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Choctaw Horse

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Choctaw Horse
Herd of Choctaw Horses
Conservation statusFAO: National risk level[1]

IUCN Red List: None

Livestock Conservancy: Critical[2]
Country of originUnited States of America
UseRiding
Traits
Weight
  • 700 to 900 lbs[3]
Height
  • 13.2 to 14.2 hands (52 to 56 inches)[3]
ColorVery variable

TheChoctaw Horseis an Americanbreedor strain of smallriding horseofColonial Spanishtype. Like all Colonial Spanish horses, it derives from the horses brought to the Americas by theConquistadoresin and after the late fifteenth century and introduced in the seventeenth century into what is now the United States. As is clear from the name, the Choctaw Horse is strongly associated with theindigenousChoctawpeople of America, who originally bred it in their traditional homeland in the area of modern-dayAlabamaandMississippi,and continued to do so after theirforced removalto theIndian Territory– modernOklahoma– in the 1830s.[4][5][6][7]

It is anendangered breedand is listed – with all other Colonial Spanish breeds – by theLivestock Conservancyas 'critical'.[8]In 2009 no more than200horses of the Choctaw andCherokeestrains were thought to remain.[5]

History

[edit]

The Choctaw Horse derives from the horses brought to the Americas by theConquistadoresin and after the late fifteenth century and introduced in the seventeenth century into what is now the United States. It was originally bred by the indigenousChoctawpeople of America in their traditional homeland in the area of modern-dayAlabamaandMississippi.They were originally acquired as trade goods in the late 17th century, allowing the Choctaw to advance in the deerskin trade by increasing the efficiency of their hunting.[9]Choctaw Horses that had died were also used during rituals, in which they were eaten.[9]By the early 1800s, the Choctaw owned tens of thousands of horses. The Choctaw called the horse the “isuba” for spiritual reasons, which means “deer-resembler.”[9]In the early 1800s, many Choctaw Horses accompanied Choctaw members who moved early to what would become modern-day Oklahoma. During the 1830s, the remaining Choctaw members moved to Indian Territory in Oklahoma and took their horses with them.[4][5][6][7][3]

Until about 1970 there may have been some1500of the horses in Oklahoma, but in the next twenty years their numbers fell to little more than 50 head.[4]Since the relocation of the Choctaw Nation, there has been a decreasing number of indigenous breeders for the horse.[3]In the twenty-first century it is anendangered breedand itsconservation statusis listed, together with all other Colonial Spanish breeds, as 'critical' by theLivestock Conservancy.[8]

Some bloodlines of the extinctChickasaw Horseare preserved in the Choctaw breed.[10]

Characteristics

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Height at thewithersis usually in the range 137–147 cm (13.2–14.2h).[10][11]Coat coloris highly variable; colors include the usual bay, black, brown, chestnut and sorrel, and alsobuckskin,dun,andpalominoas well asleopardblanket, spotted andvarnish roanpatterns,pintopatterns, andsabino.[4][10]The horses often have additionalgaitssuch as a fastrunning walk.[4][10]They have particularly stronghooves.[4]They are known to be tough, durable, and to have great endurance.[12][5]They have broad foreheads and narrow chests allowing for greater lung capacity.[13][9]

Use

[edit]

It is aridingandworking horse,with notableendurance.[4][5]They were used for farming and trading in the 17th to 19th century.[14]

Conservation

[edit]

During the middle of the 19th century most colonial horses, such as the Choctaw Horse, were being replaced by larger counterparts like the Thoroughbred Horse due to their usefulness in agriculture and the military. The breed went nearly extinct in 1950, and they are now critically endangered.[15][16]In 2009, Monique Sheaffer, a Choctaw, began an effort with her family to breed the horses with the goal to preserve their genes and to educate the public.[5]As of 2018, a farm in Poplarville, Mississippi, has been selectively breeding the Choctaw Horses for thirteen years.[12]For breeders, Choctaw Horses with little genetic influence from other North American breeds can be correctly differentiated, translating to effective conservation efforts for the strain.[17]

References

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  1. ^"FAO Database: Domestic Animal Diversity Information System (DAD-IS) - Browse by Country and Species".Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).RetrievedMay 7,2023.
  2. ^"Kerr Center News: Spring 2009"(PDF).Poteau, OK: Kerr Center for Sustainable Agriculture. 2009.RetrievedMay 7,2023.
  3. ^abcdBixby, Donald (1999). "Rare Choctaw Strain of the Colonial Spanish Horse is Conservation Priority".Diversity.15(2): 12.
  4. ^abcdefg"The Choctaw Horse by Dr. D. Phillip Sponenberg, DVM, PhD | Choctaw Nation".2013-03-06. Archived fromthe originalon 2013-03-06.Retrieved2023-05-08.
  5. ^abcdefMcDermott, Maura (2009)."Ride Like the Wind: Saving the Choctaw Horses"(PDF).Field Notes.35(1): 8–15 – via The Kerr Center.
  6. ^ab"American Livestock Breeds Conservancy: Blackjack Mountain Horse Rescue".2023-03-20. Archived fromthe originalon 2023-03-20.Retrieved2023-05-08.
  7. ^abGorrie, Sarah (2013).The complete illustrated encyclopedia of horses and ponies.Pippa Roome, Catherine Austen, Nicola Jane Swinney. London.ISBN978-0-85775-881-1.OCLC869772400.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  8. ^ab"Colonial Spanish Horse - The Livestock Conservancy".2023-01-21. Archived fromthe originalon 2023-01-21.Retrieved2023-05-08.
  9. ^abcdCarson, James Taylor (1995)."Horses and the Economy and Culture of the Choctaw Indians, 1690-1840".Ethnohistory.42(3): 495–513.doi:10.2307/483216.ISSN0014-1801.JSTOR483216.
  10. ^abcdPorter, Valerie (2016).Mason's World Encyclopedia of Livestock Breeds and Breeding.Lawrence Alderson, Stephen J. G. Hall, D. Phillip Sponenberg ([6th edition] ed.). Wallingford, UK.ISBN978-1-84593-466-8.OCLC948839453.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  11. ^Rousseau, Élise (2017).Horses of the world.Yann Le Bris, Teresa Lavender Fagan. Princeton.ISBN978-0-691-16720-6.OCLC961387919.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  12. ^ab"Oklahoma's Choctaw horses connect to Mississippi".AP NEWS.2021-05-03.Retrieved2023-05-07.
  13. ^"North American Colonial Spanish Horse".Spanish Barbs.Retrieved2023-05-07.
  14. ^Quammen, David (2014). "PEOPLE OF THE HORSE".National Geographic.225(3): 104.
  15. ^Angelique."Colonial Spanish Horse".The Livestock Conservancy.Retrieved2023-05-07.
  16. ^"Choctaw Mustang | Black Hills Wild Horse Sanctuary".wildhorses.Retrieved2023-05-07.
  17. ^Sponenberg, D. P. (2013). "Conservation of Landrace Breeds".The Livestock Conservancy News.30(4): 4.
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