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Centriole

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See also:Centrosome
Cell biology
centrosome
Components of a typical centrosome:
  1. Centriole
  2. Mother centriole
  3. Daughter centriole
  4. Distal ends
  5. Distal appendages
  6. Subdistal appendages
  7. Proximal ends
  8. Microtubule triplets
  9. Interconnecting fibers
  10. Microtubules
  11. Pericentriolar material
Cross-section of a centriole showing itsmicrotubuletriplets.

Incell biologyacentrioleis a cylindricalorganellecomposed mainly of a protein calledtubulin.[1]Centrioles are found in mosteukaryoticcells,but are not present in conifers (Pinophyta), flowering plants (angiosperms) and mostfungi,and are only present in the male gametes ofcharophytes,bryophytes,seedlessvascular plants,cycads,andGinkgo.[2][3]A bound pair of centrioles, surrounded by a highly ordered mass of dense material, called thepericentriolar material(PCM),[4]makes up a structure called acentrosome.[1]

Centrioles are typically made up of nine sets ofshort microtubuletriplets, arranged in a cylinder. Deviations from this structure includecrabsandDrosophila melanogasterembryos, with nine doublets, andCaenorhabditis eleganssperm cellsand early embryos, with nine singlets.[5][6]Additional proteins includecentrin,cenexinandtektin.[7]

The main function of centrioles is to produceciliaduringinterphaseand theasterand thespindleduring cell division.

History[edit]

The centrosome was discovered jointly byWalther Flemmingin 1875[8][9]andEdouard Van Benedenin 1876.[10][9]Edouard Van Benedenmade the first observation ofcentrosomesas composed of two orthogonal centrioles in 1883.[11]Theodor Boveriintroduced the term "centrosome" in 1888[12][9][13][14]and the term "centriole" in 1895.[15][9]Thebasal bodywas named byTheodor Wilhelm Engelmannin 1880.[16][9]The pattern of centriole duplication was first worked out independently byÉtienne de HarvenandJoseph G. Gallc. 1950.[17][18]

Role in cell division[edit]

A mother and daughter centriole, attachedorthogonally

Centrioles are involved in the organization of themitotic spindleand in the completion ofcytokinesis.[19]Centrioles were previously thought to be required for the formation of a mitotic spindle in animal cells. However, more recent experiments have demonstrated that cells whose centrioles have been removed vialaserablation can still progress through the G1stage ofinterphasebefore centrioles can be synthesized later in a de novo fashion.[20]Additionally, mutant flies lacking centrioles develop normally, although the adult flies' cells lackflagellaandciliaand as a result, they die shortly after birth.[21] The centrioles can self replicate during cell division.

Cellular organization[edit]

Centrioles are a very important part ofcentrosomes,which are involved in organizingmicrotubulesin thecytoplasm.[22][23]The position of the centriole determines the position of the nucleus and plays a crucial role in the spatial arrangement of the cell.

3D rendering of centrioles

Fertility[edit]

Spermcentrioles are important for 2 functions:[24](1) to form the spermflagellumand sperm movement and (2) for the development of the embryo after fertilization. Thespermsupplies the centriole that creates the centrosome and microtubule system of the zygote.[25]

Ciliogenesis[edit]

Inflagellatesandciliates,the position of theflagellumorciliumis determined by the mother centriole, which becomes thebasal body.An inability of cells to use centrioles to make functional flagella and cilia has been linked to a number of genetic and developmental diseases. In particular, the inability of centrioles to properly migrate prior to ciliary assembly has recently been linked toMeckel–Gruber syndrome.[26]

Animal development[edit]

Electron micrograph of a centriole from a mouse embryo.

Proper orientation of cilia via centriole positioning toward the posterior of embryonic node cells is critical for establishingleft-right asymmetry,during mammalian development.[27]

Centriole duplication[edit]

BeforeDNA replication,cells contain two centrioles, an oldermother centriole,and a youngerdaughter centriole.Duringcell division,a new centriole grows at the proximal end of both mother and daughter centrioles. After duplication, the two centriole pairs (the freshly assembled centriole is now a daughter centriole in each pair) will remain attached to each otherorthogonallyuntilmitosis.At that point the mother and daughter centrioles separate dependently on anenzymecalledseparase.[28]

The two centrioles in the centrosome are tied to one another. The mother centriole has radiating appendages at thedistalend of its long axis and is attached to its daughter at theproximalend. Each daughter cell formed after cell division will inherit one of these pairs. Centrioles start duplicating when DNA replicates.[19]

Origin[edit]

The last common ancestor of alleukaryoteswas aciliatedcell with centrioles.[citation needed]Some lineages of eukaryotes, such asland plants,do not have centrioles except in their motile male gametes. Centrioles are completely absent from all cells ofconifersandflowering plants,which do not have ciliate or flagellate gametes.[29] It is unclear if the last common ancestor had one[30]or two cilia.[31]Important genes such ascentrinsrequired for centriole growth, are only found in eukaryotes, and not inbacteriaorarchaea.[30]

Etymology and pronunciation[edit]

The wordcentriole(/ˈsɛntrioʊl/) usescombining formsofcentri-and-ole,yielding "little central part", which describes a centriole's typical location near the center of the cell.

Atypical centrioles[edit]

Typical centrioles are made of 9 triplets ofmicrotubulesorganized with radial symmetry.[32]Centrioles can vary the number of microtubules and can be made of 9 doublets of microtubules (as inDrosophila melanogaster) or 9 singlets of microtubules as inC. elegans.Atypical centrioles are centrioles that do not have microtubules, such as theProximal Centriole-Likefound inD. melanogastersperm,[33]or that have microtubules with no radial symmetry, such as in the distal centriole of humanspermatozoon.[34]Atypical centrioles may have evolved at least eight times independently during vertebrate evolution and may evolve in the sperm afterinternal fertilizationevolves.[35]

It wasn't clear why centriole become atypical until recently. The atypical distal centriole forms a dynamic basal complex (DBC) that, together with other structures in the sperm neck, facilitates a cascade of internal sliding, coupling tail beating with head kinking. The atypical distal centriole's properties suggest that it evolved into a transmission system that couples the sperm tail motors to the whole sperm, thereby enhancing sperm function.[36]

References[edit]

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  2. ^Quarmby, LM; Parker, JD (2005)."Cilia and the cell cycle?".The Journal of Cell Biology.169(5): 707–10.doi:10.1083/jcb.200503053.PMC2171619.PMID15928206.
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  26. ^Cui, Cheng; Chatterjee, Bishwanath; Francis, Deanne; Yu, Qing; SanAgustin, Jovenal T.; Francis, Richard; Tansey, Terry; Henry, Charisse; Wang, Baolin; Lemley, Bethan; Pazour, Gregory J.; Lo, Cecilia W. (2011)."Disruption of Mks1 localization to the mother centriole causes cilia defects and developmental malformations in Meckel-Gruber syndrome".Dis. Models Mech.4(1): 43–56.doi:10.1242/dmm.006262.PMC3008963.PMID21045211.
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