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Chaghri Beg

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Chaghri
Governor ofKhorasan
(1040–1060)
Gold dinarunderQavurt,citing Chaghri Beg as his overlord. Minted inJiroft,dated 1056/7
Born989
Khorasan
Died1060
Sarakhs
SpouseFarrukh al-Khatuni[1]
Issue
Names
Kunya:Abu Suleiman
Given name:Dawud
Turkic nickname:Chaghri-Beg
HouseSeljuk
FatherMikail
Mother?
ReligionSunni Islam

Abu Suleiman Dawud Chaghri Beg ibn Mikail,widely known simply asChaghri Beg(989–1060),Da'ud b. Mika'il b. Saljuq,[2]also spelled Chaghri, was the co-ruler of the earlySeljuk Empire.The nameChaghriisTurkic(Çağrı in modern Turkish) and literally means "small falcon", "merlin".[3]

Background

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Chaghri and his brotherTughrilwere the sons ofMikailand the grandsons ofSeljuk.TheGreat Seljuk Empirewas named after the latter, who was aTurkicclan leader either inKhazar[4]orOghuzstates. In the early years of the 11th century, they left their former home and moved near the city ofJend(now a village) by theSyr Daryariver, where they accepted the suzerainty of theKarakhanidsinTransoxania(roughly modernUzbekistanand southernKazakhstan). After the defeat of the Karakhanids byGhaznavids,they were able to gain independence.

Biography

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Very little is known of Chaghri and Tughril's lives until 1025. Both were raised by their grandfather Seljuk until they were fifteen and fought withAli Tigin Bughra Khan,a minor Kara Khanid noble, againstMahmud of Ghazni.[5]The earliest records of Chaghri concern his expeditions inEastern Anatolia.Although aGhaznavidgovernor chased him from his home in Jend to Anatolia, he was able to raid theByzantineforts in Eastern Anatolia.[6]However, according toClaude Cahenthis was highly improbable and of legend.[7] From 1035 to 1037 Chaghri and Tughril fought againstMas'ud I of Ghazni.Chaghri capturedMerv(an important historical city now inTurkmenistan).[8]Between 1038 and 1040 Chaghri fought against the Ghaznavids, usually with hit and run maneuvers and culminating in a major clash at theBattle of Dandanaqan.Tughril was rather hesitant and preferred continuing the hit-and-run attacks, but Chaghri commanded the Seljuk army and preferred direct confrontation.[9]At Dandanaqan, the Seljuks defeated the numerically superior Gaznavid army. Akurultaiwas held after the battle, by which empire was divided between the two brothers. While Tughril reigned in the west (comprising modern westernIran,AzerbaijanandIraq), Chaghri reigned in easternIran,Turkmenistan,andAfghanistan,a region collectively referred to asGreater Khorasan.Chaghri later also capturedBalkh(in modern North Afghanistan). In 1048, he conqueredKermanin South Iran and, in 1056, theSistanregion (south east Iran).[10]After theSeljukshad gained more influence over theAbbasid Caliphate,Chaghri married his daughter,Khadija Arslan Khatun,to the caliphAl-Qa'imin 1056.[11][12]

Death

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Chaghri died inSarakhs,in North-eastern Iran. The historical sources do not agree on the exact date of his death: years 1059, 1060, 1061 and 1062 were proposed. But it is purported thatnumismaticscan be used to determine the exact death date. Coins were minted in the name of Chaghri up to 1059 and in the name of his sonKavurtafter 1060, so Chaghri's death can be ascribed more probably to 1059.[13]

Daughters

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One of his daughters was Gawhar Khatun. She was married to Erishgi (Erisghen).[14]She was killed on the orders of her nephew SultanMalik-Shah Iin March–April 1075.[15]Another daughter was married toBuyidAbu Mansur Fulad Sutunin 1047–8.[16]Another daughter was Khadija Arslan Khatun.[17]She had been betrothed to Zahir al-Din, son of Abbasid CaliphAl-Qa'im.However, Zahir al-Din died, and Arslan married Al-Qa'im in 1056.[18]After Al-Qa'im's death in 1075, she married theKakuyidAli ibn Faramurz,[19]with whom she had a son,Garshasp II.[20]Another daughter was Safiya Khatun.[21]She was married to Kurd Hazarasp ibn Bankir in 1069–70. After his death the same year, she marriedUqaylidSharaf al-Dawla Muslim,[22]with whom, she had a son, Ali.[21]After his death in 1085, she married his brother Ibrahim ibn Quraish.[23]

Legacy

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Battle of Dandanaqan

Unlike laterOttomanpractice, in earlier Turkic tradition, brothers usually participated in government affairs.(Bumin–İstemiin the 6th century,Bilge Khan–Kulteginin the 8th century are notable examples.) Tughril and Chaghri as well as some other members of the family participated in the foundation of the empire. Although Tughril gained the title "sultan",it was Chaghri’s sons who continued it afterwards.

Chaghri had six sons and four daughters. Among his sons,Alp Arslanbecame the sultan of the Seljukid Empire in 1064. All the remaining members of the Great Seljuk Empire were from Chaghri’s lineage. (ExceptSeljuks of Rumwho were the descendants of Chaghri's cousins.). Another son,Kavurt,became the governor ofKerman(which later on became fully independent); a third son, Yaquti, became the governor ofAzerbaijan.

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In the 2021 Turkish TV seriesAlparslan: Büyük Selçuklu,he is portrayed by actorErdinç Gülener.

References

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  1. ^İSTEK, Gülşen (2020-01-01). "Büyük Selçuklu Devleti ile Abbasi Hilafeti Arasında Gerçekleşen Siyasi Evlilikler".Social Mentality and Researcher Thinkers Journal.6(32). ASOS Yayinevi: 944–961.doi:10.31576/smryj.542.ISSN2630-631X.S2CID226684474.
  2. ^'Izz al-D in Ibn al-Athir,The Annals of the Saljuq Turks,transl. D.S. Richards, ed. Carole Hillenbrand, (Routledge, 2002), 302.
  3. ^"ČAḠRĪ BEG DĀWŪD"Encyclopædia Iranica
  4. ^Arthur Koestler:The thirteenth Tribe(translated by Belkıs Çorakçı), Say, İstanbul, 1984, p.164
  5. ^Caghri-Beg,Cl. Cahen,The Encyclopaedia of Islam,Vol. II, ed. B.Lewis, C. Pellat and J. Schacht, (E.J. Brill, 1991), 4.
  6. ^Prof. Yaşar Yüce-Prof. Ali Sevim: Türkiye tarihi Cilt I, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, İstanbul, 1991 p 28-29
  7. ^Caghri beg,Claude Cahen,The Encyclopaedia of Islam,Vol. II, 4, 5; "Tradition gives here an account of a highly improbable escapade of Caghri-Beg in Armenia.","On the legendary escapade of Caghri in Armenia, the article of Ibrahim Kafesoglu, "Dogu Anadoluya ilk selcuklu adini",in"Fuad Koprulu Armagam",1953, and my discussion with him inJA1954, 275 ff. and 1956, 129 ff."
  8. ^'Izz al-D in Ibn al-Athir,The Annals of the Saljuq Turks,36.
  9. ^Ümit Hassan (ed. Sina Akşin) Türkiye Tarihi I, CemYayınevi, İstanbul,2009,ISBN975-406-563-2p. 167
  10. ^History page(in Turkish)Archived2012-07-19 atarchive.today
  11. ^The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World,C.E. Bosworth,The Cambridge History of Iran,Vol. 5, ed. J. A. Boyle, (Cambridge University Press, 1968), 48.
  12. ^Dailamīs in Central Iran: The Kākūyids of Jibāl and Yazd,C. E. Bosworth,Iran,Vol. 8, (1970), 86.
  13. ^A paper on Chaghri's death date
  14. ^Lambton 1988,p. 41, 42 n. 53.
  15. ^Richards, D.S. (2014).The Annals of the Saljuq Turks: Selections from al-Kamil fi'l-Ta'rikh of Ibn al-Athir.Routledge Studies in the History of Iran and Turkey. Taylor & Francis. p. 188.ISBN978-1-317-83255-3.
  16. ^Lambton 1988,pp. 260–61.
  17. ^Massignon, L.; Mason, H. (2019).The Passion of Al-Hallaj, Mystic and Martyr of Islam, Volume 2: The Survival of Al-Hallaj.Online access with JISC subscription agreement: ACLS Humanities E-Books. Princeton University Press. p. 162.ISBN978-0-691-65721-9.
  18. ^Lambton 1988,p. 264.
  19. ^Lambton 1988,p. 271.
  20. ^Lambton 1988,p. 261.
  21. ^abʻIzz al-Dīn ʻAlī ibn Muḥammad Ibn al-AT̲īr; Donald Sydney Richards (2002).The Annals of the Saljuq Turks: Selections from Al-Kāmil Fīʻl-Taʻrīkh of ʻIzz Al-Dīn Ibn Al-Athīr.Studies in the history of Iran and Turkey. Psychology Press. p. 266.ISBN978-0-7007-1576-3.
  22. ^Lambton 1988,pp. 261–62.
  23. ^Lambton 1988,p. 262.

Bibliography

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  • Lambton, A.K.S. (1988).Continuity and Change in Medieval Persia.Bibliotheca Persica. Bibliotheca Persica.ISBN978-0-88706-133-2.
Preceded by
None
 Governor ofKhorasan
1040–1060 		Succeeded by
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