Castlefield

Not to be confused withCastlefields (disambiguation).

Castlefield
Castlefield, Central Manchester
Castlefield Location withinGreater Manchester
OS grid reference	SJ830976
Metropolitan borough	Manchester
Metropolitan county	Greater Manchester
Region	North West
Country	England
Sovereign state	United Kingdom
Post town	MANCHESTER
Postcode district	M3
Dialling code	0161
Police	Greater Manchester
Fire	Greater Manchester
Ambulance	North West

Castlefieldis an inner-cityconservation areainManchester,North West England. The conservation area which bears its name is bounded by theRiver Irwell,Quay Street,DeansgateandChester Road.It was the site of theRoman erafortofMamuciumor Mancunium which gave its name to Manchester. It was the terminus of theBridgewater Canal,the world's first industrial canal, built in 1764; the oldest canal warehouse opened in 1779. The world's first passenger railway terminated here in 1830, atLiverpool Road railway stationand the first railway warehouse opened here in 1831.

TheRochdale Canalmet the Bridgewater Canal at Castlefield in 1805 and in the 1830s they were linked with theMersey and Irwell Navigationby two short cuts. In 1848 the two viaducts of theManchester, South Junction and Altrincham Railwaycrossed the area and joined each other, two further viaducts and one mainline stationManchester Central railway stationfollowed. It has a tram station,Deansgate-Castlefield tram stop(formerly G-Mex) providing frequentManchester Metrolinkservices toEccles,Bury,Altrincham,Manchester Piccadilly,East DidsburyandRochdale.

Castlefield was designated aconservation areain 1980 and the United Kingdom's first designatedurban heritage parkin 1982.

Toponymy

The name Castlefield refers to the settlement's position below theformer Roman fort.It is a contracted version of the earlier name Castle-in-the-field.Another name for the area was Campfield, which derived from the same source. It is preserved in the name of St Matthew's Church, Campfield, and Campfield Market. (Manchesteralso derived its name from the fort.)

An older name for the settlement was theOld EnglishAldport, meaning old or long used port,distinguishing it from the new port at medieval Manchester nearer the confluence of theRivers IrkandIrwell.Portin Old English could refer to a harbour or a market so the names could be old and new market.

History

The part-rebuilt Roman fort

The reconstructed Roman fort wall ofMamucium

Roman period

Main article:Mamucium

ARomanfort(castra),Mamuciumor Mancunium was established in what is now Castlefield around AD 79 near a crossing place on theRiver Medlock.The fort was sited on a sandstone bluff near the confluence of the River Medlock andIrwellin a naturally defensible position.It was erected as a series of fortifications established byGnaeus Julius Agricoladuring his campaign against theBrigantes,who were theCeltictribein control of most of northern England.It guarded a central stage of theRoman road(equivalent toWatling Street),betweenDeva Victrix(Chester) andEboracum(York). Another road branched off to the north toBremetennacum(Ribchester).The neighbouring forts wereCastleshawandNorthwich.Built first from turf and timber, the fort was demolished around 140. When it was rebuilt around 160, it was again of turf and timber construction.Around the year 200, the fort underwent another rebuild enhancing its defences by replacing the gatehouse in stone and facing the walls with stone.The fort would have been garrisoned by aninfantry cohortof around 500auxiliary troops.

Evidence ofpaganandChristianworship has been discovered. Two altars have been found and there may be atemple of Mithrasat the site. Aword squarewas discovered in the 1970s that may be one of the earliest evidences of Christianity in Britain.Acivilian settlement(vicus) grew in association with the fort, made up of traders and the soldiers' families. An area which has a concentration of furnaces and industrial activity has been described as anindustrial estate.The civilian settlement was probably abandoned by the mid-3rd century, although a small garrison may have remained at Mamucium into the late third and early fourth centuries.

A reconstructed part of the fort stands on the site and is open to the public.

Medieval and early modern periods

The village of Manchester later became established a kilometre to the north and the area around thevicusbecame known as "Aldport" or "The Old Town".A house and park here became the home of the Mosley family in 1601 but, in 1642, after being used byLord Strangeas a royalist headquarters during the Siege of Manchester, it was burned down byparliamentarians.

The River Irwell was made navigable in 1720s, leading to the construction of a quay in the area for loading and unloading of goods (vessels of up to 50 tons could dock here and ply between Manchester and Liverpool).

Industrialisation

Bridgewater Canal & Grocer's Warehouse Ruins

TheBridgewater Canalarrived in Castlefield in July 1761, around the time theIndustrial Revolutionis considered to have started.TheRochdale Canal,and a network of private branch canals joined the Bridgewater at Lock 92 in Castlefield. The Bridgewater Canal company hesitated in connecting their canal the adjacentMersey and Irwell Navigationuntil the Rochdale Canal Company had almost constructed itsManchester and Salford Junction Canal,and the railways had arrived in the 1830s. As the century progressed the canals gave way to the railways and the area became dissected by a network of railway lines carried on a series of multi-arch viaducts. Though Castlefield did havecotton mills,it was theengineering worksandwarehousingthat was more noticeable. The firstcanal warehouse,built in 1771 on Coal Wharf, was used to raise coal from the barges to street level, and store other goods. In the nineteenth century the warehouses assumed other functions such astrans-shipmentwhich involved receiving trains or barges, and reassembling their loads to be shipped to other destinations. Other warehouses received raw materials such as yarn, which was collected byoutworkerswho then returned woven cloth. The later warehouses acted asshowroomson the ground floors, with offices and storage above and behind.

20th century

During the 20th century both canal and railway transport declined and the area became somewhat derelict. The railway complex in Liverpool Road was sold to a conservation group for a nominal £1 and became theGreater Manchester Museum of Science and Industry.In 1982 the area was designated as an urban heritage park and a part of the fort was reconstructed on the excavated foundations.

Present day

Bridgewater Canal with theBeetham Tower

As part of the renewal of the site, an extensive outdoor area was developed as anevents arenawhich is used for a wide variety of events, including the annual 'Dpercussion' music festival.Granada Televisionstudios are located in the area along with the now closedGranada Studios Tour.In 2008 it was reported thatITVwere considering re-opening the tour as the company is searching for new forms of revenue to restore growth.

Castlefield has several bars and restaurants which are particularly popular during the summer months when people flock to the area to enjoy the large outdoor drinking areas and regular live music events. The popular Barça Bar closed in late December 2008, leaving Dukes 92, Choice Bar & Restaurant and Lava Bar as the only bars within the Castlefield basin.

Castle Quay is the home ofBauer Media's network centre, housing national radio stationsHits RadioandGreatest Hits Radio.

Planning permission to turn the empty Jackson's Wharf building into a modern five-storey block of flats by thePeel Groupwas rejected for a second time in 2008.In 2011, planning permission was rejected again by Manchester City Council with opposition fromlocals.Peel subsequently decided to sell the building and it is now agastropub.

In 1996 anarchitectural design competitionwas launched to create Timber Wharf by developers Urban Splash andRIBA Competitionsto design a new housing type capable of being mass-produced, using modern building techniques on a realistic budget to challenge the preconceived notions of volume house building. 162 entries were submitted for the project and Glenn Howells Architects provided the winning entry, the building was completed in 2002 and has since gone on to win a number of awards.

Geography

Sandstone cliff in Castlefield

Castlefield is in theDeansgate ward,inManchester City Centre.To the west is theRiver IrwellandSalford,to the south lie theBridgewater Canal,theRiver Medlockand theRochdale Canal.

The land between the two rivers consists primarily of a plateau ofCollyhurst sandstone,which is deep red in colour. This can be seen in the exposed river cliffs around the Castlefield basin, and provides a solid foundation for multistorey buildings and also an easily workable rock for cutting culverts and tunnels.

Area description

TheRiver Medlockmakes an end-on connection with the Bridgewater Canal at Knott Mill Bridge. Originally surplus water was diverted, via a tippler weir, into an overflow tunnel passing under the basin and emerging just to the north of the overspill from the Giant's Basin. The tippler weir has been replaced with a conventional weir within the basin. The 1848 OS large scale map shows the original course as following the line of the canal as far as the coal wharf (site of the Giant's Basin). TheRiver Irwellforms two gigantic meanders around Manchester and Salford; these too have had to be heavily controlled, for the Irwell was straightened and deepened from 1724, forming theMersey and Irwell Navigationwith quays built along Water Street in 1740. Most of the navigation was abandoned in the 1890s, with the construction of theManchester Ship Canalbut a deep water channel was maintained up to the Woden Street footbridge. Two canals define Castlefield: theBridgewaterbuilt in 1761 and theRochdaleopened in 1804. There are however two more short canals within Castlefield that form links with the Irwell, these are theManchester and Salford Junction Canaland theHulme Locks Branch Canal,both being disused but both are still visible. TheBridgewater Hallbasin on the former has been restored. Over the Irwell from Water Street is the entrance to theManchester, Bolton & Bury Canal.

Landmarks

A panorama of Castlefield over theBridgewater Canal

Canals

The navigations, canals, roads and railways of Manchester

Before 1750, roads were an impractical way of transporting heavy goods and water transport on the rivers was the accepted method. The number of suitable rivers was limited. Power to drive machinery was also derived from water but this needed fast-flowing streams where a head could be built up to turn the waterwheels. Finding the two types of water at the same locality was rare. Castlefield could use theRiver Medlock,as it fell to join theRiver Irwellto turn the wheels, but the Irwell needed to be improved to make it a safe river to navigate.

Eight locks were constructed between 1724 and 1734, along the Rivers Irwell and Mersey; this was known as theMersey and Irwell Navigation.Short cuts were dug to eliminate the difficult bends. Wharfs were built at Manchester Wharf, Water Street in 1740, and if the wind was not in the east small boats could travel from there to the sea.The navigation was subject to continuous improvement and was eventually superseded by theManchester Ship Canal.

The "Giant's Basin. Today this is a circular structure 7m deep with a foot bridge

The Rochdale Canal enters the Basin, under the Castle Street Bridge, behind is lock 92

TheBridgewater Canalwas commissioned byFrancis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater,to transport coal from his mines inWorsleyto Manchester. It was built byJames Brindleyand is the world's first true industrial canal, and Britain's first arterial canal.It opened to Castlefield in 1761 and fully to Liverpool in 1766.Castlefield was the Manchester basin, and it was watered by the River Medlock. The actual river was culverted under the basin and emerged by Potato Wharf, then flowed into the Irwell at Hulme Locks. The basin also was watered by ground water runoff, and in times of heavy rain, a weir was needed to maintain the water level. Brindley built a clover leaf-shaped weir which was replaced by the Giant's Basin. Today this appears as a 7-metre-deep, 7-metre-wide circular sump, crossed by an iron footbridge. The basin allowed other goods to be transported into the city such as cotton (from 1784) and building materials and foodstuffs.The basin, and the proximate Bridgewater Canal Basin at Potato Wharf areGrade II listed structures.

In 1802 theRochdale Canaljoined here at Duke's Lock, lock 92; this was the first canal to cross the Pennines; it brought with it clean water from its feeder reservoir atHollingworth Lake.It connected with theAshton Canaland thePeak Forest Canalbringing building limestone fromBugsworthin Derbyshire. At that time, major warehouses and mills would cut private canal arms to their buildings, the Rochdale had many.

In 1837, theManchester Bolton & Bury Canalwas connected to the Irwell, and there was commercial pressure to connect the Bridgewater/Rochdale to them. TheManchester and Salford Junction Canal,1837, was cut from the Rochdale under the city to provide the link with the Irwell at Quay street. To preempt this, the Bridgewater Canal Company built theHulme Locks Branch Canal,completing it in 1831. This canal remained open until 1991, when it was replaced by a lock at Pomona No. 3 basin.

These canals did not have the capacity to take boats larger than 1.4 m wide, so trans-shipment to oceangoing vessels was needed at a point outside the city. TheManchester Ship Canal,the 36-mile (58 km) long river navigation was designed to give the city of Manchester direct access to the sea, and was built between 1887 and 1894 at a cost of about £15 million (£1.27 billion as of 2010), and in its day was the largest navigation canal in the world. Though the main docks were atSalford QuaysandPomona Docksthe ship canal started at the Woden Street footbridge at Hulme Locks.

Warehouses of Castlefield

The restored Merchants' Warehouse with the Middle Warehouse behind

The Duke's Warehouse was built at the end Bridgewater Canal over the River Medlock. It has long since gone. It was first built in 1771, destroyed by fire in 1789 and rebuilt and extended including a fulling mill on the southern bank and cottages on the northern bank. It was destroyed again by fire in 1919.Built at the same time was the Grocers Warehouse 19.4 x 9.7m. This was a five-storey warehouse with one then two shipping holes. It was cut back into the Collyhurst sandstone river cliff face to the north of the Medlock. It was designed byJames Brindleyand incorporated a waterwheel driven hoist system. The canal arm was continued into a tunnel in the cliff. It was modified and extended in the first decade of the 19th centurywhen the Rochdale canal was cut behind it. The tunnel was severed and became an arm of the Rochdale Canal.Part of the facade has been restored and the canal arms are bridged by twoDutch style lifting bridges.

The Merchants' Warehouse (46.2 m x 15.4m) was built on the north bank at the entrance to the Giant's Basin around 1827. This was a four-storey warehouse with two shipping holes. On the street side it had six side loading bays topped by woodencatsheads(hoods). It has been badly damaged by firebut has since been rebuilt by Jim Ramsbottom and converted into offices. The other surviving warehouse is the Middle Warehouse built in 1831 by the Bridgewater Trustees on the south bank, off the Middle Basin canal arm. It was in use to store maize until the 1970s. It has been converted into a restaurant, offices and flats. It is five storeys plus an attic. The two shipping holes are enclosed in an elliptical blind arch.

The Kenworthy Warehouse, was 19m x 47mwas built in 1840 and looked like others. It was six storeys high, had twin shipping hole and was built on an arm running east of the Giant's Basin. It was designed for heavy goods: the ground floor was used for oil, the first for shipping goods, then the other floors for cotton, flour and grain. In 1897, theGreat Northern Viaductwas built over it and the piers modified the canal arms.

The Staffordshire Warehouse sat abridge the Staffordshire arms of the basin and was used to warehouse cotton.

The New Warehouse was built on Slate Wharf before 1848, and was the largest. It was six storeys high, with 20 14 ft bays thus 280 ft (85 m) in length.

The Victoria and Albert Warehouses are not at the basin, but at the junction of the River Irwell and the Manchester and Salford Junction Canal. This L-shaped building was built flush with the canal for direct loading, on the street side there were three loading entrances.

This commercial terrace masks the Great Northern Railway Company's trans-shipment warehouse

Also significant is the 1830 Railway Warehouse of theLiverpool and Manchester Railway.This was built with There was no available water to drive the hoists, so for the first year they were manual, but in 1832 they were powered by a small steam engine.

Possibly the last of Castlefield's great warehouses was theGreat Northern Warehouseof 1896 to 1898. This was a trans-shipment warehouse that had railway access on two of its floors, road access and canal arms from theManchester and Salford Junction canalin the basement.This was one of Britain's first large steel-framed buildings (81m x 66m). There were hydraulic lifts capable of raising fully laden railway waggons between the floors. To service the building the Great Northern Viaduct was built parallel to the Cornbrook Viaduct over the basin, and over the Kenworthy Warehouse. The country's longest Victorian commercial terrace was built to mask it from Deansgate.

Textile warehouses in the Italianate palazzo style were built in other parts of Manchester city centre, notablyKing Streetin the 1840s spreading to Portland Street, Charlotte Street and by the start of the 20th century,Whitworth Street.In all covering over a square mile of the city centre, Manchester was called Warehouse City and arguablywas the finest example of Victorian commercialism.

Bridges of Castlefield

The cast iron arch of the 1849 viaduct with the Cornbrook viaduct over and behind

Beneath the Cornbook and Great Northern viaducts with MSJ&AR viaducts on the left and extreme right

The canal basin at Castlefield is crossed by four large railway viaducts dating from 1848, 1877 and 1898.

The southern viaduct in the group of three is the 1849 red brick viaduct of theManchester, South Junction and Altrincham Railwaywith itscast ironarch bridge over theRochdale Canal.It carried the double tracks betweenManchester PiccadillyviaOxford Road stationandKnott Mill railway station,then turns south-west, crosses the canal basin and heads forAltrincham. Designated as No.100A, it forms part of the long brick viaduct taking the Altrincham branch of theManchester South Junction & Altrincham RailwaythroughKnott Mill Station.The bridge, designed byWilliam Baker,spans 31.9m. It has six cast iron ribs each made in five pieces and bolted together. The ribs are braced with cruciform cast iron sections. The twin railway tracks were carried on cast iron deck plates. The resident engineer was Henry Hemberow, and the sections were cast by Garforths of Dukinfield. The MSJ&A Railway was Manchester's first suburban railway line. A second cast iron rib arch bridge by Baker passed over Egerton Street but this was reconstructed in steel in 1976.

The central one in the group of three southwest of Deansgate Station is the high-level iron truss girder viaduct of 1877 built for theCheshire Lines Committeeby theMidland Railway.It's known as Cornbrook Viaduct. The viaduct is a red brick andwrought irontruss girder construction. When it opened in 1877, it carried trains coming from a temporary station toIrlamandWarrington,andChorltonvia a branch line. The temporary station was replaced bySir John Fowler'sManchester Central Stationin 1880, which operated until 1969 and is now used as an exhibition centre (Manchester Central).

To the north is the 1894 Great Northern viaduct that served theGreat Northern Railway's warehouse in Deansgate. The high-leveltubular steelviaduct is decorated with turrets. It was built for the Great Northern Railway Company and carried GNR trains to the company's Deansgate warehouse until 1963. Richard Johnson who was a Chief Engineer of the GNR was responsible for the design.

The Cornbrook and Great Northern viaducts stood disused for many years. When a route for theMetrolinktrams was investigated, the Cornbrook Viaduct was found to be in much better condition than the 1894 one. It was chosen for refurbishment (1990–1991) and is currently used by Metrolink trams going to Altrincham.

The Salford branch viaduct, the fourth viaduct, was separate from the others. It was also built by the Manchester South Junction & Altrincham Railway in 1848–1849. It uses a brick arch to cross the Staffordshire arm of the basin, before passing under the later Cornbrook and Great Northern viaduct and intersected with the then main line to Altrincham at a point about 300m west of Knott Mill Station. The whole viaduct fromPiccadillyto Ordsall Junction is 1.75 miles (2.82 km) long and consists of 224 brick arches.There were six cast iron bridges that span Water Street, the Rochdale Canal, Castle Street and Chester Road, Deansgate Station, Oxford Road (encased in concrete in 1959) and over Albion Street (renewed in reinforced concrete in 1980). They were all designed byWilliam Bakerand have a similar construction, with six cast iron arches each made in three or five sections.

The Whitby and Bird Merchants' Bridge

During the regeneration of the Castlefield basin, a spectacular footbridge was built from Slate Wharf to Catalan Square. This is the Merchant's Bridge, where the 3m wide deck is hung by 13 hangers from the steel arches. The span is 40m. The designers,Whitby and Birdacknowledge the influence ofSantiago Calatrava.

A couple of modern but traditional looking cast iron clad steel footbridges built by Marsh Bros Engineers, Bakewell 1990 have been thrown over some arms.In additionDutch style lifting bridgeshave been built at Slate Wharf and Grocers Warehouse. An interestingstone-cladfootbridge has been built over the Rochdale Canal. This is called the Architect's bridge.

George Stephenson's line crossed the River Irwell by a skew-arched masonry bridge built in 1830, to the north of the canal basinand then Water Street;this bridge is the first recorded use of theHodgkinson beam,(orI-beam).

Other prominent buildings

Further information:Liverpool Road railway station (Manchester)

Granada Studios Tour

TheLiverpool Road railway stationcomplex is significant as it was here that the passenger terminus was invented, and concepts such as separate facilities for the rich and the poor first appear here. The station is the oldest mainline station in the world. The booking hall for first and second class passengers was on Liverpool Road, and there were separate stairs up to the separate first floor waiting rooms and the platform. There was asundialover the first class entrance, since up to 1847, Manchester Corporation used 'local time' and that was set by the sun. In 1847, the Corporation adopted 'railway time'.Adjoining the station are the 1830 warehouse (300 ft X 70 ft) with 6 spur tracks, and the three-storey 200 ft (61 m) long, No. 1 Cotton Store built in 1831, and the similar No. 2 Cotton Store. However this was period of rapid expansion. The 1830 warehouse had been built within 4 months byDavid BellhouseJnr. In 1837, the station buildings were extended by theGrand Junction Railwayand a new goods shed built. Warehouses now covered 5 acres (2.0 ha), and had a floor area of 4,000,000 sq ft (370,000 m²). The passenger station closed on 4 May 1844 when the line was extended to join theManchester and Leeds Railwayat a new station situated inHunt's Bankand it all became a freight terminal. The cotton stores and the goods sheds were demolished in the 1860s when theLondon and North Western Railwayexpanded the goods station.

In 1844 there were six railway lines connecting the world to Manchester, and Léon Fauchercommented that there were 15 or 16 seats of industry that formed this great constellation.

Two more railway warehouses can be seen, the 1869 London and North Western Railway Bonded Warehouse on Grape Street with its separate viaduct over Water Street and the four-storey 1880Great Western RailwayLower Byrom Street Warehouse.The Lower Byrom Street Warehouse is now part of the Museum of Science and Industry, while the Grape Street warehouse is used byGranada Studiosas studios, rehearsal space and offices.

Regeneration

Castlefield regeneration dates from 1972, when the Greater Manchester Council carried out archaeological investigations in the area. The Liverpool Road goods depot closed 8 September 1975, and the GMC made a survey of the site and it became the North Western Museum of Science and Industry in 1978.

Through the joint efforts of theCivic Trust,theGeorgian Group,theVictorian Societyand Manchester Region Industrial Archaeology Society (MRIAS) a report called Historic Castlefield was published in 1979, which set upon a development framework. Also in 1979 Castlefield was designated a conservation area even though most of its historic canals and buildings were derelict. The major landowner was the Manchester Ship Canal Company. The area's potential had been recognised and the 1982 City Centre Local Plan actively supported the Museum of Science and Industry at Liverpool Road, and the Castlefield Conservation Area Steering Committee, (CCASC) was formed.

Castlefield designated itself Britain's firstUrban Heritage Parkin 1983. This led to £40m of public sector funding being invested for regeneration.

In 1988 theCentral Manchester Development Corporationwas created to formulate a regeneration policy for nearly 187 ha of central Manchester (approximately 40% of the city centre) and to pump-prime private sector development using Government grants. This embraced Castlefield.

The Corporation determined that Castlefield should be revitalised by strengthening the tourism base, consolidating and supporting business activity and establishing a vibrant residential community. The imaginative and sensitive conservation and enhancement of the listed buildings, canals, viaducts and spaces, was to be achieved with high standards of urban design. A large number of grants now became available for public/private development partnerships.

One organisation to benefit wasJim Ramsbottom's, Castlefield Estates company, who initiated several significant development projects, including Eastgate, Merchants Warehouse and Dukes 92.

The similarly named Castlefield Management Company was created in 1992 as a non-profit company to provide services, events and to maintain the environmental quality of the area. An Urban Ranger service was set up to assist visitors, guide tours and oversee the Urban Heritage Park.

Most of the buildings have now either been renovated or restored and many have been converted into modern apartments (warehouseflats). Numerousarchaeological digshave taken place and revealed a great deal about the early history of the city. Manchester City Council have recently encouraged high quality new developments to accompany the converted warehouses and enhance the conservation area.However, key sites remain to be completed, andIan Simpson's proposals for a massive eight-storey block of apartments at Jackson's Wharf, has twice been rejected by the City Council reflecting vociferouslocal objections.For instance, the entertainerMike Hardingsaid:

I oppose the Jackson's Wharf development most vehemently. The original concept of Castlefield as an urban heritage park and the early work of Jim Ramsbottom in particular was truly exciting. Then the big money moved in and the dream was hijacked. Brutal Euroboxes, with neither imagination nor taste to ameliorate them, were thrown up piecemeal in one of the worst cases of planning blight I can think of, so that now Manchester looks like a city designed by a schizophrenic drunk with attention deficiency disorder.

See also

• List of lattice girder bridges in the United Kingdom
• Castlefield Forum

References

Notes

Bibliography

• Heaton, Frank (1995)The Manchester Village: Deansgate remembered;compiled by Frank Heaton. Radcliffe: Neil Richardson (contains the recollections of Heaton's contemporaries, born early in the 20th century)
• Gregory, Richard A. (2007).Roman Manchester: the University of Manchester's excavations within the Vicus 2001–5.Oxbow Books.ISBN978-1-84217-271-1.
• McNeil, R.; Nevell, Mike (2000).A Guide to the Industrial Archaeology of Greater Manchester.Association for Industrial Archaeology.ISBN0-9528930-3-7.
• Mills, A.D. (1998).A Dictionary of English Placenames.Oxford University Press.ISBN0-19-280074-4.
• Nevell, Mike; Walker, John (2001).Portland Basin and the archaeology of the Canal Warehouse.Tameside Metropolitan Borough withUniversity of Manchester Archaeological Unit.ISBN1-871324-25-4
• Owen, David (1983).The Manchester Ship Canal.Manchester University Press.ISBN0-7190-0864-6.
• Parkinson-Bailey, John J. (2000).Manchester: An architectural history.ISBN0-7190-5606-3.
• Woodside, Arch; et al. (2004).Consumer Psychology of Tourism, Hospitality, and Leisure.CABI Publishing.ISBN0-85199-535-7.

Further reading

• Atkins, Philip (1977).Guide across Manchester.Civic Trust for the North West.ISBN0-901347-29-9.
• Mason, David J. P. (2001).Roman Chester: City of the Eagles.Tempus Publishing.ISBN0-7524-1922-6.
• Philpott, Robert A. (2006). "The Romano-British Period Resource Assessment".Archaeology North West.8:59–90.ISSN0962-4201.
• Shotter, David (2004) [1993].Romans and Britons in North-West England.Centre for North-West Regional Studies.ISBN1-86220-152-8.
• Walker, John, ed. (1989).Castleshaw: The archaeology of a Roman fortlet.Greater Manchester Archaeological Unit.ISBN0-946126-08-9.

External links

Castlefieldtravel guide from Wikivoyage

• Castlefield Canal Basins – photo tour
• Manchester City Council: Castlefield conservation area
• Eyewitness in Manchester: Castlefield – description and photographs
• Website of the annual D-Percussion festival
• "A Manchester View" – A History of the City from Roman times to the Present Day
• Manchester City Council's Regeneration Team