Chapter house
 | This articleneeds additional citations forverification.(February 2014) |
Achapter houseorchapterhouseis a building or room that is part of acathedral,monasteryorcollegiate churchin which meetings are held. When attached to a cathedral, thecathedral chaptermeets there. In monasteries, the whole community often met there daily for readings and to hear the abbot or senior monks talk. When attached to a collegiate church, thedean,prebendariesandcanonsof the college meet there. The rooms may also be used for other meetings of various sorts; in medieval times monarchs on tour in their territory would often take them over for their meetings and audiences.Synods,ecclesiastical courtsand similar meetings often took place in chapter houses.
Design[edit]
When part of a monastery, the chapter house is generally located on the eastern wing of thecloister,which is next to the church. Since many cathedrals in England were originally monastic foundations, this is a common arrangement there also. Elsewhere it may be a separate building. The chapter house comprises a large space, in order to hold all themonksof the monastery, and is often highly ornamented. Typically there is seating around, often built into, all the walls of the room, often in stone, with the central space left open. The seats for the senior members are often larger than the others, and may be raised on adais.Usually there is only one doorway, and though the room is well-lit where the location allows, the windows are often too high to allow a view in from outside (or eavesdropping). Many larger chapter houses are designed with vestibules for attendants and those waiting to be called, where opening onto a cloister does not provide such a space. There is often a fireplace, and altars are found in some examples, sometimes added later.
Many medieval rooms use stone vaulting supported by columns in the centre of the space, as used for other more utilitarian large rooms in monasteries with a generous budget. Others have much higher roofs. The shape of the room is usually designed to allow good audibility for speakers from all parts of the room. It may be rectangular, tending towards the square, but octagonal and other near-circular plans are an English speciality, with that atWorcester Cathedralprobably the earliest. Most, like those atWells Cathedral,Lichfield Cathedral,Westminster AbbeyandLacock Abbey,have a single central column from which the high roof vaulting spreads.York Minsterhas a wooden roof and no central column. Many have elaborate benched arcades round the wall, withcrocketedframes for the seats. English chapter houses tend to be more elaborate and highly decorated than Continental ones, and the octagonal shape allowed for spectacular displays ofstained glass,now mostly lost, though not at York. Except at Westminster Abbey any paintings have been lost, but English designs, with their emphasis on carved arcades and windows, did not leave the large wall spaces found in most Continental chapter houses.
At Westminster the chapter house, opposite thePalace of Westminster,was used from the erection of the present building for royal meetings, including many of the royal council, and was the usual location for meetings of theHouse of Commonsuntil the reign ofHenry VIII.It was converted into the first home of what is now thePublic Record Office(the national archives) soon after theEnglish Reformation,and the late Gothic paintings added behind the seats (see gallery) were preserved hidden behind bookshelves until the 19th century.
In someRomanesqueorGothicmonasteries, the entrance to the chapter house has an elaboratefaçadewith a door surrounded by highly decoratedarchivolts,especially when it is a separate building. Many chapterhouses feature elaborate carving orfrescos,which include some masterpieces of religious art, but were also sometimes secular. Thepaintings from Arlanza,now spread across museums in Spain and the United States, originally decorated the monastery ofSan Pedro de Arlanza,and contain huge bold mythical beasts that are some of the finest survivals of Romanesque palace decoration. In modern settings, the chapterhouse may simply be (or use) an ordinary officeboardroomor meeting room. When it is a separate building, this often consists of just the single main room.
History and uses[edit]
The community of monks would meet in the chapter house with theabbotto "holdchapter";that is," for the reading of the 'Martyrology' and the 'Necrology', for the correction of faults, the assigning of the tasks for the day, and for the exhortation of the superior, and again for the evening Collation or reading beforeComplin".[1]The first meeting took place in the morning, after the church services ofPrimeorTerce.The monks might sit along the length of the walls in strict age-order, apart from the office-holders.
TheCarolingianPlan of St Gall(c. 820) is the plan for an ideal 9th century monastery, with a great variety of buildings and rooms, but none that really can be assigned the function of chapterhouse; nor is such a room mentioned bySaint Benedict.But the chapter house is mentioned in the proceedings of theCouncil of Aachen in 816.The church or cloister may have been used for all meetings in earlier monasteries, or there was usually arefectory(hall for eating). But by at least 1000 such a room had become normal in large monastic establishments. The east side of the cloister on which the chapter house was often located was usually the first to be constructed; it would have been begun shortly after the church walls were built.
Examples[edit]
Important examples of chapter houses from an architectural or artistic point of view can be seen at:
- Monastery of Santa María de Sigena,Spain, whose very important Romanesque frescos are now in theMuseu Nacional d'Art de CatalunyainBarcelona
- Elgin Cathedral- octagonal, unusually for Scotland
- Wąchock Abbey,Romanesque in Poland
- Westminster Abbey
- Canterbury Cathedralrectangular chapter house
- Wells Cathedralpalm tree like central pillar carrying 32 lierne ribs that form the inner part of the vault
- Exeter Cathedral
- Lincoln Cathedralthe earliest English octagonal annex
- Salisbury Cathedral
- Southwell Minster,with famous carved capitals
- York Minsteroctagonal Late Gothic
- Fontevraud Abbey,France, aPlantagenetbase, large and low-vaulted
- The "Spanish Chapel" at theDominicanBasilica of Santa Maria Novellain Florence, with important frescos
- Alcobaça MonasteryRomanesque, in central Portugal
- Batalha MonasteryLate Gothic with Manueline elements, in central Portugal
- Convent of the Order of Christ in Tomar
- ThePazzi Chapelat theFranciscanBasilica di Santa Croce di Firenze,a key building in EarlyRenaissance architecture
- Toledo Cathedral,16th century and later, with important frescos
Non-religious use of the circular chapter house style of plan:
Gallery[edit]
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French Romanesque chapter house now moved toThe Cloisters,New York -
Museum installation of the Romanesque frescos from theMonastery of Santa María de Sigena -
The royalFontevraud Abbey -
Entrance atFontevraud Abbey -
The former chapterhouse, now the "Spanish Chapel", at theBasilica of Santa Maria Novellain Florence -
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Salisbury Cathedralfrom the cathedral tower, with cloister at right -
Interior of the chapter house ofKuopio CathedralinKuopio -
The octagonal chapter house atYork Minster -
Exterior of thePazzi Chapel -
Interior of thePazzi Chapel -
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The modern boardroom-style Chapter house atGuildford Cathedral
References[edit]
- ^Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913)..Catholic Encyclopedia.New York: Robert Appleton Company.The Necrology was a list of death anniversaries for the community and persons of interest to it.
External links[edit]
- .Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 5 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 855.
- Historical Images of Chapter House at Westminster Abbey circa 1870 - 1990