Jump to content

Catullus

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For the asteroid, see11965 Catullus.
Not to be confused with Romans named "Catulus"; seeCatulus.

Catullus
20th-century bust of Catullus on the Piazza Carducci in Sirmione[1]
20th-century bust of Catullus
on the Piazza Carducci inSirmione[1]
BornGaius Valerius Catullus
c. 84 BC
Verona,Italy,Roman Republic
Diedc. 54 BC(age 29–30)
Rome
OccupationPoet
LanguageLatin
GenreLyric poetry

Gaius Valerius Catullus(Classical Latin:[ˈɡaːiuswaˈlɛriuskaˈtullus];c.84 –c.54 BC), known asCatullus(kə-TUL-əs), was aLatinneotericpoet of the lateRoman Republic.His surviving worksremain widely read due to their popularity as teaching tools and because of their personal or sexually explicit themes.[2]

Life

[edit]

Gāius Valerius Catullus was born to a leadingequestrianfamily ofVerona,inCisalpine Gaul.The social prominence of the Catullus family allowed the father of Gaius Valerius to entertainJulius Caesarwhen he was thePromagistrate(proconsul) of bothGallicprovinces.[3]In a poem, Catullus describes his happy homecoming to the family villa atSirmio,onLake Garda,near Verona; he also owned a villa near the resort ofTibur(modern Tivoli).[3]

Catullus appears to have spent most of his young adult years in Rome. His friends there included the poetsLicinius CalvusandHelvius Cinna,Quintus Hortensius (son ofthe oratorand rival ofCicero), and the biographerCornelius Nepos,to whom Catullus dedicated alibellusof poems,[3]the relation of which to the extant collection remains a matter of debate.[4]He appears to have been acquainted with the poetMarcus Furius Bibaculus.A number of prominent contemporaries appear in his poetry, including Cicero, Caesar andPompey.According to an anecdote preserved bySuetonius,Caesar did not deny that Catullus's lampoons left an indelible stain on his reputation, but when Catullus apologized, he invited the poet for dinner the very same day.[5]

Catullus at Lesbia'sby SirLawrence Alma-Tadema

The "Lesbia"of his poems is usually identified withClodia Metelli,a sophisticated woman from the aristocratic house of patrician family Claudii Pulchri, sister of the infamousPublius Clodius Pulcher,and wife toQuintus Caecilius Metellus Celer(consul of 60 BC). In his poems Catullus describes several stages of their relationship: initial euphoria, doubts, separation, and his wrenching feelings of loss. Clodia had several other partners; "From the poems one can adduce no fewer than five lovers in addition to Catullus: Egnatius (poem 37), Gellius (poem 91), Quintius (poem 82), Rufus (poem 77), and Lesbius (poem 79)." There is also some question surrounding her husband's mysterious death in 59 BC: in his speechPro CaelioCicero hints that he may have been poisoned. However, a sensitive and passionate Catullus could not relinquish his flame for Clodia, regardless of her obvious indifference to his desire for a deep and permanent relationship. In his poems, Catullus wavers between devout, sweltering love and bitter, scornful insults that he directs at her blatant infidelity (as demonstrated in poems 11 and 58). His passion for her is unrelenting—yet it is unclear when exactly the couple split up for good. Catullus's poems about the relationship display striking depth and psychological insight.[6]

Bithyniawithin the Roman Empire

He spent the year from summer 57 to summer 56 BC inBithyniaon the staff of the commanderGaius Memmius.While in the East, he traveled to theTroadto perform rites at his brother's tomb, an event recorded in a moving poem (101).[3]

No ancient biography of Catullus has survived. His life has to be pieced together from scattered references to him in other ancient authors and from his poems. Thus it is uncertain when he was born and when he died.Jeromestated that he was born in 87 BC and died in Rome on his 30th year.[7]However, Catullus' poems include references to events of 55 BC. Since the Romanconsular fastimake it somewhat easy to confuse 87–57 BC with 84–54 BC, many scholars accept the dates 84 BC–54 BC,[3]supposing that his latest poems and the publication of hislibelluscoincided with the year of his death. Other authors suggest 52 or 51 BC as the year of the poet's death.[8]Though upon his elder brother's death Catullus lamented that their "whole house was buried along" with the deceased, the existence (and prominence) ofValerii Catulliis attested in the following centuries.T. P. Wisemanargues that after the brother's death Catullus could have married, and that, in this case, the laterValerii Catullimay have been his descendants.[9]

Poetry

[edit]
Main article:Poetry of Catullus
See also:List of poems by Catullus
Catullus et in eum commentarius(1554)

Sources and organization

[edit]

Catullus's poems have been preserved in ananthologyof 116carmina(the actual number of poems may slightly vary in various editions), which can be divided into three parts according to their form: approximately sixty short poems in varying meters, calledpolymetra,nine longer poems, and forty-eightepigramsin elegiac couplets. Each of these three parts – approximately 860 (or more), 1136, and 330 lines respectively – would fit onto a single scroll.[10]

There is no scholarly consensus on whether Catullus himself arranged the order of the poems. The longer poems differ from thepolymetraand the epigrams not only in length but also in their subjects: several of them are based on the theme of marriage. The longest (64) of 408 lines, contains two myths (the abandonment ofAriadneand the marriage ofPeleusandThetis), one story included inside the other.

Thepolymetraand the epigrams can be divided into four majorthematicgroups (ignoring a rather large number of poems that elude such categorization):

  • poems to and about his friends (e.g., an invitation like poem 13).
  • eroticpoems: some of them about his attraction for a boy named Juventius, but others about women, especially about one he calls "Lesbia"(which served as a false name for his married girlfriend,Clodia,source and inspiration of many of his poems).
  • invectives:often rude and sometimes downrightobscenepoems targeted at friends-turned-traitors (e.g., poem16), other lovers of Lesbia, well-known poets, and politicians (e.g.,Julius CaesarandCicero).
  • condolences:some poems of Catullus are solemn in nature.96comforts a friend in the death of a loved one; several others, most famously101,lament the death of his brother.

Above all other qualities, Catullus seems to have valuedvenustas,or charm, in his acquaintances, a theme which he explores in a number of his poems.

Intellectual influences

[edit]
Lesbia,1878 painting byJohn Reinhard Weguelininspired by the poems of Catullus

Catullus's poetry was influenced by the innovative poetry of theHellenistic Age,and especially byCallimachusand theAlexandrian school,which had propagated a new style of poetry that deliberately turned away from the classicalepic poetryin the tradition ofHomer.Cicero called these local innovatorsneoteroi(νεώτεροι) or "moderns" (in Latinpoetae novior 'new poets'), in that they cast off the heroic model handed down fromEnniusin order to strike new ground and ring a contemporary note. Catullus and Callimachus did not describe the feats of ancientheroesand gods (except perhaps in re-evaluating and predominantly artistic circumstances, e.g. poem 64), focusing instead on small-scale personal themes. Although these poems sometimes seem quite superficial and their subjects often are mere everyday concerns, they are accomplished works of art. Catullus described his work asexpolitum,or polished, to show that the language he used was very carefully and artistically composed.

Catullus was also an admirer ofSappho,a female poet of the seventh century BC.Catullus 51partly translates, partly imitates, and transformsSappho 31.Some hypothesize that 61 and 62 were perhaps inspired bylost worksof Sappho but this is purely speculative. Both of the latter areepithalamia,a form oflaudatoryor erotic wedding-poetry that Sappho was famous for. Catullus twice used a meter that Sappho was known for, called theSapphic stanza,in poems11and 51, perhaps prompting his successor Horace's interest in the form.

Catullus, as was common to his era, was greatly influenced by stories from Greek and Roman myth. His longer poems—such as63,64,65,66,and68—allude to mythology in various ways. Some stories he refers to are the wedding ofPeleusandThetis,the departure of theArgonauts,Theseusand the Minotaur,Ariadne's abandonment,TereusandProcne,as well asProtesilaus and Laodamia.

Style

[edit]

Catullus wrote in many different meters including hendecasyllabic verse and elegiac couplets (common in love poetry). A great part of his poetry shows strong and occasionally wild emotions, especially in regard toLesbia(e.g., poems5and 7). His love poems are very emotional and ardent, and are relatable to this day. Catullus describes his Lesbia as having multiple suitors and often showing little affection towards him. He also demonstrates a great sense of humour such as inCatullus 13.

Musical settings

[edit]

The Hungarian-born British composerMatyas Seiberset poem 31 for unaccompanied mixed chorus Sirmio in 1957.[citation needed]The American composerNed Roremset Catullus 101 to music for voice and piano; the song, "Catullus: On the Burial of His Brother", was originally published in 1969.[citation needed]

Catullus Dreams(2011) is a song cycle by David Glaser set to texts of Catullus, scored for soprano and eight instruments; it premiered at Symphony Space in New York by soprano Linda Larson and Sequitur Ensemble.[11]Carmina Catulliis a song cycle arranged from 17 of Catullus's poems by American composer Michael Linton. The cycle was recorded in December 2013 and premiered at Carnegie Hall's Weill Recital Hall in March 2014 by French baritone Edwin Crossley-Mercer and pianist Jason Paul Peterson.[12][13][14]

Thomas Campionalso wrote a lute-song entitled "My Sweetest Lesbia" dating from 1601[15]using his own translation of the first six lines of Catullus 5 followed by two verses of his own;[16]the translation byRichard Crashawwas set to music[17]in a four-partgleebySamuel Webbe Jr.[citation needed]It was also set to music,[when?][18]in a three-partgleebyJohn Stafford Smith.[citation needed]

Catullus 5,the love poemVivamus mea Lesbia atque amemus,in the translation byBen Jonson,was set to music in 1606, (luteaccompanied song) byAlfonso Ferrabosco the younger.[19][20]Dutch composerBertha Tideman-Wijersused Catullus's text for her compositionVariations on Valerius "Where that one already turns or turns."[when?][21]The Icelandic composerJóhann JóhannssonsetCatullus 85to music; entitledOdi Et Amo,the song is found on Jóhannsson's albumEnglabörn,and is sung through avocoder,and the music is played by astring quartetandpiano.[when?][citation needed]Catulli Carminais acantatabyCarl Orffdating from 1943 that sets texts from Catullus to music.[22]Finnish jazz singer Reine Rimón has recorded poems of Catullus set to standard jazz tunes.[when?][citation needed]

Cultural depictions

[edit]
  • The 1888 playLesbiabyRichard Daveydepicts the relationship between Catullus and Lesbia, based on incidents from Catullus's poems.[23][24]
  • Catullus was the main protagonist of the historical novelFarewell, Catullus(1953) byPierson Dixon.The novel shows the corruption ofRomansociety.[25][26]
  • Vladimir Nabokov's novelLolitamakes multiple explicit and implicit allusions to Catullus' work.[27]
  • W. G. Hardy's novelThe City of Libertines(1957) tells the fictionalized story of Catullus and a love affair during the time of Julius Caesar. TheFinancial Postdescribed the book as "an authentic story of an absorbing era".[28]
  • A poem by Catullus is being recited toCleopatrain the eponymous1963 filmwhenJulius Caesarcomes to visit her; they talk about him (Cleopatra: 'Catullus doesn't approve of you. Why haven't you had him killed?' Caesar: 'Because I approve of him.') and Caesar then recites other poems by him.
  • The American poetLouis Zukofskyin 1969 wrote a set ofhomophonic translationsof Catullus that attempted in English to replicate the sound as primary emphasis, rather than the more common emphasis on sense of the originals (although the relationship between sound and sense there is often misrepresented and has been clarified bycareful study); his Catullus versions have had extensive influence on contemporary innovative poetry and homophonic translation, including the work of poetsRobert Duncan,Robert Kelly,andCharles Bernstein.
  • Catullus is the protagonist ofTom Holland's 1995 novelAttis.
  • Catullus appears inSteven Saylor's 1995 novelThe Venus Throwas the embittered ex-lover of Clodia, sister of Publius Clodius Pulcher, whom he calls Lesbia.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^The bust was commissioned in 1935 by Sirmione's mayor, Luigi Trojani, and produced by the Milanese foundry Clodoveo Barzaghi with the assistance of the sculptor Villarubbia Norri (N. Criniti & M. Arduino (eds.),Catullo e Sirmione. Società e cultura della Cisalpina alle soglie dell'impero(Brescia: Grafo, 1994), p. 4).
  2. ^Skinner, Marilyn B. (2010).A Companion to Catullus.Wiley-Blackwell. p. 481.ISBN9781444339253.Retrieved13 July2019.
  3. ^abcde"Gaius Valerius Catullus".Encyclopedia of World Biography.Retrieved13 September2014.
  4. ^M. Skinner, "Authorial Arrangement of the Collection", pp. 46–48, in:A Companion to Catullus,Wiley-Blackwell, 2007.
  5. ^SuetoniusDivus Iulius73".
  6. ^Howe, Quincy Jr. (1970).Introduction to Catullus, The Complete Poems for American Readers.New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., Inc. pp. vii to xvii.
  7. ^Catullus (2005).The Poems of Catullus: A Bilingual Edition.Translated by Green, Peter. University of California Press. p. 1.ISBN9780520242647.
  8. ^M. Skinner, "Introduction", p.3, in:A Companion to Catullus,Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.
  9. ^T. P. Wiseman, "The Valerii Catulli of Verona", in: M. Skinner, ed.,A Companion to Catullus,Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.
  10. ^Dettmer (1997), p. 2. A single scroll usually contained between 800 and 1100 verses.
  11. ^"Glaser's Song Cycle To Receive World Premiere At Symphony Space".Yeshiva University.Retrieved6 March2024.
  12. ^McMurtry, Chris (19 August 2014)."New Release: Linton: Carmina Catulli".RefinersFire. Archived fromthe originalon 8 October 2014.Retrieved8 October2014.
  13. ^"LINTON: Carmina Catulli".operanews.
  14. ^"Priape, Lesbie, Diane et caetera - Forum Opéra".forumopera.
  15. ^"My Sweetest Lesbia | For Better For Verse".Retrieved6 March2024.
  16. ^Rumens, Carol (22 March 2010)."Poem of the week: My Sweetest Lesbia by Thomas Campion".The Guardian.ISSN0261-3077.Retrieved6 March2024.
  17. ^"Come and let us live: Samuel Webbe Jr. (c. 1770–1843): Music score"(PDF).Cpdl.org.Archived(PDF)from the original on 10 October 2022.Retrieved16 March2019.
  18. ^"Let us, my Lesbia, live and love: John Stafford Smith (1750-1836): Music score"(PDF).Cpdl.org.Archived(PDF)from the original on 10 October 2022.Retrieved16 March2019.
  19. ^"Archived copy"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 5 October 2011.Retrieved20 August2011.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  20. ^Cunningham, J. (ed.) (2015)The Cambridge edition of the Works of Ben Jonson: Music Edition,P.4.1.
  21. ^"ccm:: Tideman Wijers, Bertha Tideman Wijers".composers-classical-music.Retrieved12 July2021.
  22. ^Ball, Timothy (3 July 2003)."Orff's Trionfi - Jochum (DG)".The Classical Source.Retrieved6 March2024.
  23. ^"Our Play-Box:Lesbia".The Theatre.1 November 1888. pp. 256–257.
  24. ^"Amusements:Lesbia".The New York Times.9 October 1890. p. 4 – viaNewspapers.
  25. ^Dixon, Pierson (1954).Farewell, Catullus– via Biblio.
  26. ^Reine Rimón and her Hot Papas jazz band; Gregg Stafford; Tuomo Pekkanen; Gaius Valerius Catullus,Variationes iazzicae Catullianae(in Latin),retrieved7 October2013
  27. ^Dyer, Gary R. (13 August 1988)."Humbert Humbert's Use of Catullus 58 in Lolita".Twentieth Century Literature.34(1): 1–15.doi:10.2307/441433.JSTOR441433.
  28. ^"The City of Libertines by W. G. Hardy".Winnipeg Free Press.Winnipeg, Manitoba. 7 December 1957. p. 38.Free access icon

Further reading

[edit]
Further information:List of bibliographies of works on Catullus
Library resourcesabout
Catullus
By Catullus
  • Balme, M.; Morwood, J (1997).Oxford Latin Reader.Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Balmer, J. (2004).Catullus: Poems of Love and Hate.Hexham: Bloodaxe.
  • Barrett, A. A. (1972). "Catullus 52 and the Consulship of Vatinius".Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association.103:23–38.doi:10.2307/2935964.JSTOR2935964.
  • Barwick, K. (1958). "Zyklen bei Martial und in den kleinen Gedichten des Catull".Philologus.102(1–2): 284–318.doi:10.1524/phil.1958.102.12.284.S2CID164713202.
  • Calinski, T. (2021).Catull in Bild und Ton - Untersuchungen zur Catull-Rezeption in Malerei und Komposition.Darmstadt: WBG Academic
  • Claes, P. (2002).Concatenatio Catulliana, A New Reading of the Carmina.Amsterdam: J.C. Gieben
  • Clarke, Jacqueline (2006). "Bridal Songs: Catullan Epithalamia and Prudentius Peristephanon 3".Antichthon.40:89–103.doi:10.1017/S0066477400001672.S2CID142365904.
  • Coleman, K.M. (1981). "The persona of Catullus' Phaselus".Greece & Rome.N.S.28:68–72.doi:10.1017/s0017383500033507.S2CID162206320.
  • Dettmer, Helena (1997).Love by the Numbers: Form and the Meaning in the poetry of Catullus.Peter Lang Publishing.
  • Deuling, Judy (2006). "Catullus 17 and 67, and the Catullan Construct".Antichthon.40:1–9.doi:10.1017/S0066477400001611.S2CID145585439.
  • Dorey, T.A. (1959). "The Aurelii and the Furii".Proceedings of the African Classical Associations.2:9–10.
  • Duhigg, J. (1971). "The Elegiac Metre of Catullus".Antichthon.5:57–67.doi:10.1017/S0066477400004111.S2CID148299423.
  • Ellis, R. (1889).A Commentary on Catullus.Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Ferguson, J. (1963). "Catullus and Martial".Proceedings of the African Classical Associations.6:3–15.
  • Ferguson, J. (1988).Catullus.Greece & Rome: New Surveys in the Classics. Vol. 20. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Ferrero, L. (1955).Interpretazione di Catullo(in Italian). Torino: Torino, Rosenberg & Sellier.
  • Fitzgerald, W. (1995).Catullan Provocations; Lyric Poetry and the Drama of Position.Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Fletcher, G.B.A. (1967). "Catulliana".Latomus.26:104–106.
  • Fletcher, G.B.A. (1991). "Further Catulliana".Latomus.50:92–93.
  • Fordyce, C.J. (1961).Catullus, A Commentary.Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Gaisser, Julia Haig (1993).Catullus And His Renaissance Readers.Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Greene, Ellen (2006). "Catullus, Caesar and the Roman Masculine Identity".Antichthon.40:49–64.doi:10.1017/S0066477400001659.S2CID140827803.
  • Hallett, Judith (2006). "Catullus and Horace on Roman Women Poets".Antichthon.40:65–88.doi:10.1017/S0066477400001660.S2CID140917675.
  • Harrington, Karl Pomeroy (1963).Catullus and His Influence.New York: Cooper Square Publishers.
  • Havelock, E.A. (1939).The Lyric Genius of Catullus.Oxford: B. Blackwell.
  • Hild, Christian (2013).Liebesgedichte als Wagnis. Emotionen und generationelle Prozesse in Catulls Lesbiagedichten.St. Ingbert: Röhrig.ISBN978-3-86110-517-6.
  • Jackson, Anna (2006). "Catullus in the Playground".Antichthon.40:104–116.doi:10.1017/S0066477400001684.S2CID142720674.
  • Kaggelaris, N. (2015), "Wedding Cry: Sappho (Fr. 109 LP, Fr. 104(a) LP)- Catullus (c. 62. 20-5)- modern greek folk songs" [in Greek] in Avdikos, E.- Koziou-Kolofotia, B. (ed.)Modern Greek folk songs and history,Karditsa, pp. 260–70[1]
  • Kidd, D.A. (1970). "Some Problems in Catullus LXVI".Antichthon.4:38–49.doi:10.1017/S0066477400004007.S2CID147666304.
  • Kokoszkiewicz, Konrad W. (2004). "Et futura panda sive de Catulli carmine sexto corrigendo".Hermes.32:125–128.
  • Kroll, Wilhelm (1929).C. Valerius Catullus(in German). Leipzig: B.G. Teubner.
  • Maas, Paul (1942). "The Chronology of the Poems of Catullus".Classical Quarterly.36(1–2): 79–82.doi:10.1017/s0009838800024605.S2CID170577777.
  • Martin, Charles (1992).Catullus.New Haven: Yale Univ. Press.ISBN0-300-05199-9.
  • Munro, H.A.J. (1878).Criticisms and Elucidations of Catullus.Cambridge: Deighton, Bell and co.
  • Newman, John Kevin (1990).Roman Catullus and the Modification of the Alexandrian Sensibility.Hildesheim: Weidmann.
  • Quinn, Kenneth (1959).The Catullan Revolution.Melbourne: Melbourne University Press.
  • Quinn, Kenneth (1973).Catullus: The Poems(2nd ed.). London: Macmillan.
  • Radici Colace, P.,Il poeta si diverte. Orazio, Catullo e due esempi di poesia non seria, Giornale Italiano di Filologia XVI [XXXVII] 1,1985, pp. 53–71.
  • Radici Colace, P.,Parodie catulliane, ovvero "quando il poeta si diverte", Giornale Italiano di Filologia, XXXIX - 1,1987, 39-57.
  • Radici Colace, P.,Tra ripetizione, struttura e ri-uso: il C. 30 di Catullo, in Atti 175° anniversario Liceo Ginnasio Statale "T. Campanella",Reggio Calabria 1989, 137-142.
  • Radici Colace, P.,Mittente-messaggio-destinatario in Catullo tra autobiografia e problematica dell'interpretazione,in AA.VV.,Atti del Convegno—La componente autobiografica nella poesia greca e latina fra realtà e artificio letterario - Pisa 16-17 maggio 1991,Pisa 1992, 1-13.
  • Radici Colace, P.,La "parola" e il "segno". Il rapporto mittente-destinatario e il problema dell'interpretazione in Catullo,Messana n.s.15, 1993, 23-44.
  • Radici Colace, P.,Riuso e parodia in Catullo, Atti del Convegno su Forme della parodia, parodia delle forme nel mondo greco e latino,(Napoli 9 maggio 1995)—A.I.O.N.‖ XVIII, 1996, 155-167.
  • Radici Colace, P.,Innografia e parodia innografica in Catullo,in Paideia‖ LXIV, 2009, 553-561
  • Rothstein, Max (1923). "Catull und Lesbia".Philologus.78(1–2): 1–34.doi:10.1515/phil-1922-1-203.S2CID164356664.
  • Small, Stuart G.P. (1983).Catullus.Lanham, Md.: University Press of America.ISBN0-8191-2905-4.
  • Swann, Bruce W. (1994).Martial's Catullus. The Reception of an Epigrammatic Rival.Hildesheim: Georg Olms.
  • Thomson, Douglas Ferguson Scott (1997).Catullus: Edited with a Textual and Interpretative Commentary.Phoenix. Vol. 34: suppl. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.ISBN0-8020-0676-0.
  • Townend, G.B. (1980). "A Further Point in Catullus' attack on Volusius".Greece & Rome.n.s.27(2): 134–136.doi:10.1017/s0017383500025791.S2CID163057658.
  • Townend, G.B. (1983). "The Unstated Climax of Catullus 64".Greece & Rome.n.s.30:21–30.doi:10.1017/s0017383500026437.S2CID161731074.
  • Tesoriero, Charles (2006). "Hidden Kisses in Catullus: Poems 5, 6, 7 and 8".Antichthon.40:10–18.doi:10.1017/S0066477400001623.S2CID145676407.
  • Tuplin, C.J. (1981). "Catullus 68".Classical Quarterly.n.s.31:113–139.doi:10.1017/s000983880002111x.S2CID187104503.
  • Uden, James (2006). "Embracing the Young Man in Love: Catullus 75 and the Comic Adulescens".Antichthon.40:19–34.doi:10.1017/S0066477400001635.S2CID142740848.
  • Watson, Lindsay C. (2003). "Bassa's Borborysms: on Martial and Catullus".Antichthon.37:1–12.doi:10.1017/S0066477400001386.S2CID140932135.
  • Watson, Lindsay C. (2006). "Catullus and the Poetics of Incest".Antichthon.40:35–48.doi:10.1017/S0066477400001647.S2CID141549179.
  • Wheeler, A. L. (1934).Catullus and the Traditions of Ancient Poetry.Sather Classical Lectures. Vol. 9. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Wilamowitz-Möllendorf, Ulrich von (1913).Sappho und Simonides(in German). Berlin: Weidmann.
  • Wiseman, T. P. (1969).Catullan Questions.Leicester: Leicester University Press.
  • Wiseman, T. P. (2002).Catullus and His World: A Reappraisal(1st pbk. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.ISBN0-521-31968-4.
  • Wiseman, T. P. (1974).Cinna the poet and other Roman essays.Leicester: Leicester University Press.ISBN0-7185-1120-4.
[edit]
Wikisourcehas original works by or about:
Catullus
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of:The Poetry of Gaius Valerius Catullus
Wikiquote has quotations related toCatullus.
Wikimedia Commons has media related toCatullus.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catullus&oldid=1240127502"