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Sanda (sport)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected fromChinese bo xing)
For Japanese terms and names sometimes spelled Sanshou, seeSanshō (disambiguation).
Sanda / Sanshou
( tán đánh / tán tay )
A Sanda match inBrazil
Also known asSanshou, Chinese bo xing, Chinese kickbo xing, free combat
FocusHybrid[1]
HardnessFull-contact
Country of originChina
ParenthoodChangquan,bajiquan,Northern Shaolin,shuai jiao,Chin Na,wushu,Choy Li Fut,Tai Chi,piguaquan
Sanda
ChineseTánĐánh
Literal meaningfree fighting
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyinsǎndǎ
Sanshou
ChineseTánTay
Literal meaningfree hand
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyinsǎnshǒu

Sanda(Chinese:Tán đánh;pinyin:Sǎndǎ), formerlySanshou(Chinese:Tán tay;pinyin:Sǎnshǒu), is the officialChinesebo xing full-contactcombat sport.[2]Sanda is a fighting system which was originally developed by theChinese militarybased upon the study and practices of traditionalChinese martial artsand modern combat fighting techniques; it combines bo xing and full-contact kickbo xing, which includes close range and rapid successivepunchesandkicks,withwrestling,takedowns,throws,sweeps,kick catches, and in some competitions, evenelbowandknee strikes.[3][4]

As part of the development ofsport wushuby theChinese government,a standard curriculum for Sanda was developed. It is to this standard curriculum that the termWushu Sandais usually applied. Sanda may also involve techniques from any other fighting style depending on the teacher's mode of instruction.[5]

History

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Sanda's competitive history is rooted in barehandedelevated arenaorLei Taifights in which no rules were observed.[6]However, Sanda as a competitive event developed in the military as these bouts were commonly held between the soldiers to test and practice barehanded martial skills, ability and techniques. Rules were developed and the use of protective gloves etc. was adopted. It was originally used by theKuomintangat the first modern military academy in Whampoa in the 1920s.[7][failed verification]Later it was also adopted as a method by thePeople's Liberation Armyof China. Sanda's curriculum was developed with reference to traditional Chinese martial arts. This general Wushu Sanda curriculum varies in its different forms, as the Chinese government developed a version for civilians for self-defense and as a sport.

Curriculum

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The generalized modern curriculum practiced in modern wushu schools is composed of different traditional martial arts fighting styles from China and Western Bo xing, but mainly based on scientific efficiency. Wushu Sanda is composed of Chinese martial arts applications including most aspects of combat including striking and grappling, however when Wushu Sanda was developed as a sport, restrictions were made for safety reasons as well as to promote it as a non-violent sport. Examples of such restrictions included no blows delivered to the back of the head, throat, spine or groin and the discontinuation of the combat when any of the fighters fall to the ground. However many schools, whether traditional or modern, practice it as an all-round martial arts system with no restrictions, only adapting their training in relation to competition rules prior to the event.[8]Sanda tournaments are one of the two disciplines recognized by theInternational Wushu Federation.

Hand Strikes

  • Jab
  • Cross
  • Hook
  • Overhand
  • Uppercut
  • Back-fist
Two Dutch fighters in asparringsession of Sanshou.

Elbows and Knees

  • Horizontal
  • Vertical
  • Diagonal

Kicks

  • Front Kick
  • Side Kick
  • Sweep Kicks
  • Spinning Back Kick
  • Roundhouse Kick
  • Axe kick
Sanda fighter attempts adouble leg takedownon his opponent

Throws

  • Hip Throw
  • Shoulder Throw
  • Sweep
  • Double leg takedowns
  • Single leg takedowns
  • Body lock takedowns
  • Kick catch throws
  • Trips
  • Scissor takedown

One can see Sanda as a synthesis of traditional Chinese fighting techniques into a more amorphous system and is commonly taught alongside traditional Chinese styles, from which Wushu Sanda techniques, theory and training methods are derived. The emphasis of Sanda is on a more amorphous fighting ability.

A Sanda kick

Sport variation

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Yundong Sanda(Chinese:Vận động tán đánh;pinyin:Yùndòng Sàndǎ) orJinzheng Sanda(Chinese:Cạnh tranh tán đánh;pinyin:Jìngzhēng Sàndǎ): A modern fighting method, sport, and applicable component of Wushu / Kung Fu influenced by traditional Chinese Bo xing, of which takedowns & throws are legal in competition, as well as all other sorts of striking (use of arms & legs). Chinese wrestling methods calledShuai Jiaoand other Chinese grappling techniques such asChin Na.It has all the combat aspects of wushu.

Sanda appears much like kickbo xing but includes many more grappling techniques. Sanda fighting competitions are often held alongside taolu or form competitions. Sanda represents the modern development of Lei Tai contests, but with rules in place to reduce the chance of serious injury. Many Chinese martial art schools teach or work within the rule sets of Sanda, working to incorporate the movements, characteristics, and theory of their style.

Chinese martial artists also compete in non-Chinese or mixed combat sports, including bo xing, kickbo xing andmixed martial arts.Sanda is practiced in tournaments and is normally held alongside taolu events in wushu competition. For safety reasons, some techniques from the self-defense form such as elbow strikes, chokes, and joint locks, are not allowed during tournaments. Competitors can win by knockout or points which are earned by landing strikes to the body or head, throwing an opponent, or when competition is held on a raised lei tai platform, pushing them off the platform. Fighters are only allowed to clinch for a few seconds. If the clinch is not broken by the fighters, and if neither succeeds in throwing his opponent within the time limit, the referee will break the clinch. In the U.S., competitions are held either in bo xing rings or on the raised lei tai platform. Amateur fighters wear protective gear.

"Amateur Sanda"allows kicks, punches, knees (not to the head), and throws. A competition held in China, called the "King of Sanda", is held in a ring similar to a bo xing ring in design but larger in dimension. As professionals, they wear no protective gear except for gloves, cup, and mouthpiece, and "Professional Sanda"allows knee strikes (including to the head) as well as kicking, punching and throwing.

Some Sanda fighters have participated in fighting tournaments such asK-1andShoot bo xing.They have had some degree of success, especially in Shoot bo xing competitions, which is more similar to Sanda. Due to the rules of Kickbo xing competition, Sanda fighters are subjected to more limitations than usual. Also notable competitors in China's mainstreamMixed Martial Artscompetitions,Art of War Fighting ChampionshipandRanik Ultimate Fighting Federationare dominantly of wushu Sanda background. Sanda coach,Zhao Xuejunplayed a significant role in helping transition Sanda fighters to MMA.[9]Although it is less common, some Sanda practitioners have also fought in American Mixed Martial Arts competitions such as theUFCandStrikeforce.Sanda has been featured in many style-versus-style competitions.Muay Thaiis frequently pitted against Sanda as isKarate,Kickbo xing,&Tae Kwon Do.

Military variation

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Junshi Sanda(Chinese:Quân sự tán đánh;pinyin:Jūnshì Sǎndǎ): A system of unarmed combat that was designed by Chinese Elite Forces based upon their intense study of traditional martial arts such as traditional Kung Fu, Shuai Jiao, Chin Na and modern hand-to-hand fighting and combat philosophy to develop a realistic system of unarmed fighting for the Chinese military. Junshi Sanda employs all parts of the body as anatomical weapons to attack and counter with, by using what the Chinese consider to be the four basic martial arts techniques:

  • Da – Upper-Body Striking – using fists, open hands, fingers, elbows, shoulders, forearms and the head
  • Ti – Lower-Body Striking – including kicks, knees and stomping
  • Shuai– Throws – usingwrestlingandJudo-like takedowns and sweeps, and
  • Chin-Na– Seizing – which includes jointlocks, strangulation and other submissions

Competitions

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TheInternational Wushu Federation (IWUF)promoteswushuand is the governing body for wushu in all its forms worldwide. Sanda andtaolu(forms) are the two categories of competitive sport wushu. The IWUF is recognized by theInternational Olympic Committee (IOC).

World Wushu Championships

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Main article:World Wushu Championships
Number Year Host City, Country
1 1991 ChinaBeijing,China
2 1993 MalaysiaKuala Lumpur,Malaysia
3 1995 United StatesBaltimore,U.S.
4 1997 ItalyRome,Italy
5 1999 Hong KongHung Hom Bay,Hong Kong
6 2001 ArmeniaYerevan,Armenia
7 2003 MacauFreguesia da Sé,Macau
8 2005 VietnamHanoi,Vietnam
9 2007 ChinaBeijing,China
10 2009 CanadaToronto,Canada
11 2011 TurkeyAnkara,Turkey
12 2013 MalaysiaKuala Lumpur,Malaysia
13 2015 IndonesiaJakarta,Indonesia
14 2017 RussiaKazan,Russia
15 2019 ChinaShanghai,China
16 2021 United StatesDallas,United States

Sanda World Cup

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No. Year Host City, Country
1 2002 ChinaShanghai,China
2 2004 ChinaGuangzhou,Guangdong,China
3 2006 ChinaXi'an,Shaanxi,China
4 2008 ChinaHarbin,Heilong gian g,China
5 2010 ChinaChongqing,China
6 2012 ChinaWuyishan,Fu gian,China
7 2014 IndonesiaJakarta,Indonesia
8 2016 ChinaXi'an,Shaanxi,China
9 2018 ChinaHangzhou,Zhe gian g,China
10 2020 AustraliaMelbourne,Australia

Notable practitioners

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For practitioners of Sanda, seeCategory:Sanshou practitioners.
This is adynamic listand may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help byadding missing itemswithreliable sources.

Sanda

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Kickbo xing

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Mixed martial arts

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Lethwei

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Professional bo xing

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See also

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References

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  1. ^"The Professor of Sanshou".Kung Fu (fighting Technics) Magazine.Retrieved2010-05-30.
  2. ^"Journal of Chinese Martial Studies 01.2009".Retrieved11 January2015.
  3. ^"Black Belt".Black Belt Magazine.Active Interest Media, Inc. 1 October 1998.Retrieved11 March2019– via Google Books.
  4. ^Casarella, Antonello; Ghetti, Roberto (15 July 2017).A Complete Guide to Kung Fu.Enslow Publishing, LLC.ISBN9780766085428.Retrieved11 March2019– via Google Books.
  5. ^Cheng, Mark (October 1998)."Sanshou".Black Belt Magazine.Retrieved11 January2015.
  6. ^"About Sanda".
  7. ^Marian K. Castinado."Full-Contact Kung Fu".Kung Fu Magazine.Archivedfrom the original on March 14, 2013.Retrieved2010-05-30.
  8. ^Matuszak, Sascha (October 21, 2015)."Sanda:China's most popular combat sport".Vice.Retrieved2015-10-22.
  9. ^"MMA fighters in struggle for recognition in China - People's Daily Online".en.people.cn.Retrieved2022-05-16.
  10. ^Mây trắng."Nhân vật · trương vĩ lệ: Đi lên quốc tế sân thi đấu" cách đấu nữ hài "".Hà Bắc tin tức võng.Archived fromthe originalon 2019-04-04.Retrieved2019-07-19.
  11. ^"Hàm Đan Thiếu Lâm trí dũng võ thuật viện sinh viên tốt nghiệp trương vĩ lệ" đánh "Phá Trung Quốc UFC kỷ lục!".Hà Bắc tân giáo dục.Retrieved2019-07-19.
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