1]
The Canon only increments by whole years, specifically theancient Egyptian yearof 365 days[citation needed].This has two consequences. The first is that the dates for when monarchs began and ended their reigns are simplified to the beginning and the ending of the ancient Egyptian year, which moves one day every four years against theJulian calendar.[2]The second is that this list of monarchs is simplified. Monarchs who reigned for less than one year are not listed, and only one monarch is listed in any year with multiple monarchs. Usually, the overlapping year is assigned to the monarch who died in that year, but not always. Note that the two periods in the Babylonian section where no king is listed the first represents two pretenders whose legitimacy the compiler did not recognize, and the second extends from the year Babylon was sacked bySennacherib,King ofAssyriato the restoration ofEsarhaddon.[2][3]
The Canon is generally considered by historians to be accurate, and forms part of the backbone of the commonly accepted chronology from 747 BC forward that all other datings are synchronized to.[1]It is not, however, theultimate sourcefor this chronology; most of the names and lengths of reigns can be independently verified from archaeological material (coinage, annals, inscriptions in stone etc.) and extant works of history from the historical ages concerned.
Babylonian Kings, 747–539 BC[edit]
- Nabonassar(Nabonassáros): 747–734 BC
- Nabu-nadin-zeri(Nadíos): 733–732 BC
- Nabu-mukin-zeri(Khinzêr) andPulu(Póros): 731–727 BC
- Ululas(Iloulaíos): 726–722 BC
- Marduk-apla-iddina II(Mardokempádos): 721–710 BC
- Sargon II(Arkeanós): 709–705 BC
- no kings: 704–703 BC
- Bel-ibni(Bilíbos): 702–700 BC
- Ashur-nadin-shumi(Aparanadíos): 699–694 BC
- Nergal-ushezib(Rhegebélos): 693 BC
- Mushezib-Marduk(Mesêsimordákos): 692–689 BC
- no kings: 688–681 BC
- Esarhaddon(Asaradínos): 680–668 BC
- Shamash-shum-ukin(Saosdoukhínos): 667–648 BC
- Kandalanu(Kinêladános): 647–626 BC
- Nabopolassar(Nabopolassáros): 625–605 BC
- Nebuchadrezzar II(Nabokolassáros): 604–562 BC
- Amel-Marduk(Illoaroudámos): 561–560 BC
- Neriglissar(Nêrigasolassáros): 559–556 BC
- Nabonidus(Nabonadíos): 555–539 BC
Persian Kings, 538–332 BC[edit]
- Cyrus:538–530 BC
- Cambyses:529–522 BC
- Darius I:521–486 BC
- Xerxes I:485–465 BC
- Artaxerxes I(Longimanus): 464–424 BC
- Darius II:423–405 BC
- Artaxerxes II(Mnemon): 404–359 BC
- Artaxerxes III(Ochus): 358–338 BC
- Arses(Arogus): 337–336 BC
- Darius III:335–332 BC
Macedonian Kings, 331–305 BC[edit]
- Alexander the Great:331–324 BC
- Philip III:323–317 BC
- Alexander IV:[n 1]316–305 BC
Ptolemies of Egypt, 304–30 BC[edit]
- Ptolemy I Soter(Ptolemy, son of Lagus): 304–285 BC
- Ptolemy II Philadelphus:284–247 BC
- Ptolemy III Euergetes:246–222 BC
- Ptolemy IV Philopator:221–205 BC
- Ptolemy V Epiphanes:204–181 BC
- Ptolemy VI Philometor:180–146 BC
- Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II:145–117 BC
- Ptolemy IX Soter II:116–81 BC
- Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysus:80–52 BC
- Cleopatra Thea Philopator:51–30 BC
Roman Emperors, 29 BC–160 AD[edit]
- Augustus:29 BC–14 AD
- Tiberius:15–36
- Gaius:37–40
- Claudius:41–54
- Nero:55–68
- Vespasian:69–78
- Titus:79–81
- Domitian:82–96
- Nerva:97
- Trajan:98–116
- Hadrian:117–137
- Aelius Antoninus:138–160
Notes and sources[edit]
- Notes
- ^A modern misreading here ofΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΥ ΑΙΓΟΥ,of Alexander Augus,forΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΥ ΑΛΛΟΥ,of the other Alexander,has caused Alexander IV to be sometimes erroneously called Aegus. See e.g.Bevan, Edwyn Robert(1911)..InChisholm, Hugh(ed.).Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 01 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 545–552, see page 549.
- References
- ^abE.J. Bickerman,Chronology of the Ancient World(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1968), pp. 81f
- ^abBickerman,Chronology of the Ancient World,p. 107
- ^Leo Depuydt, "More Valuable than All Gold": Ptolemy's Royal Canon and Babylonian Chronology, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 47, pp. 97-117, 1995
- Sources
- Reprint of the Canon inGinzel, Friedrich Karl(1906).Handbuch der Mathematischen und Technischen Chronologie(in Greek and German). Vol. 1.Leipzig:J.C. Hinrichs. p. 139.At theInternet Archive.
See also[edit]
- List of lists of ancient kings
- Mesopotamia in Classical literature
- Chronology of the ancient Near East