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Choosing Wisely

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Logo for the campaign

Choosing Wiselyis a United States-basedhealtheducational campaign, led by the ABIM Foundation (American Board of Internal Medicine), aboutunnecessary health care.[1]

The campaign identifies over 500 tests and procedures and encourages doctors and patients to discuss, research, and possibly get second opinions, before proceeding with them.[2]To conduct the campaign, the ABIM Foundation asksmedical specialtysocieties to make five to ten recommendations for preventing overuse of a treatment in their field. The foundation then publicizes this information, and the medical specialty societies disseminate it to their members.

The campaign has garnered both praise and criticism, and some of its ideas have spread to other countries. It does not include evaluation of its effects on costs, on discussions or on medical outcomes.[3]Some doctors have said they lack time for the recommended discussions.[2]

History

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Christine K. CasselofChoosing Wiselyexplains the campaign, 2 August 2012

In 2002 the ABIM Foundation publishedMedical professionalism in the new millennium: a Physician Charter.[1][4]The charter states that physicians have a responsibility to promotehealth equitywhen some health resources arescarce.[1]As a practical way of achievingdistributive justice,in 2010 physicianHoward Brodyrecommended that medical specialty societies, being stewards of a field, ought to publish a list of five things which they would like changed in their field and publicize it to their members.[1][5][6]In 2011, theNational Physicians Alliancetested a project in which it organized the creation of some "top 5 lists".[1][7][8]Analysis of the National Physician's Alliance project predicted that the health field could have savedUS$6.8billion in 2009 by cutting spending on the 15 services in the lists from three societies,[9]out of total US health spending that year ofUS$2.5trillion.[10]US$5.8billion of the savings were from one recommendation: using generic rather than brand name statin.[9]

Continuing this project,Choosing Wiselywas created to organise the creation of more "lists of five," later ten,[11]and their distribution to more physicians and patients.[1][12]Executive boards of societies, with or without participation by members, identify practices which their field may overuse.[13][1]Each recommendation in the program must have the support of clinical guidelines, evidence, or expert opinion.[1]

To participate inChoosing Wisely,each society developed list of tests, treatments, or services which that specialty commonly overuses.[1]The society shares this information with their members, as well as organizations who can publicize to local community groups, and in each community patients and doctors can consider the information as they like.[1]The ABIM Foundation gave grants to help societies participate.[14]

As of April 2018, there were 552 recommendations targeting a range of procedures to either question or avoid without special consideration.[15]They can be searched online by key words, such as "back pain" but the numerous supporting footnotes on each recommendation are only in a pdf on the clinician page, without links to the papers.[11]

Between 2012 and 2023, more than 80 specialty societies highlighted examples. While these examples are no longer maintained and available on the website ( choosingwisely.org), specialty societies are encouraged to publish individual lists. Many of these lists are accessible throughhttps:// aafp.org/pubs/afp/collections/choosing-wisely.html.

Examples

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Some examples of the information shared inChoosing Wiselyinclude the following:

  • Acknowledge that physicians are increasing their use of diagnostic procedures without a proportional increase in patient benefits (improved outcomes). Consider the effects of overuse of diagnostic services.[16]
  • Physicians overuseradiographyservices. In many cases this fails to improve patient outcomes. This also subjects patients to unnecessaryionizing radiationand the possibility of further unnecessary testing.[17]
  • Before the 39th week of pregnancy, doctors should not perform aCaesarean sectionorinduce laborunless medically necessary.[18]

Challenges

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TheChoosing Wiselycampaign identifies the following difficulties in achieving its goals:

  • In communicating with patients a major challenge in the campaign is the problem inherent inpatient-centered careof giving patients some basis for understanding how to make decisions about their health care.[19]Many recommendations in the campaign require clinical education to understand fully.[19]Also many patients tend to follow the recommendations of their physicians without question, even if they have questions.[19]
  • The United States medical system is based on afee-for-servicemodel, in which doctors are paid on the basis of work they do, so they are paid for procedures they do, though not tests or procedures which they refer to others.[19]This system creates incentives for doctors to provide additional treatments, rather than exercising evidence-based restraint.[19]
  • Critics tend to view efforts to reduce medical services as "healthcare rationing in the United States".[19]Since doctors do not want to be seen as withholding care, they are hesitant to change established behavior in any way that lessens the amount of treatment they order.[19][20][21]Doctors say that they often feel pressure to engage indefensive medicineby conducting extra testing to avoid lawsuits.[22]
  • The motives of professional societies with Choosing Wisely lists has been questioned, as societies avoid targeting low-value care that generates income for their members, and instead target the practice of other health professionals[23]

Reception

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The American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP) initially formed three independent task forces to evaluate whether to participate; by 2012 all three task forces recommended against participation because the recommendations do not recognize that emergency physicians need extra tests, since they do not know the patients, do not recognize that emergency physicians need to eliminate every life-threatening possibility, will lead to refusals by insurers to cover items on the lists, let other medical societies tell emergency physicians what to do, and because the campaign doesn't addresstort reformto address defensive testing, and the campaign publicizes the items as "unnecessary tests" even though describing them as tests to discuss carefully.[24]

In 2012The New York Timessaid that the campaign was likely to "alter treatment standards in hospitals and doctors' offices nationwide" and one of their opinion writers said that many tests were unnecessary.[25]CBS Newssaid that "the evidence is on the initiative's side."[26]USA Todaynoted that the campaign was "a rare coordinated effort among multiple medical societies".[27]

While expressing the need for evidence-based healthcare recommendations, in 2012The Economistfound theChoosing Wiselyrecommendations to be weak because they are not enforceable.[28]In an editorial published in theSouthwest Journal of Pulmonary and Critical Care,Richard Robbin and Allen Thomas expressed concern that the campaign could be used by payers to limit options for doctors and patients. However, they declare theChoosing Wiselyrecommendations a "welcome start."[29]

Also in 2012, Robert Goldberg, writing forThe American Spectator,criticized the program saying that it was "designed to sustain the rationale and ideology that shaped Obamacare" (thePatient Protection and Affordable Care Act), that the lists were "redundant and highly subjective", and that participants in the effort would greedily benefit at the expense of others if the campaign succeeded.[30]

In February 2013 theRobert Wood Johnson Foundationprovided USD $2.5 million in funding for the campaign, saying that the foundation wanted to "help increase the tangible impact of theChoosing Wiselycampaign ".[31]

A 2013 editorial in the journal of the Netherlands Society of Cardiology reviewed the recommendations and recommended that something similar be proposed by the society; the piece did criticize the overly didactic nature of the recommendations, comparing them to theTen Commandments,and expressed concern about whether they adequately addressed the difficulties of assessing risks for each patient.[32]In 2013 critics in theSouthwest Journal of Pulmonary & Critical Caresaid, "the present Choosing Wisely campaign has fundamental flaws—not because it is medically wrong but because it attempts to replace choice and good judgment with a rigid set of rules that undoubtedly will have many exceptions. Based on what we have seen so far, we suspect that Choosing Wisely is much more about saving money than improving patient care. We also predict it will be used by the unknowing or unscrupulous to further interfere with the doctor-patient relationship."[33]

In 2015 the campaign was criticized by Bob Lanier, executive director of a medical specialty society and past president of the Texas Medical Association Foundation, who said that the recommendations were compiled by societies' executive committees without good evidence and without following standards of practice or research, will lead to refusals by insurers to cover items on the lists, are biased against diagnostic testing, are an effort by supporters ofsingle-payer healthcareto reduce costs so that single-payer healthcare becomes affordable, will encourage biased studies by authors funded by insurers and health delivery systems, to cut their costs, and were influenced by grants available from the ABIM Foundation.[13]

In 2015 a piece inNewsweekby Kurt Eichenwald described a controversy around the ABIM Foundation's lack of transparency about its finances and functioning.[34]

In 2016 campaign was described as an attempt to encourage doctors and patients to recognize theillusion of controlor "therapeutic illusion" in choices to use treatments which have a basis outside ofevidence-based medicine.[35]

In 2017 addiction specialists in Canada said the recommendation to wait for sobriety before treating depression was harmful and unjustified.[36]

A 2017 study reported that many patients and physicians found it challenging to use Choosing Wisely recommendations, particularly when the patient had symptoms, and the doctor recommended against a test. Barriers "included malpractice concern, patient requests for services, lack of time for shared decision making, and the number of tests recommended by specialists.[2]Cedars–Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles put 100 of the 552 Choosing Wisely items in its electronic medical records. These give warnings to doctors, but only after they have finished talking to patients and order a procedure or drug, so too late to have the recommended discussion.[14]

Impact

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TheChoosing Wiselycampaign makes no provision to scientifically research its own efficacy, but academic centers are making plans to independently report on the impact of the campaign.[37]The services targeted by the Choosing Wisely lists have broad variance in how much impact they can have on patients' care and costs.[38]Doctors analyzed many services listed as low value by Choosing Wisely and other sources, and found that 25% or 42% of Medicare patients received at least one of these services in an average year, depending on definitions. The services represented 0.6% or 2.7% of Medicare costs[39] and there was no significant pattern among types of physicians.[40]

The campaign has been cited as being part of a broader movement including many comparable campaigns.[41]TheGerman Network for Evidence Based Medicineconsidered adapting concepts from the program into theGerman healthcaresystem.[42]In April 2014, Choosing Wisely Canada launched.[43]Choosing Wisely Canadais organized by theCanadian Medical Associationand the University of Toronto, and is chaired by Dr.Wendy Levinson.By 2015 and following the Choosing Wisely precedent established in the United States, doctors in Australia, Canada, Denmark, England, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Switzerland, and Wales were exploring whether and how to bring ideas from Choosing Wisely to their countries.[44]English doctors "are worried how patients will perceive the initiative."[14]

References

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  1. ^abcdefghijCassel, Christine. K. (of Choosing Wisely); Guest, James A. (of Consumer Reports) (2012). "Choosing Wisely - Helping Physicians and Patients Make Smart Decisions About Their Care".The Journal of the American Medical Association.307(17): 1801–1802.doi:10.1001/jama.2012.476.PMID22492759.
  2. ^abcZikmund-Fisher, BJ; Kullgren, JT; Fagerlin, A; Klamerus, ML; Bernstein, SJ; Kerr, EA (February 2017)."Perceived Barriers to Implementing Individual Choosing Wisely Recommendations in Two National Surveys of Primary Care Providers".Journal of General Internal Medicine.32(2): 210–217.doi:10.1007/s11606-016-3853-5.PMC5264674.PMID27599491.
  3. ^"Who We Are & History".ABIM Foundation.Retrieved2020-07-07.
  4. ^ABIM Foundation. American Board of Internal Medicine; ACP-ASIM Foundation. American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine; European Federation of Internal Medicine. (5 February 2002). "Medical professionalism in the new millennium: a physician charter".Annals of Internal Medicine.136(3): 243–6.doi:10.7326/0003-4819-136-3-200202050-00012.PMID11827500.S2CID31458818.
  5. ^Brody, H. (2010). "Medicine's Ethical Responsibility for Health Care Reform — the Top Five List".New England Journal of Medicine.362(4): 283–285.doi:10.1056/NEJMp0911423.PMID20032315.
  6. ^Brody, H. (2012). "From an Ethics of Rationing to an Ethics of Waste Avoidance".New England Journal of Medicine.366(21): 1949–1951.doi:10.1056/NEJMp1203365.PMID22551106.
  7. ^Kuehn, B. M. (2012). "Movement to Promote Good Stewardship of Medical Resources Gains Momentum".The Journal of the American Medical Association.307(9): 895–903.doi:10.1001/jama.2012.218.PMID22396505.
  8. ^Good Stewardship Working, G. (2011). "The" Top 5 "Lists in Primary Care - Meeting the Responsibility of Professionalism".Archives of Internal Medicine.171(15): 1385–1390.doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2011.231.PMID21606090.
  9. ^abKale, MS; Bishop, TF; Federman, AD; Keyhani, S (14 November 2011).""Top 5" lists top $5 billion ".Archives of Internal Medicine.171(20): 1856–8.doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2011.501.PMID21965814.
  10. ^"Table 1 National Health Expenditures".cms.gov.Retrieved2018-12-05.
  11. ^ab"All Choosing Wisely Recommendations"(PDF).Retrieved2018-04-20.
  12. ^Dismuke, SE; Miller, ST (May 2013). ""Choosing wisely" --medicine's ethical responsibility for Healthcare Reform. The top five list ".Tennessee Medicine.106(5): 23–6.PMID23691867.
  13. ^ab"Think Twice Before Choosing Wisely".texmed.org.March 2015.Retrieved2018-05-22.
  14. ^abcVogel, Lauren (2015-08-11)."Choosing Wisely around the world".Canadian Medical Association Journal.187(11): E341–E342.doi:10.1503/cmaj.109-5111.ISSN0820-3946.PMC4527925.PMID26170270.
  15. ^"Search Recommendations".choosingwisely.org.Retrieved2018-04-20.
  16. ^
    • Graber, M. L. (2012). "Bringing Diagnosis into the Quality and Safety Equations - Bringing Diagnosis into Quality and Safety Efforts".The Journal of the American Medical Association.308(12): 1211–1212.doi:10.1001/2012.jama.11913.PMID23011708.
    • Emanuel, E.; Tanden, N.; Altman, S.; Armstrong, S.; Berwick, D.; De Brantes, F. O.; Calsyn, M.; Chernew, M.; Colmers, J.; Cutler, D.; Daschle, T.; Egerman, P.; Kocher, B.; Milstein, A.; Oshima Lee, E.; Podesta, J. D.; Reinhardt, U.; Rosenthal, M.; Sharfstein, J.; Shortell, S.; Stern, A.; Orszag, P. R.; Spiro, T. (2012)."A Systemic Approach to Containing Health Care Spending".New England Journal of Medicine.367(10): 949–954.doi:10.1056/NEJMsb1205901.PMID22852883.
  17. ^
    • Quinn, K. (2012). "Reducing Radiology Use on an Inpatient Medical Service: Choosing Wisely".Archives of Internal Medicine.172(20): 1606–8.doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2012.4293.PMID22928182.
    • Forman, H. P.; Larson, D. B.; Kazerooni, E. A.; Norbash, A.; Crowe, J. K.; Javitt, M. C.; Beauchamp, N. J.; Mendelson, E. B. (2012). "Masters of Radiology Panel Discussion: Hyperefficient Radiology—Can We Maintain the Pace?".American Journal of Roentgenology.199(4): 838–843.doi:10.2214/AJR.12.9648.PMID22997376.
  18. ^Szabo, Liz (22 February 2013)."Doctors group says some tests should be used sparingly".USA Today.McLean, VA:Gannett.ISSN0734-7456.Retrieved22 February2013.
  19. ^abcdefgVolpp, K. G.;Loewenstein, George; Asch, David A. (2012)."Choosing Wisely: Low-Value Services, Utilization, and Patient Cost Sharing".The Journal of the American Medical Association.308(16): 1635–1636.doi:10.1001/jama.2012.13616.PMC3994996.PMID23093160.
  20. ^Bloche, M. G. (2012). "Beyond the" R Word "? Medicine's New Frugality".New England Journal of Medicine.366(21): 1951–1953.doi:10.1056/NEJMp1203521.PMID22551108.
  21. ^
  22. ^
  23. ^Zadro, Joshua R.; Farey, John; Harris, Ian A.; Maher, Christopher G. (2019)."Do choosing wisely recommendations about low-value care target income-generating treatments provided by members? A content analysis of 1293 recommendations".BMC Health Services Research.19(1): 707.doi:10.1186/s12913-019-4576-1.PMC6844045.PMID31707993.
  24. ^Seaberg, David (2012-05-08)."Pro/Con: Why ACEP Should Not Join the 'Choosing Wisely' Campaign - Emergency Physicians Monthly".Emergency Physicians Monthly.Retrieved2018-11-23.
  25. ^Rabin, Roni Caryn (April 4, 2012)."Doctor Panels Urge Fewer Routine Tests - NYTimes".The New York Times.ANDRosenthal, Elisabeth (2 June 2012)."Let's (Not) Get Physicals".The New York Times Company.
  26. ^Jaslow, Ryan (April 4, 2012)."Doctors unveil 'Choosing Wisely' campaign to cut unnecessary medical tests".CBS News.New York:CBS.Retrieved10 October2012.
  27. ^Hellmich, Nanci (4 April 2012)."Coalition of medical societies urges questioning treatments".USA Today.McLean, VA:Gannett.ISSN0734-7456.Retrieved15 October2012.
  28. ^"Evaluating medical treatments: Evidence, shmevidence".economist.16 June 2012.Retrieved16 October2012.
  29. ^Robbins, Richard A.; Allen R. Thomas (2012)."Will Fewer Tests Improve Healthcare or Profits?".Southwest Journal of Pulmonary and Critical Care.4:111–113.Retrieved10 October2012.[permanent dead link]
  30. ^Goldberg, Robert M. (13 April 2012)."Obamacare's Medical Mercenaries".The American Spectator.Archived fromthe originalon 9 July 2017.Retrieved16 October2012.
  31. ^Japsen, Bruce (21 February 2013)."Doctors Call Out 90 More Unnecessary Medical Tests, Procedures - Forbes".forbes.Retrieved22 February2013.
  32. ^Boer, M. -J.; Wall, E. E. (2012)."Choosing wisely or beyond the guidelines".Netherlands Heart Journal.21(1): 1–2.doi:10.1007/s12471-012-0352-0.PMC3528861.PMID23203730.
  33. ^Robbins, Richard A.; Thomas, Allen R. (4 June 2013)."Choosing Wisely-Where Is the Choice?".Southwest Journal of Pulmonary & Critical Care.Archived fromthe originalon 20 April 2014.Retrieved19 November2013.
  34. ^Eichenwald, Kurt (21 May 2015)."Medical mystery: making sense of ABIM's financial report".Newsweek.
  35. ^Casarett, David (31 March 2016). "The Science of Choosing Wisely — Overcoming the Therapeutic Illusion".New England Journal of Medicine.374(13): 1203–1205.doi:10.1056/NEJMp1516803.PMID27028909.
  36. ^Tanguay, Robert L.; Lamba, Wiplove; Fraser, Ronald; Mills, Phillip; Azarbar, Ataa; el-Guebaly, Nady (2017-03-20)."Alcohol use disorder and depression: proposed rewording of Choosing Wisely recommendation".Canadian Medical Association Journal.189(11): E442–E443.doi:10.1503/cmaj.732873.ISSN0820-3946.PMC5359096.PMID28385718.
  37. ^Wang, Shirley S. (20 February 2013)."Group Urges Health-Test Curbs".The Wall Street Journal.New York:Dow Jones.ISSN0099-9660.Retrieved22 February2013.
  38. ^Morden, N. E.; Colla, C. H.; Sequist, T. D.; Rosenthal, M. B. (2014)."Choosing Wisely — the Politics and Economics of Labeling Low-Value Services".New England Journal of Medicine.370(7): 589–92.doi:10.1056/NEJMp1314965.PMC4104300.PMID24450859.
  39. ^McWilliams, J. Michael; Chernew, Michael E.; Elshaug, Adam G.; Landon, Bruce E.; Schwartz, Aaron L. (2014-07-01)."Measuring Low-Value Care in Medicare".JAMA Internal Medicine.174(7): 1067–1076.doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.1541.ISSN2168-6106.PMC4241845.PMID24819824.
  40. ^McWilliams, J. Michael; Zaslavsky, Alan M.; Jena, Anupam B.; Schwartz, Aaron L. (2018-12-03)."Analysis of Physician Variation in Provision of Low-Value Services".JAMA Internal Medicine.179(1): 16–25.doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.5086.PMC6583417.PMID30508010.
  41. ^Tiefer, L.; Witczak, K.; Heath, I. (2013). "A call to challenge the" Selling of Sickness "".BMJ.346:f2809.doi:10.1136/bmj.f2809.PMID23674139.S2CID28573883.
  42. ^Strech, Daniel (30 May 2013)."Eine Choosing Wisely Initiative für Deutschland?".Informationsdienst Wissenschaft(in German).Retrieved7 June2013.
  43. ^Glauser, W. (2014)."Choosing Wisely campaign well received".Canadian Medical Association Journal.186(8): E239–E240.doi:10.1503/cmaj.109-4779.PMC4016078.PMID24710907.
  44. ^Levinson, W.; Kallewaard, M.; Bhatia, R. S.; Wolfson, D.; Shortt, S.; Kerr, E. A.; Burgers, J.; Cucic, C.; Daniels, M.; Forde, I.; Geerlings, S.; Gogol, M.; Haverkamp, M.; Henderson, A.; Howson, H.; Huynh, T.; Kievit, J.; Klemperer, D.; Koizumi, S.; Lindner, R.; Maughan, D.; McDonald, K.; Peul, W.; Post, H.; Rodondi, N.; Santa, J.; Schoeler, R.; Smid, H.; Stephenson, T.; Trier, H.; van Barneveld, T.; van der Kraan, J.; Vernero, S.; Wagner, C. (2014). "'Choosing Wisely': a growing international campaign ".BMJ Quality & Safety.24(2): 167–174.doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2014-003821.ISSN2044-5415.PMID25552584.S2CID5951837.

Further reading

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