Chen Yinke

In thisChinese name,thefamily nameisChen.

Chen Yinke Trần dần khác
Born	(1890-07-03)3 July 1890 Changsha,Hunan,Qing Empire
Died	7 October 1969(1969-10-07)(aged 79) Guangzhou,Guangdong,People's Republic of China
Resting place	Mountain Lu,Jiu gian g
Alma mater	Fudan University Humboldt University of Berlin University of Zurich Institut d'Études Politiques de Paris Harvard University
Occupation(s)	Historian,classical literatureresearcher,linguist,fellow ofAcademia Sinica
Parent	Chen Sanli
Relatives	Chen Baozhen(grandfather)

Chen Yinke
Traditional Chinese	Trần dần khác
Simplified Chinese	Trần dần khác
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Chén Yínkè Wade–Giles Ch'en2Yin2-k'e4 IPA [ʈʂʰə̌n ǐnkʰɤ̂] Hakka Romanization Chin2Yin2-gok7 Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Chàhn Yàhn-kok Jyutping Can4Jan4-kok3

Chen Yinke,orChen Yinque(3 July 1890 – 7 October 1969), was a Chinese historian, linguist, orientalist, politician, and writer. He was a fellow ofAcademia Sinica,considered one of the most original and creative historians in 20th century China. His representative works areDraft essays on the origins ofSuiandTanginstitutions(Tùy Đường chế độ sâu xa lược luận bản thảo),Draft outline of Tang political history(Thời Đường chính trị sử thuật luận bản thảo), andAn Alternative Biography ofLiu Rushi(Liễu như thế bổ sung lý lịch).

Chen, together withLü Simian,Chen YuanandCh'ien Mu,was known as the "Four Greatest Historians" of Modern China ( hiện đại tứ đại sử học gia ). Chen knew many languages; he was well-versed inSanskritandPali,and had an understanding of various other languages includingMongolian,Manchu,Persian, English, French, German, Latin, Greek, and Japanese.

Biography

Early life

Chen Yinke was born inChangsha,Hunanin 1890, and his ancestral home was Yining,Jiangxi(nowXiushui County,Jiu gian g). Yinke's father Chen Sanli was a famous poet, one of the "Four Gentlemen" of theHundred Days' Reform.His grandfather wasChen Baozhen,the governor of Hunan between 1895 and 1898.

As a boy, Chen Yinke attended a private school inNanjing,and was once a student ofWang Bohang,asinologist.His family had a distinguished tradition in classical learning, so he was exposed from an early age to the Chinese classics, to history, and tophilosophy.In 1902 he went toJapanwith his elder brotherChen Hengketo study at theKobun Gakuin(Kobun Institute) inTokyo,where other Chinese students such asLu Xunwere also enrolled. In 1905 he was forced to return to China due toberiberi,and studied atFudan Public School,Shanghai.

In 1910 he obtained a scholarship to study atBerlin University,and later at theUniversity of ZurichandInstitut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris.In 1914 he came back to China due toWorld War I.

In winter 1918 he got another official scholarship from Jiangxi to study abroad again. He studiedSanskritandPaliatHarvard UniversityunderCharles Rockwell Lanman.At Harvard he first metWu Mi,who was then studying literature underIrving Babbitt.They became lifelong friends.

In 1921, he went toBerlin Universityto study oriental languages underHeinrich Lüders,Central Asian languages underF. W. K. Müller,andMongolianunderErich Haenisch.He acquired a knowledge ofMongolian,Tibetan,Manchu,Japanese,Sanskrit,Pali,English,French,German,Persian,Turkic,Tangut,Latin,andGreek.Particularly notable was his mastery of Sanskrit and Pali.Xia Zengyouonce said to him: "It is good for you to be able to read books in foreign languages. I know only Chinese so I have no more to read after finishing all the Chinese books."

Tsinghua period

In March 1925, he returned to China again, meanwhileWu Miwas in charge of the Institute of Guoxue Studies,Tsinghua School.He accepted the invitation to become a supervisor at Institute of Guoxue Studies, together withWang Guowei,Liang QichaoandZhao Yuanren.In 1928 Tsinghua School was restructured to become Tsinghua University. Chen was employed as professor at Chinese Language and Literature Department and History Department, while also adjunct withPeking University.Chen married Tang Yun ( đường vân ), granddaughter ofTang Jingsong,former governor ofRepublic of Formosa,in summer 1928. During this time he mainly gave lectures onBuddhist textstranslation, historical documents ofJin dynasty,Northern and Southern dynasties,Sui dynasty,Tang dynasty,and Mongolia. He also became adjunct member of Board ofAcademia Sinica,research fellow and director of Department 1 of theInstitute of History and Philology,board member ofNational Palace Museum,member of the Committee of Qing Dynasty's Documents. Among the many students at this time who went on to scholarly careers were Zhou Yiliang andYang Lien-sheng.

After theSecond Sino-Japanese Warbegan, Chen moved toNational Southwestern Associated University,Kunming,Yunnan,teaching lectures on history of Jin dynasty,Southern and Northern Dynasties,history of Sui dynasty and Tang dynasty, and poetry ofYuan ZhenandBai Juyi.

During World War II

In 1939,Oxford Universityoffered him a professorship in Chinese History. He left forHong Kongin September 1940 on his way to United Kingdom, but was forced to returnKunmingdue to ongoing battles. In 1941 he became a guest professor withHong Kong Universityto teach history of Sui dynasty and Tang dynasty. Since the Japanese occupation in Hong Kong began in the end of 1941, he conducted history research at home, which resulted in the writing ofA Brief Introduction to the Political History of Tang Dynasty.In July 1942, Chen fled toGuilinto teach inGuangxi University,later in December 1943 he moved toChengduto teach inYenching University.He became employed by Tsinghua University for a second time in 1946.

At Lingnan University

He began to teach atLingnan University,Guangzhouin late 1948. As a result of a nationwide restructure campaign across universities and colleges, Lingnan University was merged intoZhongshan Universityin 1952. Chen Yinke taught courses on history of Jin dynasty and Southern and Northern Dynasties, history of Tang dynasty, andyuefuof Tang dynasty. In 1953 he started writingBiography of Liu Rushi,an in-depth investigation of the poetry and activities of Liu Rushi, a famous prostitute in lateMing dynastyand earlyQing dynasty.He finished this last major work in 1964, by then having become completely blind. He became vice president ofCentral Research Institute of Culture and Historyin July 1960.

During Cultural Revolution

Tomb of Chen Yinke and his wife atMount Lu

Chen was persecuted during theCultural Revolutiondue to his previous connection with the out-of-favorTao Zhu.He and his wife's salaries were frozen by theRed Guards.Several times he was forced to write statements to clarify his political standings: "I have never done anything harmful to Chinese people in my life. I have been a teacher for 40 years, only doing teaching and writing, but nothing practical (forKuomintang) ". Many of his book collections and manuscripts were stolen.

He died inGuangzhouon 7 October 1969 for heart failure and sudden bowel obstruction. 11 days later his obituary was published by theSouthern Daily.The bone ashes of Chen and his wife was at first stored at Yinhe Revolutionary Cemetery, but moved toLushan Botanical Gardenin 2003. They are now buried near the "Tomb of the Three Elders" (Hu Xiansu,Ren-Chang ChingandChen Fenghuai).

Research ideology

The Monument ofWang Guowei,text written by Chen Yinke including "thoughts of freedom, spirits of independence"

In the 1920s, Chen Yinke insisted that research should be of"thoughts of freedom, spirits of independence".In 1953 he was designated as head of the Second Department of Institute of History Study inChinese Academy of Sciences.He demanded two requests to be granted, in his"Reply to the Chinese Academy of Sciences"on 1 December. The first one was"the Institute of Mid-Ancient Chinese History be exempt from the doctrines ofMarxism,as well as attending politics lectures ";The second one was"a letter of approval fromMao ZedongorLiu Shaoqi,as a shield ".He explained that"Mao, the top political authority, and Liu, the top party leader, should have consensus with me on the matter, otherwise academic research would be out of the question."He did not assume the position eventually, continuing working atZhongshan University.The incident was not disclosed to the public until the 1980s.

List of works

• 《Hàn liễu đường tập》
• 《Kim minh quán tùng bản thảo sơ biên》(Writings on Jin Ming Guan, Vol. 1)
• 《Kim minh quán tùng bản thảo nhị biên》(Writings on Jin Ming Guan, Vol. 2)
• 《Trần dần khác Ngụy Tấn Nam Bắc triều sử diễn giải lục》, vạn thằng nam sửa sang lại, Hoàng Sơn thư xã 1987 năm bản (Chen Yinke Lectures on History of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties),
• 《Tùy Đường chế độ sâu xa lược luận bản thảo》(A Brief Introduction to the Origins of Institutions of Sui and Tang Dynasties)
• 《Thời Đường chính trị sử thuật luận bản thảo》(A Brief Introduction to the Political History of Tang Dynasty)
• 《Nguyên bạch thơ tiên chứng bản thảo》(On Yuan Zhen and Bai Juyi's Poems), referring to the poetsYuan ZhenandBai Juyi,famous in Chinese history
• 《Liễu như thế bổ sung lý lịch》(A Supplementary Biography of Liu Rushi)
• 《Thi tập phụ đường vân thơ tồn》
• 《Thư từ tập》
• 《Đọc sách ghi chú một tập》
• 《Đọc sách ghi chú nhị tập》
• 《Đọc sách ghi chú tam tập》
• 《Giáo trình cập tạp bản thảo》
• 《Trần dần khác sử học luận văn tuyển tập》, Thượng Hải sách cổ nhà xuất bản 1992 năm bản, công văn đến 52 thiên.
• 《Trần dần khác tiên sinh toàn tập》, nhân thư cục 1979 năm, công văn đến 94 thiên. (Chen Yinke Xiansheng Quanji, Chen Yinke's Entire Collection)
• 《Luận tái sinh duyên》Lun Zaishengyuan (On Reincarnation)
• 《Trần dần khác học thuật văn hóa tuỳ bút》Chen Yinke Xueshu Wenhua Suibi (Essays on Chen Yinke's Academy and Culture)
• 《Trần dần khác văn tập》Chen Yinke Wenji (Collection of Chen Yin Ke)
• 《Trần dần khác tập》Chen Yinke Ji (Corpus of Chen Yin Ke)

References

• Wu Mi and Chen Yinke, by Wu Xuezhao, Tsinghua University Press,ISBN978-7-302-00974-0
• On Memories of Chen Yinke, by Zhang Jie and Yang Yanli, Social Science Academy Press,ISBN978-7-80149-158-9
• Analysis of Chen Yinke, by Zhang Jie and Yang Yanli, Social Science Academy Press,ISBN978-7-80149-159-6
• Chronicles of Chen Yinke (revised), by Jiang Tianshu, Shanghai Ancient Book Press, 1997
• The Last 20 Years of Chen Yinke, by Lu Jiandong, lục kiện đông, 《 trần dần khác cuối cùng 20 năm 》, Linking Press, 1997
• Biography of Historian Chen Yinke, byWong Young-tsu,Peking University Press
• Who Wanted to Come to Taiwan? By Li Ao
• On Chen Yinke, By Yu Dawei et al.
• Explanation and Argumentations of Late Chen Yinke's Writings, byYu Yingshi,1998
• Four Sirs in Late Qing Dynasty, by Gao Yang, Crown Press 1983
• The Family History of Chen Yinke, by Zhang Qiu Hui, Guangdong Education Press, 2000
• Yu, Ying-shih (1999), in Boyd, Kelly (ed.),Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing Vol 1,Chicago; London: Fitzroy Dearborn, pp. 198–199,ISBN9781884964336

Further reading (Chinese)

• Chen XiaocongTrần tiểu từ.Sách tranh nghĩa ninh Trần thị. Sơn Đông hoạ báo nhà xuất bản. 2004.ISBN9787806037942.
• Wang ZhenbangVương chấn bang.Độc lập cùng tự do: Trần dần khác luận học. Liên kinh xuất bản. 2011.ISBN9789570838343.
• Zhang QiuhuiTrương cầu sẽ.Trần dần khác gia tộc sử. Quảng Đông giáo dục nhà xuất bản. 2007.ISBN9787540643768.
• Uông vinh tổ. Sử gia trần dần khác truyền. Bắc Kinh đại học nhà xuất bản. 2005.ISBN9787301077566.
• Tưởng Thiên Xu. Trần dần khác tiên sinh biên tuổi tác tập. Thượng Hải sách cổ nhà xuất bản. 1997.ISBN9787532521890.
• Lục kiện đông. Trần dần khác cuối cùng 20 năm. Sinh hoạt · đọc sách · tân biết tam liên hiệu sách. 1995.ISBN9787108008046.
• Trương kiệt, dương yến lệ. Hồi ức trần dần khác. Khoa học xã hội văn hiến nhà xuất bản. 1999.ISBN9787801491589.
• Trương kiệt, dương yến lệ. Phân tích trần dần khác. Khoa học xã hội văn hiến nhà xuất bản. 1999.ISBN9787801491596.
• Lưu khắc địch. Trần dần khác cùng hắn đồng thời thế hệ. Khi anh nhà xuất bản. 2007.ISBN9789867762832.
• Nhạc nam. Trần dần khác cùng phó tư năm. Thiểm Tây đại học sư phạm nhà xuất bản. 2008.ISBN9787561343326.
• Ngô học chiêu. Ngô mật cùng trần dần khác. Đại học Thanh Hoa nhà xuất bản. 1992.ISBN9787302009740.
• Dư anh khi. Trần dần khác lúc tuổi già thi văn thích chứng ( nhị bản ). Đông đại sách báo công ty. 2011.ISBN9789571930213.
• Kỷ niệm trần dần khác tiên sinh sinh nhật trăm năm học thuật luận văn tập. Bắc Kinh đại học nhà xuất bản. 1989.ISBN9787301008416.
• La chí điền. Trần dần khác "Không cổ không nay chi học". Cận đại sử nghiên cứu. 2008, (6).
• Hạng niệm đông. Tiền mục luận trần dần khác: Một hồi vẫn chưa công khai học thuật luận chiến. Đọc nhiều sách vở. 2008, (3).
• Du đại duy chờ. Nói trần dần khác. Truyện ký văn học.
• Lý ngao, 《 ai muốn tới Đài Loan? 》, thu ở 《 tiếu ngạo 50 năm 》
• La hương lâm, 《 hồi ức trần dần khác sư 》
• Chen ZhesanTrần triết tam:《 trần dần khác dật sự 》
• La chí điền: 〈 trần dần khác học thuật thuyết minh ức giải 〉.
• La chí điền: 〈 từ lịch sử ký ức xem trần dần khác cùng càn gia khảo chứng quan hệ 〉.
• Lục dương: 〈 trần dần khác văn sử chi học —— từ 1932 năm đại học Thanh Hoa quốc văn nhập học đề thi nói đến 〉.
• Vương tình giai: 〈 trần dần khác, phó tư năm chi quan hệ cùng mặt khác —— lấy Đài Loan trung nghiên viện chứng kiến hồ sơ vì trung tâm 〉.
• Trần Kiến Hoa: 〈 từ "Lấy thơ chứng sử" đến "Lấy sử chứng thơ" —— đọc trần dần khác 《 liễu như thế bổ sung lý lịch 》 ghi chú 〉.
• Trình mỹ bảo: 〈 trần dần khác cùng Oxford đại học 〉.
• Chen HuaiyuTrần hoài vũ:〈 trần dần khác 《 ngô quốc học thuật chi hiện trạng cập Thanh Hoa chi chức trách 》 sơ chứng 〉.
• Trần hoài vũ: 〈 trần dần khác lưu học Harvard sử sự đi sâu nghiên cứu và tương quan vấn đề 〉.
• Trần hoài vũ: 〈 trần dần khác cùng Hull đức —— lấy hiểu biết chi đồng tình vì trung tâm 〉.
• Thẩm á minh: 〈 trần dần khác thư từ khi tự hướng dẫn tra cứu ( sơ thảo ) 〉.

Portrait

• Chen Yinke. A Portrait by Kong Kai Mingat Portrait Gallery of Chinese Writers (Hong Kong Baptist University Library).

External links

• A Brief Biography of Chen Yinke
• Chen Yinke: Professor of Professors
• Guoxue Master in the 20th Century: Chen Yinque
• The Two Scholars Who Haunt Tsinghua University(essay on Wang Guowei and Chen Yinque)