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Censorship of Wikipedia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For censorship policies within Wikipedia, seeWP:Wikipedia is not censored.
"Block of Wikipedia" redirects here. For Wikipedia's policies on blocking users, seeWikipedia:Blocking policy.

Availability of Wikipedia of as August 2024:
Currently blocked
Formerly blocked
Partially blocked
Not blocked

Censorship of Wikipediaby governments has occurred widely in countries including (but not limited to)China,Iran,Myanmar,Pakistan,Russia,Saudi Arabia,Syria,Tunisia,Turkey,Uzbekistan,andVenezuela.Some instances are examples of widespreadInternet censorshipin general that includesWikipediacontent. Others are indicative of measures to prevent the viewing of specific content deemed offensive. The duration of different blocks has varied from hours to years.

When Wikipedia ran on theHTTPprotocol, governments were able to block specific articles. However, in 2011 Wikipedia began also running onHTTPS,and in 2015 switched over to solely HTTPS.[1]Since then, the onlycensorshipoptions have been to block one of the entireWikipediasfor a particular language or prosecuteeditors.The switch has resulted in some countries dropping their bans and others expanding their bans to the entire site.

Widespread censorship of Wikipedia

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Types of censorship

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See also:Internet censorship

Blocking all Wikipedia sites (in one or every language)

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Some countries continue to block Wikipedia for long periods of time (e.g. China). Other countries use widespread blocks for shorter periods of time such as several months (e.g. Syria) to just hours (e.g. Pakistan).[2]

Blocking specific types of articles

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Many countries block a range of articles on sensitive topics, such as ideas espoused by a political opposition party such as those about current events (e.g. Russia) or ideas that are against the religious tradition of a regime (e.g. Iran).

Prosecuting editors

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Further information:List of people imprisoned for editing Wikipedia

These prosecutions tend to focus on editors who publish information that the government (e.g. Saudi Arabia) wants to censor, leading toself-censorship.

Prosecuting readers

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Few or no reports of government mass surveillance of Wikipedia usage are known since Wikipedia switched over toHTTPSin 2015. However, some governments and companies have installedmass surveillancespywareapplications on user equipment, which may detect the usage ofVPNsoftware and record visitedURLs.[3]This can hypothetically be utilized to eavesdrop Wikipedia browsing. Legal code may deter people from accessing the sites due to the threat of fines, imprisonment, loss of job, or physical harm.[citation needed]

By country

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Examples of censorship of Wikipedia
Country When Currently blocking content Previously blocked content COIediting by state Prosecuted editors Details
Belarus 11 March 2022, 7 April 2022 Yes
China 2004, 2005–2008, 2015–present (https), April 2019–present (all) All Yes Yes Yes All versions
Iran 2013–2015 (partial), 2023–present (Wikinews) Partial Yes Hundreds of articles
North Korea April 2016–present[4] All Yes Yes Yes World Wide Web is physically disconnected
Myanmar 15 February 2021 – present All Yes All versions
Pakistan 31 March 2006, several days in May 2010, 3 February 2023 – 6 February 2023 Yes Some, all versions
Russia 2010s–present Partial Yes Yes Yes Select pages
Saudi Arabia 2000s–present Partial Yes Yes Yes Select pages
Syria 30 April 2008 – 13 February 2009 Yes Yes Arabic
Tunisia 23–27 November 2006 Yes All versions
Turkey 2014–2015 (partial), April 2017 – January 2020 (full) Yes All versions
Uzbekistan 2007, 2008, 2012 Yes All versions
Venezuela 12–18 January 2019 Yes All versions

Belarus

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On 11 March 2022, Belarusian political policeGUBOPiKarrested and detainedMark Bernstein,an editor of the Russian Wikipedia from Minsk, who was editing the Wikipedia article about theRussian invasion of Ukraine,accusing him of the "spread of anti-Russian materials" and of violating Russian "fake news" laws.[5][6]

On 7 April 2022, a court inBrestsentenced Wikipedia userPavel Pernikaŭto two years of prison for three edits ofRussianandBelarusian Wikipedia.[7]He was found guilty of "discrediting the Republic of Belarus" (article 369-1 of theCriminal Code of Belarus).[7]

China

[edit]
Further information:Wikimedia censorship in mainland ChinaandInternet censorship in China

Access to Wikipedia has varied over the years with the Chinese language version being controlled more tightly than other versions. As of April 2019, all versions of Wikipedia are blocked in mainland China under theGreat Firewall.[8][9][10]

TheChinese Wikipediawas launched in May 2001.[11]Wikipedia received positive coverage in China's state press in early 2004 but was blocked on 3 June 2004, ahead of the 15th anniversary of the1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre.Proposals to practiceself-censorshipin a bid to restore the site were rejected by the Chinese Wikipedia community.[11]However, a story by theInternational Herald Tribunecomparing entries on the Chinese and English Wikipedias on topics such asMao ZedongandTaiwanconcluded that the Chinese entries were "watered down and sanitized" of political controversy.[12]On 22 June 2004, access to Wikipedia was restored without explanation.[11]Wikipedia was blocked again for unknown reasons in September[13]but only for four days.[11]Wikipedia was again blocked in China in October 2005. Wikipedia users Shi Zhao and Cui Wei wrote letters to technicians and authorities in an attempt to convince them to unblock the website. Part of the letter read, "By blocking Wikipedia, we lose a chance to present China's voice to the world, allowing evil cults,Taiwan independenceforces and others... to present a distorted image of China. "[11]

In October 2006,The New York Timesreported that theEnglish Wikipediawas unblocked in China, although the Chinese Wikipedia remained blocked.New mediaresearcherAndrew Lihblogged that he could not read the English-language article on the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 in China.[14]Lih said that "There is no monolithically operatingGreat Firewall of China",noting that for users of variousinternet service providersin different locations in China—China Netcomin Beijing,China Telecomin Shanghai, and various providers inAnhui—the Chinese Wikipedia was blocked only in Anhui.[15]Advocacy organizationReporters Without Borderspraised Wikipedia's leaders for not self-censoring.[16]

On 10 November 2006, Lih reported that the Chinese Wikipedia appeared to have been fully unblocked.[17]Lih confirmed the full unblocking several days later and offered a partial analysis of the effects based on the rate of new account creation on the Chinese Wikipedia. Before the unblocking, 300–400 new accounts were created daily. In the four days after the unblocking, the rate of new registrations more than tripled to over 1,200 daily, making it the second fastest growing Wikipedia after the English version. Similarly, there were 75% more articles created in the week ending on 13 November than during the week before. On the same weekend that the Chinese Wikipedia passed the 100,000 article mark, Lih predicted that the second 100,000 would come quickly but that the existing body of Chinese Wikipedia users would have their hands full teaching the new users basic Wikipedia policies and norms.[18]

On 16 November 2006, theReutersnews agency reported the main page of the Chinese Wikipedia could be displayed but not pages on some taboo political subjects, such as "4 June, [1989 protests]".[19]However, subsequent reports suggested that both the Chinese and English versions had been reblocked the next day on 17 November.[20]On 15 June 2007, access to non-political articles on the English Wikipedia was restored.[21]On 6 September 2007, IDG News reported that the English Wikipedia was blocked again.[22]On 2 April 2008,The Registerreported that the blocks on the English and Chinese Wikipedias were lifted.[23][24]This was confirmed by theBBCand came within the context of foreign journalists arriving in Beijing to report on the2008 Summer Olympicsand theInternational Olympic Committee's request forpress freedomduring the games.[25]In September 2008,Jimmy Waleshad a meeting withCai Mingzhao,Vice Director of China'sState Council Information Office.While no agreements were made, Wales believed that a channel of communication had been opened between Wikipedia's community and thePRC Government.[26]

According to a report published in theAmerican Economic Reviewin 2011, the blocking of the Chinese Wikipedia not only reduced the group size of its users but also decreased the unblocked users' contributions by 42.8% on average.[27]

In 2012, both the Chinese and English Wikipedias were accessible in China[28]except for political articles. If a Chinese IP attempted to access or search for a "sensitive" article, the IP would be blocked from visiting Wikipedia for between several minutes to up to an hour.[29]

Chinese authorities started blocking access to the secure (HTTPS) version of the site on 31 May 2013. Although the non-secure (HTTP) version was still available, it was vulnerable to keyword filtering allowing individual articles to be selectively blocked.GreatFireurged Wikipedia and users to circumvent the block by accessing other IP addresses owned by Wikipedia with HTTPS.[30]In 2013, after Jimmy Wales stated that Wikipedia will not tolerate "5 seconds" of censorship, Shen Yi, an Internet researcher atFudan UniversityinShanghaisaid that while "Wikipedia is tough against the Chinese government, it may not necessarily be so grand when faced with US government or European justice systems' requirements to modify ordelete articlesor disclose information ".[31]

According to GreatFire, both the encrypted and unencrypted Chinese Wikipedia were blocked on 19 May 2015.[32]

Since June 2015, all Wikipedias redirect HTTP requests to the corresponding HTTPS addresses, thereby making encryption mandatory for all users and rendering the site inaccessible in China. As a result, Chinese censors cannot see which specific pages an individual is viewing and therefore cannot block a specific subset of pages (such asAi Weiwei,Liu XiaoboorTiananmen Square)[33]as they did in past years.

Wales said he would fly to China to lobby the Chinese government to unlock the site within two weeks at the Leadership Energy Summit Asia 2015 inKuala Lumpuron 2 December 2015. The government of thePeople's Republic of Chinacompletely blocked all language versions of the site again on 4 December.[34]A large number of Chinese internet users complained about the block on social networks, although most of the complaints were deleted after a short period.[35]However, it became possible to visit Wikipedia in other languages on 6 December in China again.[36]

Wales metLu Wei,the director ofCyberspace Administration of Chinaon 17 December 2015 during theWorld Internet Conferenceheld inWuzhen,Zhe gian g.Wales said that this was the first time they met and there was no consensus on specific issues but that the purpose of the meeting was for the two to "meet and know each other". Wales told Lu Wei how Wikipedia and Wikimedia work in the world and expressed hopes to meet Lu Wei and the Cyberspace Administration of China regularly in the future. When a reporter asked if he would order Wikipedia to hide some information to maintain stable operations in China, he responded "Never."[37]Still, Wales' own words have been censored; he said that the improvements inmachine translationmight make it "no longer possible" for authorities to control flows of information in the future during a panel discussion. However, in the official translation, his statement was that such improvements will help governments to better analyze online communications.[38]

On 23 April 2019, all versions of Wikipedia were blocked in China.[8][9][39]

On 13 September 2019, theWikimedia Foundationbanned seven Wikipedia users and removed administrator privileges from twelve users that were part of Wikimedians of Mainland China (WMC).[40]Maggie Dennis, the foundation's vice president of community resilience and sustainability, said that there had been a yearlong investigation into "infiltration concerns".[40]Dennis said, "we needed to act based on credible information that some members (not all) of that group [WMC] have harassed, intimidated, and threatened other members of our community, including in some cases physically harming others, in order to secure their own power and subvert the collaborative nature of our projects."[40]

On 23 September 2020, Wikimedia's application for the status as an official observer at theWorld Intellectual Property Organizationwas rejected by the Chinese government because China's representative claimed that they had "spotted a large amount of content and disinformation in violation of [the]One China principle"on webpages affiliated with Wikimedia, and Wikimedia's Taiwan branch has been" carrying out political activities... which could undermine the state's sovereignty and territorial integrity ".[41]

On 24 October 2020, a Chinese citizen inZhoushan,Zhe gian g was penalized by the local police for "illegally visiting Wikipedia".[42][43][44]

On 5 October 2021, the Chinese government rejected the Wikimedia Foundation's bid for observer status at the World Intellectual Property Organization again for the same reason as in 2020.[45]

Iran

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Further information:Internet censorship in Iran

In a November 2013 report published by theCenter for Global Communication Studiesof theUniversity of Pennsylvania,researchers Collin Anderson and Nima Nazeri scanned 800,000Persian-language Wikipedia articlesand found that the Iranian government blocks 963 of these pages.[46]According to the authors, "Censors repeatedly targeted Wikipedia pages about government rivals, minority religious beliefs, and criticisms of the state, officials, and the police. Just under half of the blocked Wiki-pages are biographies, including pages about individuals the authorities have allegedly detained or killed."[47]Anderson said that Persian Wikipedia, as a microcosm of the Iranian internet, is a "useful place to uncover the types of online content forbidden and an excellent template to identify keyword blocking themes and filtering rules that apply across the greater internet."[48]In May 2014, according toMashable,the Iranian government blocked at least two pages on the Persian Wikipedia.[49]

In 2015, the Wikipedia software migrated to HTTPS protocol, leaving the Iranian government with no choice but to either block it completely or not block it at all. Iran chose the latter.Wikimedia Commonswas blocked during the first half of 2016, but the block has been lifted since then.[citation needed]According to the Associated Press, during theCOVID-19 pandemicaccess to Wikipedia was disrupted in Iranian nnetworks.[50]

As of 2023 Wikinews Farsi is blocked.XToolswas blocked for months.[51][user-generated source?]

Myanmar

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On 21 February 2021, following themilitary coup d'état,Myanmarblocked Wikipedia in all languages as part of the junta's censorship.[52]

North Korea

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See also:Censorship in North Korea

Internet access in North Korea is severely limited, requiring special permission and viewers of foreign media could face imprisonment or death.[53][original research?]

Pakistan

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Further information:Internet censorship in Pakistan

For seven hours on 31 March 2006, the entire domain of wikipedia.org was blocked in Pakistan because one article contained information pertaining to thecontroversial cartoons of Muhammad.[54][55][56]

The English version of Wikipedia was blocked in Pakistan for several days in May 2010 during the controversy surroundingEverybody Draw Mohammed Day.[57][58]

Wikinews has related news:

On 1 February 2023, thePakistan Telecommunication Authority(PTA) degraded Wikipedia services for 48 hours due to what it said was Wikipedia's failure to remove sacrilegious content. The PTA stated that Wikipedia services would be blocked if the content remained available.[59][60][61]On 3 February, Pakistani authorities blocked access to Wikipedia.[62][63]On 6 February 2023, the Pakistani prime minister,Shehbaz Sharif,ordered the PTA to immediately remove the ban on Wikipedia.[64]

Russia

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Further information:Block of Wikipedia in Russia,Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine,Internet censorship in Russia,Mass surveillance in Russia,Russian information war against Ukraine,andWikipedia and the Russian invasion of Ukraine

Since the early 2010s,Russian Wikipediaand its editors have experienced numerous and increasing threats ofnationwide blocksand country-wide enforcement ofblacklistingby theRussian government,as well as several attempts tocensor pages,spreadpropaganda,anddisinform,[65][66][67][68][69]more recently during the2014 Russo-Ukrainian war in the Donbas region[70][71][72][73]and the currentRusso-Ukrainian Warsince 2022.[74]

On 5 April 2013, theFederal Service for Supervision of Communications, Information Technology and Mass Media(better known as Roskomnadzor) confirmed that Wikipedia was blacklisted, stating that it had been "for a long time. I don't know why it's only now that they've woken up".[75]The same day, Roskomnadzor ordered the Russian Wikipedia to remove the article"Курение каннабиса"( "Cannabis smoking" ), or else they would block the entirety of Wikipedia in Russia.[76]Internet censorship became more common after a new law was passed around November 2013, allowing the government to block content deemed illegal or harmful to children.[68]

On 18 August 2015, Roskomnadzor instructed Russian Wikipedia administrators to remove the article"Чарас (наркотическое вещество)"( "Charas (narcotic substance)" ), aboutcharas,a type of cannabis, by 21 August 2015 or else they would block Wikipedia (which they executed to a limited extent on 25 August).[77]The article was found by a Russian provincial court to contain a detailed description of how to make a narcotic, deeming it prohibited information.[78]Roskomnadzor explained that "insofar as Wikipedia has decided to function on the basis of https, which doesn't allow restricting to individual pages on its site, the entire website would be blocked" if they did not comply.[79][78]In response to the impending block, the director of NP Wikimedia RU Vladimir Medeyko argued that the article had already been promptly and adequately rewritten to remove the controversial points and satisfy the order, using scientific articles and UN documents,[77][80]and also attempted to preserve the text by transferring it to the article"Гашиш"( "Hashish" ). Wikipedia representatives said if access was restricted, they would file a complaint to the prosecutor's office against Roskomnadzor and appeal the decision.[81]Anticipating the ban, the Russian Wikipedia published a resource titled "What to do if Wikipedia was blocked".[80][82]On 24 August, Roskomnadzor instructed Russian internet providers to block Wikipedia.[81][77]By the night of 25 August, around 10–20% of Russian users had issues with accessing Wikipedia with access varying between regions and devices used.[80][83]Also on the same date, the charas article was removed from the registry of banned sites. Roskomnadzor explained that they had "been informed by theFederal Drug Control Servicethat sufficient edits were made that met the conditions of court order ".[82]

In February and March 2022, in the first week following the Russian invasion of Ukraine and breakout of the Russo-Ukrainian War, Russian Wikipedia editors warned their readers and fellow editors of several, reiterated attempts by thePutin-led Russian government ofpolitical censorship,Internet propaganda,disinformationattacks,and disruptive editing towards an article listing ofRussian military casualties as well as Ukrainian civilians and children due to the ongoing war.[74]On 1 March 2022, Roskomnadzor threatened to block access to the Russian Wikipedia in Russia over the Russian-language articleru:Вторжение России на Украину (2022)( "Russian invasion of Ukraine (2022)" ). Roskomnadzor claimed that the article contains "illegally distributed information", including "reports about numerous casualties among service personnel of the Russian Federation and also the civilian population of Ukraine, including children".[84][85][86][87]

On 31 March 2022, Roskomnadzor threatened to fine Wikipedia up to 4 million rubles (about $49,000) if it did not delete information about the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine that is "misinforming" Russians.[88]

In April–May 2022, the Russian authorities put several Wikipedia articles on their list of forbidden sites. The list included the articles 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine,Rashism,[89]several articles in Russian Wikipedia devoted to the military action andwar crimes during the Russian invasion of Ukraine,[90]and two sections of the Russian article aboutVladimir Putin.[91]

On 20 July 2022, due to the refusal of Wikipedia to remove the articles about the Russian-Ukrainian war,Roskomnadzorordered search engines to mark Wikipedia as a violator of Russian laws.[92][93]

On 1 November 2022, the Wikimedia Foundation was fined 2 million rubles by a Russian court for not deleting two articles on Russian Wikipedia.[94]On 13 April 2023 the Wikimedia Foundation was again fined by a Russian court.[95]

In December 2023, Stanislav Kozlovsky, Wikimedia Russia's director, was listed as a "foreign agent"by the Justice Ministry of Russia. Moscow University, where he taught, expelled him. Wikimedia Russia was forced to disband.[96]

In February 2024, Russian presidential aideVladimir Medinskysuggested that 99% of the articles on Wikipedia were "absolutely neutral and even interesting", but 1% of articles were "enemy slander". He also encouraged the idea of a native Russian online encyclopedia alternative based on the content of Wikipedia.[97]

Saudi Arabia

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Further information:Internet censorship in Saudi Arabia
Example of Saudi Arabian ISP blocking a website

On 11 July 2006 the Saudi government blocked access to Wikipedia andGoogle Translatefor what it said was sexual and politically sensitive content.[98][99]Google Translate was being used to bypass the filters on the blocked sites by translating them.[98][99]Though Wikipedia is not blocked currently, specific pages on Wikipedia were reported to be censored by Saudi Arabia in 2011, such as one page discussing the theory of evolution.[100][101]Encryptedconnections overHTTPSmade censorship more difficult for these pages and today there is no evidence that individual pages are still being blocked.[101]

In September 2020, twoWikipedia volunteer administratorswere arrested on the same day:Osama Khalidwas sentenced to 32 years in prison whileZiyad al-Sofianiwas sentenced to eight years, according to Smex, a Lebanese NGO to advance self-regulating information societies in the Arab-speaking world, andDemocracy for the Arab World Now.A subsequent investigation by the Wikimedia Foundation identified 16 users who seemed to routinely engage inconflict-of-interest editing—reportedly including spying for the Saudi government.[102][103][104]

Syria

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Further information:Internet censorship in Syria

Access to theArabic Wikipediawas blocked in Syria between 30 April 2008 and 13 February 2009, although other language editions remained accessible.[105][106][failed verification]

Bassel Khartabil(Arabic:باسل خرطبيل) was a contributor to a number of open-source projects including Wikipedia; his arrest in 2012 was likely connected to his online activity. He was executed atAdra PrisonnearDamascusin 2015.[107]Several organizations, including theWikimedia Foundation,established the Bassel Khartabil Free Culture Fellowship in his honor in 2017, for an initial period of three years.[108]

Tunisia

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Further information:Internet censorship in Tunisia

TheWikipediawebsite was inaccessible from Tunisia between 23 and 27 November 2006.[109]

Turkey

[edit]
Main article:Block of Wikipedia in Turkey
Wikinews has related news:

In the early hours of 29 April 2017, monitoring groupTurkey Blocksidentified loss of access to all language editions of Wikipedia throughout Turkey.[110][111]The block came after Turkish authorities demanded Wikipedia "remove content by writers supporting terror and of linking Turkey to terror groups", a demand for which the government stated that it did not receive a satisfactory response.[112]

Starting on 17 November 2014, Turkey had only censored specific articles onTurkish Wikipedia,such as"2015 Türkiye genel seçim anketleri"( "2015 Turkey general election polls" ) and articles related to reproductive organs.[113]There was no court decision for this censorship. One Turkish internet provider,TTNET,speculated that Wikipedia was broken.Katherine Maherfrom the Wikimedia Foundation said this did not reflect the truth.[113]

In December 2019, theConstitutional Court of Turkeyruled that the two and a half-year block was unconstitutional. On 15 January 2020, it was reported to the Wikimedia Foundation that access to the website was being restored.[114][115]

Uzbekistan

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Further information:Internet censorship in Uzbekistan

The entirety of Wikipedia was briefly blocked twice in Uzbekistan, in 2007 and 2008.[116]Blocking of theUzbek Wikipediacaught the attention of the international press in late February 2012.[117]Internet users in Uzbekistan trying to access Uzbek-language pages were redirected toMSN.Users in Uzbekistan could easily open Wikipedia articles in other languages. Only Uzbek-language articles were blocked.[118]Today Uzbek users can access Uzbek-language articles without problems. In 2022, the Uzbek government co-hosted theWikiStipendiyaarticle creation editathon with the Uzbek community.

Venezuela

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Main article:Block of Wikipedia in Venezuela
See also:Censorship in Venezuela
Netblocks report of the developing incident of blocking of Wikipedia in Venezuela by CANTV as of 12 January 2019

In the evening of 12 January 2019, theNetBlocksinternet observatory collected technical evidence of the blocking of all editions of Wikipedia inVenezuela.The restrictions were implemented byCANTV,the largesttelecommunications provider in the country.NetBlocks identified a major network disruption affecting telecommunications infrastructure, which coincided with other restrictions affecting Venezuelans' ability to communicate and access information during the previous 24 hours. The collected data also showed that a number of local websites had been recently restricted, indicating thatrecent political instabilitycould be the underlying cause[119]for what may be a tightening regime of internet control.[120][121]

Single-article disputes

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Types of disputes

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Individual articles can be disputed or blocked by a country for allegedly violating a range of laws from revealing the location of a secret military installation (see France below), defamation or misinformation laws (see Germany below), or a judgment that an image in an article was pornographic (see UK below).

Examples by country

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Australia

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In 2018,County Court of Victoriachief judgePeter Kiddplaced a non-publication order on all of the evidence and the verdict in a trial of Australian CardinalGeorge Pell.The suppression order applied "in all Australian states and territories" and "on any website or other electronic or broadcast format accessible within Australia".[122]This clearly included Wikipedia, which was cited but not charged.[123]

France

[edit]
Further information:Internet censorship in France
Rémi Mathis,an administrator on theFrench Wikipedia,was ordered by the French interior intelligence agency to delete an article.

In April 2013, a Wikipedia article describing thePierre-sur-Haute military radio stationattracted attention from the French interior intelligence agencyDCRI.The agency attempted to have the article about the facility removed from theFrench Wikipedia.The DCRI pressuredRémi Mathis,avolunteer administratorof the French Wikipedia and resident of France, into deleting the article.[124][125]The Wikimedia Foundation asked the DCRI which parts of the article were causing a problem, noting that the article closely reflected information in a 2004 documentary made byTélévision Loire 7,a French local television station, which is freely available online.[124][126]The DCRI refused to give these details, and repeated its demand for deletion of the article. According to a statement issued byWikimédia Franceon 6 April 2013:

The DCRI summoned a Wikipedia volunteer in their offices on April 4th [2013]. This volunteer, which was one of those having access to the tools that allow the deletion of pages, was forced to delete the article while in the DCRI offices, on the understanding that he would have been held in custody and prosecuted if he did not comply. Under pressure, he had no other choice than to delete the article, despite explaining to the DCRI this is not how Wikipedia works. He warned the othersysopsthat trying to undelete the article would engage their responsibility before the law. This volunteer had no link with that article, having never edited it and not even knowing of its existence before entering the DCRI offices. He was chosen and summoned because he was easily identifiable, given his regular promotional actions of Wikipedia and Wikimedia projects in France.

— Wikimédia France[127]

Later, the article was restored by another Wikipedia contributor who lived outside France, in Switzerland.[127][128]As a result of the controversy, the article became the most read page on the French Wikipedia,[129]with over 120,000 page views during the weekend of 6–7 April 2013.[130]It was translated into multiple other languages.[131]The French newspaper20 minutes,[132]Ars Technica,[129]and a posting onSlashdot,[133]noted it as an example of theStreisand effectin action. TheFrench Ministry of the InteriortoldAgence France-Presse(AFP) that it did not wish to comment on the incident.[134]

According to a judicial source quoted in an AFP story on 8 April, the article's deletion "was performed as part of a preliminary inquiry" led by the "anti-terrorist section of the Paris prosecutor's office" on the grounds that the French language Wikipedia article compromised "classified material related to the chain of transmission for nuclear launch orders".[135]

Following the incident,Télévision Loire 7said that it expected that the DCRI would request that it take down the original 2004 report on which the Wikipedia article was based, though it had been filmed and broadcast with the full cooperation of the French armed forces.[126]The National Union ofPolice Commissionerssuggested that the next step would be for the judiciary to order French Internet service providers to block access to the Wikipedia article.[136]However, the France-basedNGOReporters Without Borders criticised the DCRI's actions as "a bad precedent". The organisation's spokesperson toldLe Pointthat, "if the institution considers that secret defence information has been released, it has every opportunity to be recognised by the courts in arguing and clarifying its application. It is then up to the judge, the protector of fundamental freedoms, to assess the reality and extent of military secrecy." The spokesperson noted that the information contained in the article had come from a documentary that had previously been filmed and distributed with the cooperation of the army, and that the hosts and intermediaries should not be held responsible.[137]

Germany

[edit]

In one case, Wikipedia.de (an Internet domain run byWikimedia Deutschland) was prohibited from pointing to the actual Wikipedia content. The court order was a temporary injunction in a case filed by politicianLutz Heilmannover claims regarding his past involvement with the formerGerman Democratic Republic's intelligence serviceStasi.[138]

India

[edit]
Further information:Asian News International vs. Wikimedia Foundation
See also:Asian News International § Controversial behaviour and allegations

United Kingdom

[edit]
See also:Internet censorship in the United KingdomandInternet Watch Foundation and Wikipedia
Screen capture of the blocked article Virgin Killer

In December 2008, theInternet Watch Foundation,a UK-basednon-government organization,added the Wikipedia articleVirgin Killerto its internetblacklistdue to the album cover's image and the illegality ofchild pornographyin that country; the image had been assessed by IWF as being the lowest level of legal concern: "erotic posing with no sexual activity".[139]As a result, people using many major UKISPswere blocked from viewing the entire article by theCleanfeedsystem,[139][140][141]and a large part of the UK was blocked from editing Wikipedia owing to the means used by the IWF to block the image. Following discussion, representations by the Wikimedia Foundation,[142]and public complaints,[143]the IWF reversed their decision three days later, and confirmed that in future they would not block copies of the same image that were hosted overseas.[144]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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