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Charles G. Atherton

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Charles Gordon Atherton
United States Senator
fromNew Hampshire
In office
March 4, 1843–March 3, 1849
March 4, 1853–November 15, 1853
Preceded byLeonard Wilcox
John P. Hale
Succeeded byMoses Norris Jr.
Jared W. Williams
Member of theU.S. House of Representatives
fromNew Hampshire'sAt-largedistrict
In office (seat 1)
March 4, 1837 – March 3, 1843
Preceded byBenning M. Bean
Succeeded byMoses Norris Jr.
Member of theNew Hampshire House of Representatives
In office
1830
In office
1833–1835
Personal details
Born(1804-07-04)July 4, 1804
Amherst, New Hampshire,U.S.
DiedNovember 15, 1853(1853-11-15)(aged 49)
Manchester, New Hampshire,U.S.
Political partyDemocratic
SpouseAnn Clark Atherton
ProfessionPolitician, Lawyer

Charles Gordon Atherton(July 4, 1804 – November 15, 1853)[1]was an American politician and lawyer fromNew Hampshire.[2]He was elected to theUnited States House of Representativesfrom 1837 to 1843. He was elected to theUnited States Senatefrom 1843 to 1849 and then again in 1853. He was aDemocrat.[3]

Early life and education[edit]

He was the son ofCharles Humphrey Atherton[4]and Mary Ann Toppan,[5]the daughter of Christopher Toppan, ofHampton, New Hampshire.His mother taught him at home. Atherton received a classical education, learning Latin from a young age. He went to the academy in Lancaster, Massachusetts, under the charge ofJared Sparksfrom 1815 to 1817, returning home upon the death of his mother, completing his preparation for college in his father's office, under the direction of Joseph Willard. He was tutored in theclassicsby the inventorSamuel Abbot,and went on to study law under the tutelage of his father, a former Federalist politician and one of the most distinguished attorneys in the state.[6]In 1818 he enteredHarvard University,where he studied law, and graduated in 1822. After graduation, he was admitted to thebarin 1825 and commenced practice inDunstable, New Hampshire.[7]

His grandfather wasJoshua Atherton,an early anti-slavery campaigner in Massachusetts. His middle name Gordon, was in memory of his parents and grandparents family friendWilliam Gordon.His mother, Mary, died when he was thirteen years old. He had six other siblings, many did not reach adulthood.

Like all males in New Hampshire between the ages of 18 and 45, Atherton was a member of the state militia serving in the Lafayette Riflemen 5th Regiment as a lieutenant in 1827,[8] and as captain in 1828.[9]

Career[edit]

Atherton was a States-rights Democrat from a northern state ofNew England.[10]He engaged early on in politics and identified himself with the Democratic Party, which he remained loyal to all his life.[11]

Atherton's view on slavery was that it was constitutionally permissible and the federal government had no authority to regulate it.[12]His grandfather had been of the opposite view, and had argued against ratifying theUnited States Constitutionbecause it permitted slavery.[13]

New Hampshire House of Representatives[edit]

Atherton was elected at the age of 26, as a member of the State House of Representatives in 1830. He was Speaker of the House from 1833 to 1835.[14]

U.S House[edit]

Atherton is best known for his staunch stance in favor of states rights.[15]

He was elected as aDemocratto theTwenty-fifth United States Congressand the two succeeding Congresses (March 4, 1837 – March 3, 1843) and did not seek reelection in 1842, having become a candidate for senator.[16]

His circle of friends included CongressmanJonathan Cilley,who died in a duel in Bladensburg, Maryland in February 1838. Atherton wore a crape (a black band worn on his sleeve) for thirty days in his memory. Atherton was appointed to a committee by PresidentMartin Van Burento investigate the causes which led to his death. One of the committee's recommendations resulted in a law signed by President Van Buren on February 20, 1839, prohibiting the giving or accepting of challenges to duel within the District of Columbia.

Atherton Gag[edit]

Further information on Gag rules in the United States:Gag rule § United States

He was responsible for composing the gag rule in 1838, known as the "Atherton Gag", which stifled any petitions relating to bringing an end to slavery, at the behest of slave barons.[17]A curious position for the grandson of Joshua Atherton who, so many years earlier had been ready to oppose the Ratification of the Federal Constitution because of its acknowledgment of slavery. From that moment he became known as Gag Law Atherton.[18]

During his first term in Congress in 1838 he presented five resolutions which were adopted, and which created a new resolution that barred Congress from discussing petitions which mentioned bringingslaveryto an end. He presented his five resolutions on December 11, 1838. Congress approved them on December 12, 1838.[19]

Several similar resolutions and eventually a standing House rule were approved by Congress from 1835 to 1840, but the "Atherton Gag" was the only one of them to be named after its creator.[20][21]

Of the five resolutions, the last one is most indicative of his desires since it contains the vital stipulations. Atherton wrote:

5.Resolved, therefore,That all attempts, on the part of Congress, to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia or the Territories, or to prohibit the removal of slaves from State to State, or to discriminate between the institutions of one portion of the country and another, with the views aforesaid, are in violation of the constitution, destructive of the fundamental principles on which the Union of these States rests, and beyond the jurisdiction of Congress; and that every petition, memorial, resolution, proposition, or paper, touching or relating in any way or to any extent whatever to slavery, as aforesaid, or the abolition thereof, shall, on the presentation thereof, without any further action thereon, be laid on the table without being debated, printed, or referred.

Atherton was responsible for composing the gag rule of December 1838, which stifled any petitions relating to slavery. The previous year abolitionists mainly from northern states sent thousands of petitions to Congress for the abolition of slavery.

John Greenleaf Whittier, poet and advocate of the abolition of slavery in the United States referred to him as vile and shifty[22]and wrote poems making reference to both Atherton and the gag, which frustrated Whittier and all the other abolitionists, as it curtailed any open debate in Congress on the subject.

Atherton delivered a speech on the twelve million loan bill in the House of Representatives, on Monday, July 12, 1841.[23]

During the third session of thetwenty-fifth United States Congress,Atherton lodged with a Mrs S.A. Hill inAlexandria, Virginiawhich was almost opposite to theGadsby's Tavern,which housed ten representatives, all from pro-slavery states, who would have looked for any opportunity to lobby their cause. The gag rule was deeply controversial as it curtailed progressive debate and was extremely unpopular in northern states and frustrated the abolitionists cause; however it still won enough votes in Congress; and this rule remained in place for over 8 years, due to heavy pressure and lobbying from Southern pro-slavery states. It was not until 1844 the House rescinded this gag rule on a motion made byJohn Quincy Adams.A brave act rescind and recommence debate, however this polarisation proved to be one of the building blocks taking the country towards breaking point and civil war.

In 1844, the House rescinded this gag rule on a motion made by John Quincy Adams. Whatever Atherton's reasons, his late grandfather,Joshua Atherton,as an early ardent anti-slavery campaigner, would have vehemently objected to the creation of a gag rule.

United States Senate[edit]

After winning his election bid, Atherton was elected to the United States Senate as a Democrat in 1843, replacingLeonard Wilcox,and served from March 4, 1843, to March 3, 1849.[24]

While in the Senate, Atherton served as chairman of theCommittee on Printing(Twenty-ninth Congress), the Committee on Roads and Canals (Twenty-ninth United States Congress), and theCommittee on Finance(Thirtieth United States Congress).[25]

Atherton andSamuel S. Phelpswere the only New England Democratic and Whig Senators, respectively, to vote in favor of theClayton Compromisebill.[26]

Atherton remained active politically for the Democratic Party, even when not serving in office. As an example of his political influence, a regional newspaper, “The Boston Pilot” of August 28, 1852 reported: “At the Democratic Barbecue in Hillsborough, the Hon. Charles G Atherton presided. Spirited speeches were made byColonel John Houston Savageof Tennessee,John Van Burenof New York,John B. Wellerof California,Maj. Stevensof the U.S Army,Jeremiah Clemensof Alabama,General Dixof New York,Willis A. Gormanof Indiana,Capt. Rynders,and others. The same gentlemen addressed the Democratic Meeting inFaneuil Hallon Friday night, which was kept up until after midnight. It was a spirited affair; and the speakers were all in good tune.”[27]

After serving out his term Atherton was not then re-elected, resuming the practice of law in Nashua. However, in November 1852, he was chosen to take the seat left vacant byJohn P. Haleand returned to the Senate after he took the oath of office for the term beginning March 4, 1853.[28]

Atherton was in the inner circle ofFranklin Pierce,[29]at the time he was elected as the 14th president in 1853.[30] Pierce had anticipated making Atherton his spokesman in the Senate at the start of his presidency, however Atherton had died unexpectedly.[31][32]

Atherton was known to be a heavy whiskey drinker, and he did not attend the PresidentialInauguration of Franklin Pierce,most likely for health reasons, since he had traveled nationwide, campaigning heavily for Franklin Pierce to report first hand on his virtues, his sobriety, his affinity for immigrants, and his valor on the field of battle.[33]

Personal life[edit]

He married Ann (Nancy) Barnard Clark, a granddaughter of the Reverend Jeremiah Barnard, Minister for Amherst in 1828. They had no children.[34]Atherton was a close friend to the novelist,Nathaniel Hawthorne.[35][36]

Atherton died suddenly from pulmonary tuberculosis inManchester, New Hampshire,on November 15, 1853.[37]His unexpected death left a serious vacuum in the Senate.

He was buried in Nashua Cemetery, New Hampshire on November 20, 1853.[38]To mark the occasion of his death, as a senator from the State of New Hampshire, an obituary was delivered in the United States Senate and in the House of Representatives, December 19, 1853.[39][40]

Ancestry[edit]

He is a direct descendant ofJames Atherton,[41]one of the First Settlers of New England; who arrived in Dorchester, Massachusetts in the 1630s.[42]His great-grandfather wasColonel Peter Atherton,who served in the French and Indian War of the 18th century.

His maternal first cousin wasNathaniel Thayer Jr.

See also[edit]

  • United States Congress."Charles G. Atherton (id: A000323)".Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
  • List of United States Congress members who died in office (1790–1899)
  • U.S. Archives
  • Keyword: "Tuesday, December 11, 1838"Search at25th Congress,3rd session,United States House of Representatives

References[edit]

  1. ^Parker, Edward (1897).History of Nashua: biographical entry for Henry B Atherton.Telegraph publishing company. pp. 423–424.
  2. ^Wilson, James Grant; Fiske, John (1888)."Appletons' Cyclopaedia of American Biography, Volume 1".
  3. ^Herringshaw, Thomas William (1909).Herringshaw's National Library of American Biography.p. 165.
  4. ^"The New England Historical and Genealogical Register, Volume 7:The Obituary of his father, Hon. Charles H. Atherton".1853.
  5. ^"Atherton One Name Study - C G Atherton Entry".
  6. ^Digital Collections, The New York Public Library."(still image) Charles G. Atherton".The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox, and Tilden Foundations.RetrievedFebruary 7,2021.
  7. ^Renda, Lex (2000)."American National Biography (ANB)".doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0400042.ISBN978-0-19-860669-7.
  8. ^"Appointment of LT Charles Gordon Atherton, Lafayette Riflemen, 5th Reg in 1827".
  9. ^"Appointment of CAPT. Charles Gordon Atherton of Co. of Lafayette Riflemen 5th Reg in 1828".
  10. ^Renda, L. (2000, February).> "Atherton, Charles Gordon (1804-1853), U.S. representative and senator".American National Biography.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)[permanent dead link]
  11. ^"Charles G. Atherton".politicalgraveyard.
  12. ^Clay, Henry(1988). Seager, Robert II; Hay, Melba Porter (eds.).The Papers of Henry Clay.Vol. 9. Le xing ton, KY: The University Press of Kentucky. p. 255.ISBN978-0-8131-0059-3– viaGoogle Books.
  13. ^Atherton, Charles Humphrey (1852).Memoir of the Hon. Joshua Atherton.Boston, MA: Crosby, Nichols, and Company. pp. 26 27.ISBN9780608434889– viaGoogle Books.
  14. ^"Political Biography of Charles H. Atherton".
  15. ^"Boston Athenaeum: Picture of Charles G. Atherton".
  16. ^"Charles G. Atherton biography held by Nashua Library"(PDF).pp. 2–3. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2022-08-27.Retrieved2021-02-07.
  17. ^Ashley, James Mitchell (1894).Duplicate Copy of the Souvenir from the Afro-American League of Tennessee to...Publishing House of the A. M. E. Church.ISBN9780836992182.
  18. ^Aaron-Crandall (1888). James Grant Wilson, John (ed.)."Appleton's Cyclopædia of American Biography".
  19. ^"Mr Atherton's Resolutions".The Liberator, Vol. 8: no.51, December 21. 1838.
  20. ^"A Brief Account of the Passage of the 'Atherton Gag' - Retrieved 16 January 2021".Digital Collections New York Public Library - A Brief Account of the Passage of the 'Atherton Gag‘ published in 1938.
  21. ^Rodriguez, Junius P. (2007).Slavery in the United States: A Social, Political, and Historical..., Volume 1 by Junius P.Rodriguez.Bloomsbury Academic.ISBN9781851095445.
  22. ^Miller, William Lee Miller (1998).Arguing about Slavery: John Quincy Adams and the Great Battle in the United States.Knopf Doubleday Publishing.ISBN9780679768449.
  23. ^"Speech of Hon. Charles G. Atherton of New Hampshire on the twelve million loan bill: delivered in the House of Representatives, Monday, July 12, 1841".
  24. ^"Weekly Globe Vol. 2 - Charles Atherton Elected in 1843".1843.
  25. ^"Office of the Historian and the Clerk of the House's Office of Art and Archives".
  26. ^"Vote View - How Hon Senator Charles G. Atherton voted".
  27. ^"Article in Boston Pilot, Aug 28th, 1852, page 8 describing Atherton presiding over a Democratic Party event in Boston and in New Hampshire the following evening".
  28. ^"Re-Election of Charles G Atherton in 1852".
  29. ^Hamilton, ‘Neil (2010).Presidents: A Biographical Dictionary by Neil A. Hamilton.Infobase.ISBN9781438127514.
  30. ^Boertlein, John (2010).Presidential Confidential.Clerisy Press.ISBN9781578603626.
  31. ^Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (1972).Franklin Pierce:The Fourteenth President of the United States by Edwin Palmer Hoyt.Abelard-Schuman.ISBN9780200718288.- refers to a power vacuum with the loss of Atherton
  32. ^Gara, Larry (2000)."American National Biography: Franklin Pierce".doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0400788.ISBN978-0-19-860669-7.- reference made to the loss of his ally in the Senate
  33. ^Silbey, Joel H. (2014-01-06).A Companion to the Antebellum Presidents, 1837 - 1861 edited by Joel H. Silbey.John Wiley & Sons.ISBN9781118609293.
  34. ^Means, Anne Middleton (1921).Amherst and Our Family Tree.Priv. print. p. 66.
  35. ^"Correspondence between author, Nathaniel Hawthorne and Charles G. Atherton in 1853".
  36. ^"Nathaniel Hawthorne papers: Charles G. Atherton (1853)".[permanent dead link]
  37. ^Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (1972).Atherton died suddenly leaving a serious vacuum in the Senate.Abelard-Schuman.ISBN9780200718288.
  38. ^"Funeral of Mr Atherton".The New York Times, November 21. 1853. p. 3.
  39. ^"Obituary Addresses on the Occasion of the Death of Hon. Charles G. Atherton: A Senator in Congress from the State of New Hampshire, Delivered in the Senate and House of Representatives, December 19, 1853".1853.
  40. ^"The American Almanac of 1855, Obituary for Charles G. Atherton from 1853".1855.
  41. ^"James Atherton entry on the Atherton ONS".
  42. ^James Atherton of Dorchester settled in Lancaster Massachusetts in 1654.Carter, Andrews & co. 1829.
U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded by Member of theU.S. House of Representatives
fromNew Hampshire's at-large congressional district
March 4, 1837 – March 3, 1843
Served alongside:Samuel Cushman,James Farrington,Joseph Weeks,Jared W. Williams,Edmund Burke,Ira A. Eastman,Tristram ShawandJohn R. Reding 		Succeeded by
U.S. Senate
Preceded by U.S. senator (Class 3) from New Hampshire
March 4, 1843 – March 3, 1849
Served alongside:Levi Woodbury,Benning W. Jenness,Joseph CilleyandJohn P. Hale 		Succeeded by
Preceded by U.S. senator (Class 2) from New Hampshire
March 4, 1853 – November 15, 1853
Served alongside:Moses Norris Jr. 		Succeeded by
Political offices
Preceded by Chairman of the U.S. Senate Committee on Finance
1847–1849 		Succeeded by
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