Chengjia
Chengjia Thành gia | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 25 AD–36 AD | |||||||||
| Capital | Chengdu | ||||||||
| Common languages | Old Chinese | ||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||
| Emperor | |||||||||
• 25–36 | Gongsun Shu | ||||||||
| History | |||||||||
• Proclamation of empire | May or June, 25 AD | ||||||||
• Death of Gongsun Shu | 24 December, 36 AD | ||||||||
• Surrender of Chengdu | 25 December, 36 AD | ||||||||
| Currency | IronWu Zhucash coins | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of | China | ||||||||
| Chengjia | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese | Thành gia | ||||||||||
| Literal meaning | Cheng[du]dynasty | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
Chengjia(Chinese:Thành gia;25–36 AD), also called theCheng dynastyorGreat Cheng,was a self-proclaimed empire established byGongsun Shuin 25 AD after the collapse of theXin dynastyof Chinese history, rivalling theEastern Handynasty founded byEmperor Guangwulater in the same year. Based in theSichuan Basinwith its capital atChengdu,Chengjia covered a large area including modernSichuan,Chongqing,Guizhou,Yunnan,and southernShaanxi,and comprised about 7% of China's population at the time. Chengjia was the most dangerous rival to the Eastern Han and was the last separatist regime in China to be conquered by the latter, in 36 AD.
Names[edit]
Chengjia, literally the "House of Cheng",[1]was named after its capitalChengdu.[2]It was also called the Cheng dynasty or Great Cheng, meaning "complete" or "accomplished".[2][3]
Founding[edit]
AfterWang Mangusurped the throne of theWestern Handynasty and proclaimed himself emperor of theXin dynastyin 9 AD, he promotedGongsun Shuto be the governor of Dao gian g (the former Shu Commandery of Han).[4]In 23, rebels overthrew Wang Mang and restored the Han dynasty under Liu Xuan, theGengshi Emperor.Gongsun Shu ostensibly declared his allegiance to Gengshi while defeating an army sent by Liu to take over Shu. He assumed the titles General Fuhan ( "assisting Han" ) and Governor of Shu Commandery and ofYi Province(which included most of modern Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou, and Yunnan). The following year, he declared himself the King of Shu under the Han empire, withChengduas his capital.[4][5]
In the fourth month (May or June in Western calendar) of 25 AD,[4][5]Gongsun Shu declared himself emperor in defiance of Gengshi,[2]whose throne was being threatened by the forces ofLiu Xiu.He named his self-declared empire as Chengjia and adopted theera nameLong xing ( long hưng, "Dragon Rising" ). A few months later, Liu Xiu proclaimed himselfEmperor Guangwuof the restored Han dynasty (Eastern Han).[2]
Expansion and consolidation[edit]
Chengjia initially only had direct control of the Sichuan basin. Soon Ren Gui (Nhậm quý) took control of Yuesui Commandery (modern southern Sichuan and northern Yunnan) and submitted to Chengjia.[6]Gongsun Shu sent general Hou Dan (Hầu đan) to take overHanzhongin the north and Ren Man (Nhậm mãn) to Jiangzhou (modernChongqing) to the east, and took control of the entireYi Provinceof the Han dynasty.[6]Other rebel forces who were defeated by Emperor Guangwu, most importantly Yan Cen (Duyên sầm) and Tian Rong (Điền nhung), also submitted to Chengjia.[4][6]
The warlord Wei Ao (or Wei Xiao), who controlled easternGansuand was under constant pressure from the Eastern Han, submitted to Chengjia. Gongsun Shu bestowed on Wei Ao the title King of Shuoning and sent a force to support him.[4][6]
At the time, Emperor Guangwu was embroiled in the civil war engulfing much of China, and Gongsun Shu's advisor proposed attacking Han while it was still weak. However, despite Chengjia's vast territory, its population comprised only 7% of China's total at the time, and Gongsun Shu rejected the proposal. Still, Chengjia remained Han's most dangerous rival, and Guangwu took care not to antagonize Gongsun Shu, even addressing him as "emperor" in his letters.[5]
Demise[edit]
Chengjia remained independent for more than ten years, owing to the natural defences enjoyed by the Sichuan basin, and the unsettled conditions in the newly established Eastern Han.[4]In 34, Emperor Guangwu conquered Gansu, held by Wei Chun, the son and successor of Wei Ao.[6]Chengjia sent general Li Yu (Lý dục) with a force of more than 10,000 to assist Wei Chun, to no avail.[6]
After Guangwu conquered the rest of China, he dispatched a force led by Cen Peng (Sầm Bành) to conquer Chengjia.[4][5][6]Below theThree Gorgeson theYangtze,Chengjia's eastern frontier, Chengjia forces built a floating bridge across the river mounted with war towers, linking fortifications on both banks. In April or May of 35, aided by a favourable easterly wind, Han naval forces sailed upstream to the bridge and attacked it with torches. The wooden bridge caught fire and burned down, removing the obstacle to Han invasions by water.[5]
Despite the initial success, the Han campaign was slow and difficult because of natural obstacles.[5]Moreover, Chengjia sent assassins who managed to kill general Lai Xi (Tới hấp) and then Cen Peng, chief commander of the Han forces, which were subsequently led byWu Hanand Zang Gong (Tang cung).[6]The Han forces reached Chengdu in December of 36, with only a week's supplies left.[5]They were on the verge of accepting failure and withdrawing, when Gongsun Shu decided to personally lead an attack on the Han forces on 24 December. Wounded in the battle, he died in the night, and the defenders of Chengdu under Marshal Yan Cen surrendered the following day, marking the end of Chengjia.[2][5]
Two days later, Wu Han granted his soldiers permission to loot Chengdu and burn down the imperial palace. He massacred Gongsun's extended family including his wife and children, as well as Yan Cen and his family. Many other people were also killed. The court musicians of Chengjia were later sent to the Han capitalLuoyang.[2]
Government[edit]
Gongsun Shu modelled his government after that of the Han dynasty, and appointed his advisor Li Xiong and his younger brothers, Guang and Hui, as theThree Excellencies.Gongsun Guang was theGrand Marshal(sima), Gongsun Hui the Minister of Works (sikong), and Li Xiong theMinister of the Masses(situ).[2][6]After Yan Cen and Tian Rong submitted to Chengjia, Yan was appointed Grand Marshal and enfeoffed as King of Runing (Nhữ Ninh Vương), and Tian was enfeoffed as King of Yi gian g (Cánh giang vương).[6]
Coinage[edit]
Gongsun Shu abolished Han dynasty copper coins and issued his ownWu Zhucoins for Chengjia,[2]which resemble the Han Wu Zhu coins but are made of iron, possibly because Sichuan was then China's dominant producer of the metal.[2]However, the change of currency proved unpopular with the people.[2][6]
References[edit]
- ^Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: Antiquity Through Sui, 1600 B.C.E. – 618 C.E.M.E. Sharpe. 1998. p. 145.ISBN978-0765641823.
- ^abcdefghijde Crespigny, Rafe(2006).A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD).Brill. pp. 268–270.ISBN978-9047411840.
- ^Faurot, Jeannette L. (1992).Ancient Chengdu.Chinese Materials Center Publications. p. 39.ISBN978-0896446793.
- ^abcdefgLin, Jianming (2003).Tần Hán sử[History of Qin and Han] (in Chinese). Shanghai People's Publishing House. pp. 732–733.ISBN978-7208042261.
- ^abcdefghTwitchett, Denis; Fairbank, John King; Loewe, Michael (1978).The Cambridge History of China: Volume 1, The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC – AD 220.Cambridge University Press. pp. 254–256.ISBN978-0521243278.
- ^abcdefghijkFan Ye."Ngỗi huyên náo Công Tôn thuật liệt truyện".Book of Later Han(in Chinese (China)).
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