Borjigin

Borjigin
ᠪᠣᠷᠵᠢᠭᠢᠨ
Боржигин
Borjigin; ᠪᠣᠷᠵᠢᠭᠢᠨ; Боржигин
Country	Mongol Empire,Northern Yuan dynasty,Mongolia, China (Inner MongoliaandXin gian g)
Place of origin	Khamag Mongol
Founded	c. 900 AD
Founder	Bodonchar Munkhag
Final ruler	Şahin Giray(in Europe); Maqsud Shah(in Asia);
Titles	Khagan,Khan,Ilkhan,Noyan,Tsar
Estate(s)	Mongolia, Russia, Central Asia, Iran and China
Deposition	1930
Cadet branches	Jochids(Girays,Shaybanids,Tore),Yuan,House of Hulagu,House of Chagatai

ABorjigin^[b]is a member of theMongolsub-clan that started withBodonchar Munkhag^[c]of theKiyatclan.^[5]Yesugei'sdescendants were thus said to be Kiyat-Borjigin.^[6]The senior Borjigids provided ruling princes forMongoliaandInner Mongoliauntil the 20th century.^[7]The clan formed theruling classamong theMongolsand some other peoples ofCentral AsiaandEastern Europe.Today, the Borjigid are found in most of Mongolia, Inner Mongolia andXin gian g,^[7]and genetic research has shown thatdescent from Genghis KhanandTimuris common throughout Central Asia and other regions.^{[according to whom?]}

Origin and name

The patrilineage began with Blue-greyWolf(Börte Chino) and FallowDoe(Gua Maral). According toThe Secret History of the Mongols,their 11th generation descendant Dobu Mergen's widowAlan Guathe Fair was impregnated by a ray of light.^[8]Her youngest son became the ancestor of the later Borjigid.^[9]He wasBodonchar Munkhag,who along with his brothers sired the entire Mongol nation.^[10]According toRashid-al-Din Hamadani,many of the older Mongolian clans were founded by members of the Borjigin —Barlas,Urud,Manghud,Taichiut,Chonos,Kiyat, etc. The first Khan of the Mongol was Bodonchar Munkhag's great-great-grandsonKhaidu Khan.Khaidu's grandsonsKhabul KhanandAmbaghaiKhan (founder of theTaichiutclan) succeeded him. Thereafter, Khabul's sons,HotulaKhan andYesugei,and Khabul's grandsonTemujin(Genghis Khan,son of Yesugei) ruled theKhamag Mongol.By the unification of the Mongols in 1206, virtually all of Temujin's uncles and first cousins had died, and from then on only the descendants of Yesugei Baghatur, his brother Daritai, and nephew Onggur formed the Borjigid.

According toPaul PelliotandLouis Hambis,Rashid al-Din Hamadanionce explained that "borčïqïn"designated in the Turkic languages a man with dark-blue eyes (اشهل,ašhal), and did so again without mentioning the said language, adding that Yesugei's children and the majority of their own children had had such eyes per coincidence, also recalling that the genie which had impregnatedAlan Guaafter her husband's death had had dark-blue eyes ( "ašhal čašm").^[4]Abu al-Ghazi Bahadurlater paraphrased Hamadani by relating that Yesugei's eyes were dark-blue ( "شهلاšahlā"), that the Mongols ("Moɣol") called such eyes"borǰïɣïn"(بورجغن^[11]), that his sons and most of their descendants had dark-blue eyes ( "ašhal"), and that one recognized thus in Yesugei's lineage the characteristic sign of the genie which had visited Alan Gua and had"borǰïɣïn"eyes, adding that the Arabs called"ašhal"a man whose iris ("bübäčik") was black, cornea white ("aq"), and whose limbal ring was red.^[2]

History

The Borjigin family ruled over theMongol Empirefrom the 13th to 14th century. The rise of Genghis Khan narrowed the scope of the Borjigid-Kiyad clans sharply.^[12]This separation was emphasized by the intermarriage of Genghis's descendants with theBarlas,Baarin,Manghudand other branches of the original Borjigid. In the western regions of the Empire, the Jurkin and perhaps other lineages near to Genghis's lineage used the clan name Kiyad but did not share in the privileges of the Genghisids. The Borjigit clan had once dominated large lands stretching fromJavatoIranand fromIndo-ChinatoNovgorod.In 1335, with the disintegration of theIlkhanateinIran,the first of numerous non-Borjigid-Kiyad dynasties appeared. Established by marriage partners of Genghisids, these included theSuldus Chupanids,Jalayiridsin the Middle East, theBarulas dynastiesinChagatai Khanateand India, the Manghud andOnggiratdynasties in theGolden Hordeand Central Asia, and theOiratsin western Mongolia.

In 1368, during the reign ofToghun Temür(Emperor Huizong of Yuan), theYuan dynastywas overthrown by theMing dynastybut members of the family continued to rule over northern China and the Mongolian Plateau into the 17th century, known as theNorthern Yuan dynasty.Descendants of Genghis Khan's brothers,HasarandBelgutei,surrendered to the Ming in the 1380s. By 1470 the Borjigin lines were severely weakened, and the Mongolian Plateau was almost in chaos.

Post-Mongol Empire

After the breakup of the Golden Horde, the Khiyat continued to rule theCrimeaandKazanuntil the late 18th century. They were annexed by theRussian Empireand the Chinese. In Mongolia, the Kublaids reigned asKhaganof the Mongols, however, descendants ofÖgedeiandAriq Bökeusurped the throne briefly.

UnderDayan Khan(1480–1517) a broad Borjigid revival reestablished Borjigid supremacy among the Mongols proper. His descendants proliferated to become a new ruling class. The Borjigin clan was the strongest of the 49 Mongolbannersfrom which the Bontoi clan proper supported and fought for their Khan and for their honor. The easternKhorchinswere under the Hasarids, and the Ongnigud, Abagha Mongols were under the Belguteids andTemüge Odchigenids.A fragment of the Hasarids deported to Western Mongolia became theKhoshuts.

TheQing dynastyrespected the Borjigin family and the early emperors married the Hasarid Borjigids of the Khorchin. Even among the pro-Qing Mongols, traces of the alternative tradition survived. Aci Lomi, a banner general, wrote hisHistory of the Borjigid Clanin 1732–35.^[13]The 18th century and 19th century Qing nobility was adorned by the descendants of the early Mongol adherents including the Borjigin.^[14]

Asian dynasties descended from Genghis Khan included theYuan dynastyof China, theIlkhanidsofPersia,theJochidsof theGolden Horde,theShaybanidsofSiberiaand Central Asia, and theAstrakhanidsof Central Asia. As a rule, the Genghisid descent played a crucial role inTatarpolitics. For instance,Mamaihad to exercise his authority through a succession of puppet khans but could not assume the title ofkhanhimself because he lacked Genghisid lineage.

The word "Chingisid" derives from the name of the Mongol conquerorGenghis (Chingis) Khan(c. 1162–1227 CE). Genghis and his successors created a vast empire stretching from theSea of Japanto theBlack Sea.

TheChingisid principle,^[15]or golden lineage, was the rule of inheritance laid down in the (Yassa), the legal code attributed to Genghis Khan.
AChingisid princewas one who could trace directdescent from Genghis Khanin the male line, and who could therefore claim high respect in the Mongol,TurkicandAsiaticworld.
TheChingisid stateswere the successor states orKhanatesafter the Mongol empire broke up following the death of the Genghis Khan's sons and theirsuccessors.
The termChingisid peoplewas used^{[by whom?]}to describe the people of Genghis Khan's armies who came in contact with Europeans. It applied primarily theGolden Horde,led byBatu Khan,a grandson of Genghis. Members of the Horde were predominantlyKıpchak—Turkic-speaking people rather than Mongols. (Although the aristocracy was largely Mongol, Mongols were never more than a small minority in the armies and the lands they conquered.) Europeans often (incorrectly) called the people of the Golden Horde "Tartars".

BaburandHumayun,founders of theMughal Empirein India, asserted their authority as Chinggisids. Because they claimed descent through their maternal lineage, they had never used the clan name Borjigin.

The Genghisids also include such dynasties and houses asGiray,House of Siberia,Ar begs,Yaushev family^[16]and other.

The last ruling monarch of Genghisid ancestry,Maqsud Shah(d. 1930),Khan of Kumulfrom 1908 to 1930.

Modern relevance

The Borjigin held power over Mongolia for many centuries (even duringQing period) and only lost power whenCommuniststook control in the 20th century. Aristocratic descent was something to be forgotten in thesocialistperiod.^[17]Joseph Stalin's associates executed some 30,000 Mongols including Borjigin nobles in a series of campaigns against their culture and religion.^[18]Clan association has lost its practical relevance in the 20th century, but is still considered a matter of honour and pride by manyMongolians.In 1920s the communist regime banned the use of clan names. When the ban was lifted again in 1997, and people were told they had to have surnames, most families had lost knowledge about their clan association. Because of that, a disproportionate number of families registered the most prestigious clan name Borjigin, many of them without historic justification.^[19]^[20]The label Borjigin is used as a measure of cultural supremacy.^[21]

InInner Mongolia,the Borjigid or Kiyad name became the basis for many Chinese surnames adopted byethnic Inner Mongols.^[12]The Inner Mongolian Borjigin Taijis took the surnameBao(Bào,from Borjigid) and inOrdos Qi(Kỳ,Qiyat). Agenetic researchhas proposed that as many as 16 million men from populations as far apart asHazarasin the West andHezhe peopleto the east may have Borjigid-Kiyad ancestry.^[22]The Qiyat clan name is still found among theKazakhs,UzbeksandNogai Karakalpaks

Prominent Kiyads or Borjigins

The division of theMongol Empire,c. 1300, with the Golden Horde in the northwest, the Chagatai Khanate in the middle, the Ilkhanate in the southwest, and the Yuan dynasty in the east

Rulers of theKhamag Mongol(11th century – 1206)

Emperors and rulers of theMongol Empire(1206–1368)

Genghis Khan's brothers

Rulers of the Khanates

Ögedei Horde

Post-Mongol EmpireGolden Horde(1360–1502)

Northern Yuan dynasty(1368–1635)

Ruler of the Tumed

Altan Khan

Khalkha

Zanabazar

Gallery

Genghis Khan
Ögedei Khan
Toluiwith his wifeSorghaghtani Beki
Mengli Girayat the court ofBayezid II
Altan Khan
Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang
Tokhtamysh
KhalkhaBorjigin ruler Tsereng (Bác Nhĩ Tế Cát Đặc sách lăng,1672-1750). 18th century painting

Yuan dynasty family tree

Genghis Khanfounded theMongol Empirein 1206. His grandson,Kublai Khan,after defeating his younger brother and rival claimant to the throneAriq Böke,founded theYuan dynastyof China in 1271. The dynasty was overthrown by theMing dynastyduring the reign ofToghon Temürin 1368, but it survived in theMongolian Plateau,known as theNorthern Yuan dynasty.Although the throne was usurped byEsen Taishiof theOiratsin 1453, he was overthrown in the next year. A recovery of the khaganate was achieved byDayan Khan,but the territory was segmented by his descendants. The lastkhan Ligdendied in 1634 and his sonEjei Khongorsubmitted himself toHong Taijithe next year, ending the Northern Yuan regime.^[24]However, the Borjigin nobles continued to rule their subjects until the 20th century under theQing dynasty.^[25]^[e]

Or in a different version (years of reign over the Northern Yuan dynasty [up to 1388] are given in brackets).

Notes

^A Middle Mongolian plural-suffix-thas been written about by Éva Csáki inMiddle Mongolian Loan Words in Volga Kipchak Languages.
^/ˈbɔːrdʒɪɡɪn/;Mongolian:Боржигин,romanized:Borzhigin,ᠪᠣᠷᠵᠢᠭᠢᠨpronounced[ˈpɔrt͡ɕɘkɘŋ];simplified Chinese:Bột Nhi Chỉ Cân;traditional Chinese:Bột Nhi Chỉ Cân;pinyin:Bó'érjìjǐn;Russian:Борджигин,romanized:Bordžigin;English plural:BorjiginsorBorjigid(fromMiddle Mongolian);^[2]^[a]Manchuplural^?:^[3]
^TheSecret History of the Mongolstraces it back to Yesugei's ancestorBodonchar^[4]
^According to H. H. Howorth, Mamai used the clan name Kiyad which is near to Genghisid lineage. However, he was not direct descendant of Genghis Khan.^[23]
^Wada Sei[ja]did pioneer work on this field, andHonda MinobuandOkada Hidehiromodified it, using newly discovered Persian (Timurid) records and Mongol chronicles.

References

Citations

^Encyclopedia Britannica.William Benton. 1973. p. 726.
^^a ^bHistoire des campagnes de Gengis Khan,p. 119.
^Li, p. 97.
^^a ^bHistoire des campagnes de Gengis Khan,p. 118.
^Histoire des campagnes de Gengis Khan,pp. 118, 123.
^Histoire des campagnes de Gengis Khan,pp. 122–123.
^^a ^bHumphrey & Sneath, p. 27.
^The Secret History of the Mongols,chapter 1, §§ 17, 21.
^Franke, Twitchett & Fairbank, p. 330.
^Kahn, p. 10.
^"Abulghasi Bahadür Chani Historia Mongolorum et Tatarorum nunc primum tatarice edita auctoritate et munificentia illustrissimi comitis Nicolai de Romanzoff".1825.
^^a ^bAtwood, p. 45.
^Perdue, p. 487.
^Crossley, p. 213.
^Halperin, chapter VIII.
^Сабитов Ж. М. (2011)."Башкирские ханы Бачман и Тура"(in Russian) (Сибирский сборник. Выпуск 1. Казань ed.): 63–69.{{cite journal}}:Cite journal requires|journal=(help)
^Humphrey & Sneath, p. 28.
^Weatherford, p. xv.
^"In Search of Sacred Names".
^Magnier.
^Pegg, p. 22.
^"The Genetic Legacy of the Mongols", pp. 717-721.
^The History of the Mongols,part. II, D. II, p. 190.^{[full citation needed]}
^Heirman & Bumbacher, p. 395.
^Sneath, p. 21.

Sources

Atwood, C. P.Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire.
Crossley, Pamela Kyle.A Translucent Mirror.
Franke, Herbert; Twitchett, Denis; Fairbank, John King.The Cambridge History of China: Alien Regimes and Border States, 907-1368.
"The Genetic Legacy of the Mongols".American Journal of Human Genetics,72.
Halperin, Charles J. (1985).Russia and the Golden Horde: The Mongol Impact on Medieval Russian History.Indiana University Press.ISBN 0-253-20445-3.ISBN 978-0-253-20445-5.
Heirman, Ann; Bumbacher, Stephan Peter.The Spread of Buddhism.
Histoire des campagnes de Gengis Khan(in French). E. J. Brill.
Humphrey, Caroline; Sneath, David.The End of Nomadism?.
"In Search of Sacred Names",Mongolia Today,archived fromthe originalon 2007-06-07.
Kahn, Paul.The Secret History of the Mongols.
Li, Gertraude Roth.Manchu: A Textbook for Reading Documents.
Magnier, Mark (October 23, 2004)."Identity Issues in Mongolia".Los Angeles Times.
Pegg, Carole.Mongolian Music, Dance & Oral Narrative.
Perdue, Peter C.China Marches West.
Sneath, David.Changing Inner Mongolia: Pastoral Mongolian Society and the Chinese State.
Weatherford, Jack.Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World.Three Rivers Press.

—Royal house— House of Borjigin
Preceded by Liao dynasty (Yelü)	Ruling HouseofMongolia 11th century–1691	Succeeded by Qing dynasty (Aisin Gioro)
Preceded by Khamag Mongol	Ruling Houseof theMongol Empire 1206–1368	Succeeded by Northern Yuan
Preceded by Jin dynasty House of Zhao	Ruling Houseof China 1271–1368	Succeeded by House of Zhu
New title	ProtectorofTibet 1270–1354	Succeeded by Phagmodrupa Dynasty
Preceded by Khwārazm-Shāh dynasty	Ruling HouseofPersian Empire 1247–1335	Succeeded by Jalayirids Chupanid Suldus
Preceded by The Khanate established	Ruling Houseof theGolden Horde 1236–1502	Succeeded by Kiyat Girays Tatars

v t e Yuan dynastytopics
History	Division of the Mongol Empire Toluid Civil War Kaidu–Kublai war Kublai Khan's campaigns Mongol conquest of China anti-Mongol fortresses conquest of the Song dynasty Battle of Xiangyang Yamen Sakhalin Japan Vietnam Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288) Java invasion Burma Battle of Ngasaunggyan Pagan Second Mongol invasion of Burma Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war War of the Two Capitals 1344 Yellow River flood Red Turban Rebellions Red Turban invasions of Goryeo Battle of Lake Poyang Ispah rebellion
Government	Emperors family tree Empresses Imperial Preceptor Zhongshu Sheng Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs Administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia Mongolia Manchuria Tibet Dpon-chen Goryeo under Mongol rule
Science and technology	Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns Jiaochao Coinage Shiyi Dexiaofang Nong Shu
Architecture	Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass Gulou and Zhonglou (Beijing) Miaoying Temple Pagoda of Bailin Temple Temple of Azure Clouds Jinan Great Southern Mosque
Society and culture	Yuan poetry History of Liao Jin Song Shilin Guangji Menggu Ziyun Wenxian Tongkao Zhongyuan Yinyun The Twenty-four Filial Exemplars Zaju The Chalk Circle The Injustice to Dou E The Orphan of Zhao The Story of the Western Wing Semu Islam Fashion
Other topics	Mongols Mongol Empire Borjigin ʼPhags-pa script History of Yuan Khanbaliq Shangdu Northern Yuan

Borjigin

Origin and name

History

Post-Mongol Empire

Modern relevance

Prominent Kiyads or Borjigins

Rulers of theKhamag Mongol(11th century – 1206)

Emperors and rulers of theMongol Empire(1206–1368)

Genghis Khan's brothers

Rulers of the Khanates

Yuan dynasty

Golden Horde

Ilkhanate

Chagatai Khanate

Post-Mongol EmpireGolden Horde(1360–1502)

Crimean Khanate(1441–1783)

Kazan Khanate(1438–1552)

Uzbek Khanate(1428–1471)

Kazakh Khanate(1456–1847)