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Central nucleus of the amygdala

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Central nucleus of the amygdala
Identifiers
NeuroLexIDbirnlex_2682
Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy

Thecentral nucleus of the amygdala(CeAoraCeN) is anucleuswithin theamygdala.[1][2]It "serves as the major output nucleus of the amygdala and participates in receiving and processing pain information."[3][4][5][6]

CeA "connects with brainstem areas that control the expression of innate behaviors and associated physiological responses."[7]

CeA is responsible for "autonomic components of emotions (e.g., changes in heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration) primarily through output pathways to thelateral hypothalamusandbrain stem."The CeA is also responsible for" conscious perception of emotion primarily through the ventralamygdalofugal output pathwayto theanterior cingulatecortex,orbitofrontal cortex,andprefrontal cortex."[8]

Amygdala subdividisions and outputs

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Inputs and outputs of the rodent central amygdala

The regions described as amygdalanucleiencompass several structures with distinct connectional and functional characteristics in humans and other animals.[9]Among these nuclei are thebasolateral complex,the cortical nucleus, the medial nucleus, and the central nucleus. The basolateral complex can be further subdivided into the lateral, the basal, and the accessory basal nuclei.[10][self-published source?][11]

Coronalsection of brain through intermediate mass ofthird ventricle.Amygdala is shown in purple.

Theamygdalofugal pathway(Latinfor "fleeing from the amygdala" and commonly distinguished as the ventral amygdalofugal pathway) is one of the three principal pathways by which fibers leave theamygdala.The other main efferent pathways from the amygdala are thestria terminalisandanterior commissure.The anterior commissure also serves to connect the twoamygdala.[12]

The ventral amygdalofugal pathway carries output from the central and basolateral nuclei and delivers it to a number of targets; namely, the medial dorsal nucleus of thethalamus,thehypothalamus,the basal forebrain, the brain stem,septal nucleiandnucleus accumbens.[13]

Research

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  • "psychological stressor induced an increase in bothCRHmRNA levels and CRH content in the CEA. Exposure to the psychological stressor also caused a significant increase in CRH mRNA levels with a trend for an increase in CRH content in the dorsolateral subdivision of thebed nucleus of the stria terminalis(BNST) which is anatomically associated with the CEA. "[14]
  • "oxytocin in the CeA exerts a facilitatory role in the maintenance of hydroelectrolyte balance"[15]
  • "the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) and its connections with the nigral dopamine system have been reported to modulate cognitive processes dependent substantially on attentional allocation. CeA dopamine function is involved in modulation of disengagement behavior."[16]
  • "Opioid mechanisms are involved in the control of water and NaCl intake and opioid receptors (ORs) are present in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA)"μ-opioid receptors"in the CeA increases hypertonic sodium intake, whereas antagonizing these sites inhibits hypertonic sodium intake.…μ-ORs in the CeA in a positive regulation of sodium intake."[17]
  • CeA "is essential for acquiring and expressing conditional fear after overtraining"[18]
  • "glucocorticoids can facilitate CRH mRNA expression in the CEA, a site implicated in anxiety and fear"[19]
  • Neuronal activity in the central nucleus of the amygdala was found to be a critical brain substrate for incubation of methamphetamine craving as well as neurobiological responses to ethanol.[3][20][21][22]
  • Neurons in the central nucleus of the amygdala were found to respond to, and control, predatory hunting.[23]

See also

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References

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  1. ^Keifer OP, Hurt RC, Ressler KJ, Marvar PJ (September 2015)."The Physiology of Fear: Reconceptualizing the Role of the Central Amygdala in Fear Learning".Physiology.30(5): 389–401.doi:10.1152/physiol.00058.2014.PMC4556826.PMID26328883.
  2. ^Kalin NH, Shelton SE, Davidson RJ (June 2004)."The role of the central nucleus of the amygdala in mediating fear and anxiety in the primate".The Journal of Neuroscience.24(24): 5506–5515.doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0292-04.2004.PMC6729317.PMID15201323.
  3. ^abCompanion MA, Gonzalez DA, Robinson SL, Herman MA, Thiele TE (2022-09-01)."Lateral habenula-projecting central amygdala circuits expressing GABA and NPY Y1 receptor modulate binge-like ethanol intake in mice".Addiction Neuroscience.3:100019.doi:10.1016/j.addicn.2022.100019.ISSN2772-3925.PMC9435303.PMID36059430.S2CID248484807.
  4. ^Roberto M, Gilpin NW, Siggins GR (December 2012)."The central amygdala and alcohol: role of γ-aminobutyric acid, glutamate, and neuropeptides".Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine.2(12): a012195.doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a012195.PMC3543070.PMID23085848.
  5. ^Swanson LW, Petrovich GD (August 1998). "What is the amygdala?".Trends in Neurosciences.21(8): 323–331.doi:10.1016/S0166-2236(98)01265-X.PMID9720596.S2CID11826564.
  6. ^Hasanein P, Mirazi N, Javanmardi K (November 2008). "GABAA receptors in the central nucleus of amygdala (CeA) affect on pain modulation".Brain Research.1241:36–41.doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2008.09.041.PMID18838064.S2CID46000492.
  7. ^LeDoux JE(2008)."Amygdala".Scholarpedia.3(4): 2698.Bibcode:2008SchpJ...3.2698L.doi:10.4249/scholarpedia.2698.
  8. ^Wright A."Limbic System: Amygdala".In Byrne JH (ed.).Homeostasis and Higher Brain Function.Neuroscience Online.University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston.Archived fromthe originalon 2013-11-07.Retrieved2013-02-14.
  9. ^Bzdok D, Laird AR, Zilles K, Fox PT, Eickhoff SB (December 2013)."An investigation of the structural, connectional, and functional subspecialization in the human amygdala".Human Brain Mapping.34(12): 3247–3266.doi:10.1002/hbm.22138.PMC4801486.PMID22806915.
  10. ^Best B(August 28, 2012)."The Amygdala and the Emotions".The Anatomical Basis of Mind.Archivedfrom the original on March 9, 2007.
  11. ^Solano-Castiella E, Anwander A, Lohmann G, Weiss M, Docherty C, Geyer S, et al. (February 2010). "Diffusion tensor imaging segments the human amygdala in vivo".NeuroImage.49(4): 2958–2965.doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.11.027.hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0010-ABE5-F.PMID19931398.S2CID17137887.
  12. ^Di Marino V, Etienne Y, Niddam M (2016). "Connection Pathways of the Cerebral Amygdala".The Amygdaloid Nuclear Complex.pp. 49–58.doi:10.1007/978-3-319-23243-0_6.ISBN978-3-319-23242-3.{{cite book}}:|journal=ignored (help)
  13. ^Kamali A, Sair HI, Blitz AM, Riascos RF, Mirbagheri S, Keser Z, Hasan KM (September 2016). "Revealing the ventral amygdalofugal pathway of the human limbic system using high spatial resolution diffusion tensor tractography".Brain Structure & Function.221(7): 3561–3569.doi:10.1007/s00429-015-1119-3.PMID26454651.S2CID10456347.
  14. ^Makino S, Shibasaki T, Yamauchi N, Nishioka T, Mimoto T, Wakabayashi I, et al. (December 1999). "Psychological stress increased corticotropin-releasing hormone mRNA and content in the central nucleus of the amygdala but not in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus in the rat".Brain Research.850(1–2): 136–143.doi:10.1016/S0006-8993(99)02114-9.PMID10629757.S2CID21062798.
  15. ^Margatho LO, Elias CF, Elias LL, Antunes-Rodrigues J (May 2013)."Oxytocin in the central amygdaloid nucleus modulates the neuroendocrine responses induced by hypertonic volume expansion in the rat".Journal of Neuroendocrinology.25(5): 466–477.doi:10.1111/jne.12021.PMID23331859.S2CID5486765.
  16. ^Smith ES, Geissler SA, Schallert T, Lee HJ (April 2013). "The role of central amygdala dopamine in disengagement behavior".Behavioral Neuroscience.127(2): 164–174.doi:10.1037/a0031043.PMID23316710.
  17. ^Yan J, Li J, Yan J, Sun H, Wang Q, Chen K, et al. (March 2013). "Activation of μ-opioid receptors in the central nucleus of the amygdala induces hypertonic sodium intake".Neuroscience.233:28–43.doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.12.026.PMID23270855.S2CID10806357.
  18. ^Zimmerman JM, Rabinak CA, McLachlan IG, Maren S (September 2007)."The central nucleus of the amygdala is essential for acquiring and expressing conditional fear after overtraining".Learning & Memory.14(9): 634–644.doi:10.1101/lm.607207.PMC1994080.PMID17848503.
  19. ^Makino S, Gold PW, Schulkin J (March 1994)."Corticosterone effects on corticotropin-releasing hormone mRNA in the central nucleus of the amygdala and the parvocellular region of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus".Brain Research.640(1–2): 105–112.doi:10.1016/0006-8993(94)91862-7.PMID8004437.S2CID19853559.
  20. ^Hyytiä P, Koob GF (September 1995). "GABAA receptor antagonism in the extended amygdala decreases ethanol self-administration in rats".European Journal of Pharmacology.283(1–3): 151–159.doi:10.1016/0014-2999(95)00314-B.PMID7498304.
  21. ^Gilpin NW, Misra K, Herman MA, Cruz MT, Koob GF, Roberto M (June 2011)."Neuropeptide Y opposes alcohol effects on gamma-aminobutyric acid release in amygdala and blocks the transition to alcohol dependence".Biological Psychiatry.69(11): 1091–1099.doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.02.004.PMC3090491.PMID21459365.
  22. ^Li X, Zeric T, Kambhampati S, Bossert JM, Shaham Y (March 2015)."The central amygdala nucleus is critical for incubation of methamphetamine craving".Neuropsychopharmacology.40(5): 1297–1306.doi:10.1038/npp.2014.320.PMC4367476.PMID25475163.
  23. ^Han W, Tellez LA, Rangel MJ, Motta SC, Zhang X, Perez IO, Canteras NS, Shammah-Lagnado SJ, van den Pol AN,de Araujo IE(January 2017)."Integrated Control of Predatory Hunting by the Central Nucleus of the Amygdala".Cell.168(1–2): 311–324.e18.doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.12.027.PMC5278763.PMID28086095.
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