Casuarina
| Casuarina | |
|---|---|
| |
| Casuarina equisetifolia,showing red female flowers and mature fruits | |
Scientific classification
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fagales |
| Family: | Casuarinaceae |
| Genus: | Casuarina L.[1] |
| Type species | |
| Casuarina equisetifolia[2] L.
| |
| Species | |
|
See text | |
Casuarina,also known asshe-oak,Australian pine[3][4][5]andnative pine,[6]is a genus of flowering plants in the familyCasuarinaceae,and is native to Australia, the Indian subcontinent,Southeast Asia,islandsof the western Pacific Ocean, and eastern Africa.
Plants in the genusCasuarinaaremonoeciousordioecioustrees with green, pendulous,photosyntheticbranchlets, the leaves reduced to small scales arranged inwhorlsaround the branchlets, the male and female flowers arranged in separate spikes, the fruit a cone containing grey or yellowish-brown winged seeds.
Description[edit]
Plants in the genusCasuarinaare dioecious trees (apart fromC. equisetifoliathat is monoecious), with fissured or scaly greyish-brown to black bark. They have soft, pendulous, green,photosyntheticbranchlets, the leaves reduced to scale-like leaves arranged in whorls of 5 to 20 around the branchlets. The branchlets are segmented at each whorl with deep furrows that conceal thestomates.Male flowers are arranged along branchlets in spikes with persistentbracteoles,female flowers in spikes on short side-branches (effectively "peduncles") that differ in appearance from vegetative branchlets. After fertilisation, the female spikes develop into" cones "with thin, woody bracteoles that extend well beyond the cone body. The cones enclose grey or yellowish-brown winged seed known assamaras.[7][8][9][10][11][12]
Ecology[edit]
Casuarinaare attacked by a range of herbivorous insects.
- Hymenoptera: The waspsBootanelleus orientalisand anotherBootanelleusspecies (Torymidae) feed on seeds.[13]Selitrichodes casuarinaeandS. utilis(Eulophidae) inducegalls.[14]
- Lepidoptera: Most lepidopteran herbivores are in the familyOecophoridae.Zauclophora pelodes,Araeostoma aenictaandLichenaulasp. feed on leaves, and the latter two are also leaf tiers.Cryptophasa irroratabores in branches and stems.[13]Outside of Oecophoridae, there are fruit- and leaf-feeders in familiesCarposinidaeandGelechiidae.[4]
- Curculionidae: A weevil in genusHaplonyxfeeds on cones. The generaMisophriceandApionhave also been recorded onCasuarina,but the nature of their associations is unknown.[13]
- Hemiptera:Casuarinicolajumping plant lice (Triozidae) feed on sap ofCasuarina.[15]Another hemipteran associated with this genus is the felt scaleChoneochiton casuarinae(Eriococcidae).[16]
- Diptera: The gall midgeOphelmodiplosis clavata(Cecidomyiidae) induces galls on branchlet tips.[17]
Taxonomy[edit]
The genusCasuarinawas first formally described in 1759 byCarl LinnaeusinAmoenitates Academicaeand the first species he described (thetype species) wasCasuarina equisetifolia.[2][18]The generic name is derived from theMalayword for thecassowary,kasuari,alluding to the similarities between the bird's feathers and the plant's foliage.[19]
Species List[edit]
The following is a list ofCasuarinaspecies accepted byPlants of the World Onlineas of April 2023:[20]
- Casuarina collinaPoiss. ex Pancher & Sebert(New Caledonia)
- Casuarina cristataMiq.– belah, muurrgu (Qld., N.S.W.).
- Casuarina cunninghamianaMiq.– river oak, river sheoak, creek oak (Qld., N.S.W., A.C.T., N.T.)
- Casuarina equisetifoliaL.– coastal she-oak, horsetail she-oak (South Asia, Southeast Asia, Australia)
- Casuarina glaucaSieber ex Spreng.– swamp she-oak, swamp buloke, marsh sheoak (Qld., N.S.W.)
- Casuarina grandisL.A.S.Johnson(New Guinea)
- Casuarina junghuhnianaMiq.(Indonesia)
- Casuarina obesaMiq.– swamp she-oak, swamp oak, western swamp oak (W.A., S.A., Vic., N.S.W.)
- Casuarina oligodonL.A.S.Johnson(New Guinea)
- Casuarina orophilaL.A.S.Johnson(New Guinea)
- Casuarina pauperF.Muell. ex L.A.S.Johnson– black oak, belah, kariku (W.A., S.A., Qld., N.S.W., Vic.)
- Casuarina potamophilaSchltr.(New Caledonia)
- Casuarina tenellaSchltr.(New Caledonia)
- Casuarina teresSchltr.(New Caledonia)
In 1982,Lawrence Johnsonraised the generaAllocasuarinaandGymnostomain theJournal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens,and transferred some species previously included inCasuarinato the new genera. The species ofAllocasuarinapreviously inCasuarinaare:A. acuaria,A. acutivalvis,A. campestris,A. corniculata,A. decaisneana,A. decussata,A. dielsiana,A. distyla,A. drummondiana,A. drummondiana,A. fraseriana,A. grevilleoides,A. helmsii,A. huegeliana,A. humilis,A. inophloia,A. lehmannianasubsp.lehmanniana,A. littoralis,A. luehmannii,A. microstachya,A. monilifera,A. muelleriana,A. nana,A. paludosa,A. paradoxa,A. pinaster,A. pusilla,A. ramosissima,A. rigida,A. robusta,A. striata,A. tessellata,A. thuyoides,A. torulosa,A. trichodonandA. verticillata.The species ofGymnostomapreviously included inCasuarinaareG. chamaecyparis,G. deplancheanum,G. intermedium,G. leucodon,G. nobile,G. nodiflorum,G. papuanum,G. poissonianum,G. rumphianumandG. sumatranumandG. webbianum.[21]
Invasive species[edit]
C. cunninghamiana,C. glaucaandC. equisetifoliahave becomenaturalizedin many countries, includingArgentina,Bermuda,Cayman Islands,Cuba,China,Egypt,Israel,Iraq,Mauritius,Kenya,Mexico,Brazil,South Africa,the Bahamas,[22]andUruguay.They are considered aninvasive species[23][24]in the United States, especially in southernFlorida[25]where they have nearly quadrupled in number between 1993 and 2005 and are called the Australian pine.[3] C. equisetifoliais widespread in theHawaiian Islandswhere it grows both on the seashore in dry, salty, calcareous soils and up in the mountains in high rainfall areas on volcanic soils.[citation needed]It is also an invasive plant inBermuda,where it was introduced to replace theJuniperus bermudianawindbreaks killed by a scale insect in the 1940s.[26]
References[edit]
- ^"Casuarina".Plants of the World Online.Retrieved21 April2023.
- ^ab"Casuarina".APNI.Retrieved21 April2023.
- ^abIFAS:SRFer MapserverArchived2007-09-07 at theWayback Machine
- ^ab"Evaluating Biological Control Agents of Australian Pine: USDA ARS".ars.usda.gov.Retrieved2023-07-20.
- ^"FIELD GUIDE TO IDENTIFY THE COMMON CASUARINA (AUSTRALIAN PINE) SPECIES IN FLORIDA".Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences.University of Florida.Retrieved2023-09-12.
- ^"Casuarina glaucaprostrate forms ".Australian National Botanic Gardens.Australian National Biodiversity Research.Retrieved2023-09-12.
- ^Wilson, Karen L.; Johnson, Lawrence A.S. George, Alex S. (ed.)."Casuarina".Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Climate Change, the Environment and Water: Canberra.Retrieved22 April2023.
- ^"Casuarina".FloraBase.Western Australian GovernmentDepartment of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.
- ^Wilson, Karen L.; Johnson, Lawrence A.S. Wilson, Karen L. (ed.)."GenusCasuarina".Royal Botanic Garden Sydney.Retrieved22 April2023.
- ^Entwisle, Timothy J.; Walsh, Neville."Casuarina".Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria.Retrieved22 April2023.
- ^"Casuarina".Northern Territory Government.Retrieved22 April2023.
- ^Huxley, A., ed. (1992).New RHS Dictionary of Gardening.Macmillan Publishers.ISBN0-333-47494-5.
- ^abc"Ecology and Management of Sheoak (Casuarina spp.), an Invader of Coastal Florida, U.S.A."(PDF).Journal of Coastal Research.27(3): 485. 2011-05-01.doi:10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-09-00110.1.ISSN0749-0208.S2CID55348868.
- ^Fisher, Nicole; Moore, Aubrey; Brown, Bradley; Purcell, Matthew; Taylor, Gary S.; Salle, John La (2014-04-23)."Two new species of Selitrichodes (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Tetrastichinae) inducing galls on Casuarina (Casuarinaceae)".Zootaxa.3790(4): 534–542.doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3790.4.2.ISSN1175-5334.PMID24869885.
- ^Taylor, Gary S.; Austin, Andy D.; Jennings, John T.; Purcell, Matthew F.; Wheeler, Gregory S. (2010-09-02)."Casuarinicola, a new genus of jumping plant lice (Hemiptera: Triozidae) from Casuarina (Casuarinaceae)".Zootaxa.2601(1): 1.doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2601.1.1.ISSN1175-5334.
- ^Hodgson, Chris; Mille, Christian; CazèRes, Sylvie (2014-03-05)."A new genus and species of felt scale (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae) from New Caledonia".Zootaxa.3774(2): 152–164.doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3774.2.3.ISSN1175-5334.PMID24871412.
- ^Kolesik, Peter; Brown, Bradley T; Purcell, Matthew F; Taylor, Gary S (2012)."A new genus and species of gall midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Casuarina trees in Australia: New gall midge from Casuarina".Australian Journal of Entomology.51(4): 223–228.doi:10.1111/j.1440-6055.2012.00860.x.
- ^Linnaeus, Carl (1759).Amoenitates academicae, seu, Dissertationes variae physicae, medicae, botanicae.p. 143.Retrieved21 April2023.
- ^Quattrocchi, Umberto (2000).CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names.Vol. I A-C. CRC Press. p. 456.ISBN978-0-8493-2675-2.
- ^Govaerts R."CasuarinaL.".Plants of the World Online.Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.Retrieved20 April2023.
- ^Johnson, Lawrence A. (1982)."Note on Casuarinaceae II".Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens.6(1): 73–86.Retrieved21 April2023.
- ^BEST Commission (March 2003)."The National Invasive Species Strategy for The Bahamas".Nassau, The Bahamas: BEST. Archived fromthe originalon 2011-07-06.
- ^USFS FEIS:Casuarina
- ^USDA Forest service:CasuarinaArchived2013-02-11 at theWayback Machine
- ^"GISD".iucngisd.org.
- ^"Casuarina (Casuarina equisetifolia) ".Department of Conservation.Government of Bermuda. Archived fromthe originalon 2010-03-05.Retrieved2010-10-01.
External links[edit]
- "CasuarinaL.: Queensland Oak ".Atlas of Living Australia.
| Authority control databases:National |
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