Carnoidea
| Carnoidea | |
|---|---|
| |
| Tethina lusitanicafrom familyCanacidae | |
Scientific classification
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Section: | Schizophora |
| Subsection: | Acalyptratae |
| Superfamily: | Carnoidea |
| Families | |
| |
Carnoideais asuperfamilyofAcalyptrataeflies.
Description
[edit]In general, member of Carnoidea are small flies no more than a few millimetres long.[1][2][3]
Carnoidea is a poorly defined superfamily. In 1989, tensynapomorphieswere described for the group,[4]but most of these have later been challenged. As of 2006, the following synapomorphies were described: uppermost fronto-orbital bristle(s) of the head is exclinate; phallus of the male is flexible, unsclerotized, simple and elongate; and phallus is microtrichose.[3]
Ecology
[edit]Braulidae are associated withhoney bees,with larvae developing inbeeswaxwhile adults attach to bees and feed from bee mouthparts.[5]
Canacidae adults are mainly found on seashore habitats such as beaches,estuarinetidal flats, wave-swept rocks andmangroves.Little is known about their larvae, but they are believed to mainly feed onalgaein the intertidal zone.[6]Australimyzidae are also found on seashores, being associated with dead or decaying plant matter.[7]
Carnidae arescavengersfound in various kinds of plant matter, animal dung, carrion and vertebrate nests. Milichiidae are also scavengers and most occur in a range of habitats, though some are restricted to ant nests, bee nests or bat dung in caves.[5]
Chloropidae are more varied in their larval ecology, including scavengers,herbivoresin plant shoots and stems (these may be largelybacterial feeders), parasites feeding on frog blood, andpredatorsof insect or spider eggs.[2]
Adults of Inbiomyiidae are believed to be microbial grazers, as dissections have found fungal, algal and probably bacterial material in their guts. The larvae are unknown.[3]
Phylogeny
[edit]Australimyzidae and Inbiomyiidae aresister groups,meaning they are more closely related to each other than to any other family.[3]
Carnoidea may not be amonophyleticgroup. One molecular analysis found that its constituent families are more closely related to members of other superfamilies, such as Braulidae toDrosophilidae(superfamilyEphydroidea).[8]
References
[edit]- ^"Family Canacidae".bugguide.net.Retrieved2022-11-01.
- ^ab"Diptera | What Bug Is That?".anic.csiro.au.Retrieved2022-11-01.
- ^abcdBuck, Matthias (2006)."A new family and genus of acalypterate flies from the Neotropical region, with a phylogenetic analysis of Carnoidea family relationships (Diptera, Schizophora): A new family and genus of acalypterate flies".Systematic Entomology.31(3): 377–404.doi:10.1111/j.1365-3113.2006.00328.x.S2CID86429320.
- ^F., McAlpine, J. (1989).Manual of Nearctic Diptera, vol. 3.Dept. of Agriculture, Research Branch. pp. 1397–1518.ISBN0-660-12961-2.OCLC1066994117.
{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^abEbejer, M. J. (2012)."Diptera Carnoidea of the Maltese Islands".Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Malta.5:73–76.
- ^"Diptera | What Bug Is That?".anic.csiro.au.Retrieved2022-11-01.
- ^"Factsheet: Australasian coastal fly- Australimyza sp".nzacfactsheets.landcareresearch.co.nz.Retrieved2022-11-01.
- ^Bayless, Keith M.; Trautwein, Michelle D.; Meusemann, Karen; Shin, Seunggwan; Petersen, Malte; Donath, Alexander; Podsiadlowski, Lars; Mayer, Christoph; Niehuis, Oliver; Peters, Ralph S.; Meier, Rudolf (2021-02-08)."Beyond Drosophila: resolving the rapid radiation of schizophoran flies with phylotranscriptomics".BMC Biology.19(1): 23.doi:10.1186/s12915-020-00944-8.ISSN1741-7007.PMC7871583.PMID33557827.
External links
[edit]- Carnidae Online,Dedicated website