Christian pilgrimage

TheWay of St. James(el Camino de Santiago), is the pilgrimage to theCathedral of Santiago de Compostelawhere legend has it that it holds the remains of the apostle,Saint James the Great.The route was declared the firstEuropean Cultural Routeby theCouncil of Europein October 1987; it was also named one ofUNESCO's World Heritage Sitesin 1993.

Christianityhas a strong tradition ofpilgrimages,both to sites relevant to theNew Testamentnarrative (especially in theHoly Land) and to sites associated with latersaintsormiracles.

History

Christian pilgrimages were first made to sites connected with thebirth,life,crucifixionandresurrectionofJesus.Aside from the early example ofOrigenin the third century, surviving descriptions of Christian pilgrimages to theHoly Landdate from the 4th century, when pilgrimage was encouraged by church fathers includingSaint Jerome,and established bySaint Helena,the mother ofConstantine the Great.

The purpose of Christian pilgrimage was summarized byPope Benedict XVIthis way:

To go on pilgrimage is not simply to visit a place to admire its treasures of nature, art or history. To go on pilgrimage really means to step out of ourselves in order to encounter God where he has revealed himself, where his grace has shone with particular splendour and produced rich fruits of conversion and holiness among those who believe. Above all, Christians go on pilgrimage to the Holy Land, to the places associated with the Lord’s passion, death and resurrection. They go to Rome, the city of the martyrdom of Peter and Paul, and also to Compostela, which, associated with the memory of Saint James, has welcomed pilgrims from throughout the world who desire to strengthen their spirit with the Apostle’s witness of faith and love.

Pilgrimages are made toRomeand other sites associated with theapostles,saintsandChristian martyrs,as well as to places where there have beenapparitionsof theVirgin Mary.A popular pilgrimage journey is along theWay of St. Jamesto theSantiago de Compostela Cathedral,inGalicia,Spain, where theshrineof the apostleJamesis located. Also a combined pilgrimage is held every seven years in the three nearby towns ofMaastricht,AachenandKornelimünsterwhere many important relics could be seen (see:Pilgrimage of the Relics, Maastricht).

Motivations of pilgrims

The motivations which draw today's visitors to Christian sacred sites can be mixed: faith-based, spiritual in a general way, with cultural interests, etc. This diversity has become an important factor in the management and pastoral care of Christian pilgrimage, as recent research on international sanctuaries and much-visited churches has shown.

Destinations

Holy Land

Further information:List of Christian holy places in the Holy Land

Capernaum,an ancientJudeanvillage associated with Jesus.

The first pilgrimages were made to sites connected withJesus.Aside from the early example ofOrigenwho, "in search of the traces of Jesus, the disciples and the prophets",already found local folk prompt to show him the actual location of theGadarene swinein the mid-3rd century, surviving descriptions of Christian pilgrimages to theHoly LandandJerusalemdate from the4th century.The anonymous Bordeaux Pilgrim'sItinerarium Burdigalense( "Bordeaux Itinerary" ) is the oldest surviving recount of a Christian pilgrimage to Jerusalem and chronicles his visit in 333 to 334.

The pilgrimage tradition was established byHelena,the mother ofConstantine the Greatand encouraged by church fathers likeSaint Jerome.Pilgrimages also began to be made toRomeand other sites associated with theApostles,SaintsandChristian martyrs,as well as to places where there have beenapparitionsof theVirgin Mary.Pilgrimage to Rome became a common destination for pilgrims from throughoutWestern Christianityin the medieval period, and important sites were listed in travel-guides such as the 12th-centuryMirabilia Urbis Romae.

Christians come to the Jordan river to baptise. Picture taken inYardenit,Israel.

In the 7th century, the Holy Land fell to theMuslim conquests,and as pilgrimage to the Holy Land now became more difficult for European Christians, major pilgrimage sites developed in Western Europe, notablySantiago de Compostelain the 9th century, though travelers such asBernard the Pilgrimcontinued to make the journey to the Holy Land.

Political relationships between the Muslim caliphates and the Christian kingdoms of Europe remained in a state of suspended truce, allowing the continuation of Christian pilgrimages into Muslim-controlled lands, at least in intervals; for example, theFatimidCaliphal-Hakim bi-Amr Allahordered the destruction of theChurch of the Holy Sepulchre,only to have his successor allow the Byzantine Empire to rebuild it.

Holy Fire ceremonyin theChurch of the Holy Sepulchre,Jerusalem,2022

The Seljuk Turks systematically disrupted Christian pilgrimage routes, which became one of the major factors triggering thecrusadeslater in the 11th century.

The Crusades were at first a success, theCrusader states,especially thekingdom of Jerusalem,guaranteeing safe access to the Holy Land for Christian pilgrims during the 12th century, but Palestine was re-conquered by the MuslimAyyubidsby the end of the 13th century.

Under theOttoman Empiretravel in Palestine was once again restricted and dangerous. Modern pilgrimages in the Holy Land may be said to have received an early impetus from the scholarErnest Renan,whose twenty-four days in Palestine, recounted in hisVie de Jésus(published 1863) found the resonance of the New Testament at every turn.

Europe

Santiago de Compostela, Spain

Further information:Santiago de CompostelaandWay of St. James

According to Christian tradition, at some point between 818 and 842 during the reign ofAlfonso II of Asturias,bishopTheodemar of Iria(d. 847) found the remains ofSaint James the Greater.Around the place of the discovery a new settlement and centre of pilgrimage emerged, which was known to the authorUsuardin 865and by the 10th century was calledCompostella.The Way of St James became a major pilgrimage route of medievalChristianityfrom the 10th century onwards.

Pope Alexander VIofficially declared theCamino de Santiagoto be one of the "three great pilgrimages of Christendom", along withJerusalemand theVia Francigenato Rome. In the 12th century, under the impulse of bishopDiego Gelmírez,Compostela became an archbishopric, attracting a large and multinational population.Pope Benedict XVIsaid, "It is a way sown with so many demonstrations of fervour, repentance, hospitality, art and culture which speak to us eloquently of the spiritual roots of the Old Continent."Many still follow its routes as a form of spiritual path or retreat for their spiritual growth. It is also popular with hikers, cyclers, and organized tour groups.

In 1987, theCamino,which encompasses several routes in Spain,Franceand Portugal, was declared the firstCultural Route of the Council of Europe.Since 2013, theCaminohas attracted more than 200,000 pilgrims each year, with an annual growth rate of more than 10 percent. Pilgrims come mainly on foot and often from nearby cities, requiring several days of walking to reach Santiago. TheFrench Waygathers two-thirds of the walkers, but other minor routes are experiencing a growth in popularity.The French Way and the Northern routes in Spainwere inscribed on theUNESCOWorld Heritage List,followed by theroutes in Francein 1998, because of their historical significance for Christianity as a major pilgrimage route and their testimony to the exchange of ideas and cultures across the routes.

Rome

Further information:Via Francigena

Rome has been a major Christian pilgrimage site since the Middle Ages. Pilgrimages to Rome can involve visits to a large number of sites, both within the Vatican City and in Italian territory. A popular stopping point is thePilate's stairs:these are, according to the Christian tradition, the steps that led up to thepraetoriumofPontius PilateinJerusalem,whichJesus Christstood on during hisPassionon his way to trial.The stairs were, reputedly, brought to Rome bySt. Helenain the 4th century. For centuries, theScala Santahas attracted Christian pilgrims who wished to honour the Passion of Jesus.

Several catacombs built in the Roman age are also the object of pilgrimage, where Christians prayed, buried their dead and performed worship during periods of persecution. And various national churches (among themSan Luigi dei francesiandSanta Maria dell'Anima), or churches associated with individual religious orders, such as theJesuitChurch of the GesùandSant'Ignazio.

Traditionally, pilgrims in Rome visit theseven pilgrim churches(Italian:Le sette chiese) in 24 hours. This custom, mandatory for each pilgrim in the Middle Ages, was codified in the 16th century by SaintPhilip Neri.The seven churches are the four major Basilicas (St Peter in Vatican,St Paul outside the Walls,St John in LateranandSanta Maria Maggiore), while the other three areSan Lorenzo fuori le mura(a palaeochristian Basilica),Santa Croce in Gerusalemme(a church founded byHelena,the mother of Constantine, which hosts fragments of wood attributed to the holy cross) andSan Sebastiano fuori le mura(which lies on theAppian Wayand is built aboveRoman catacombs).

Romería

Aromería(Spanish) orromaria(Portuguese) is a type of yearly, short distanceRoman Catholicreligiouspilgrimagepracticed in theIberian Peninsulaand countries formerly colonized bySpainandPortugal.The term comes fromromero/romeiro,meaning a person travelling toRome.The travelling can be done in cars, floats, on horseback or on foot, and its destination is asanctuaryorhermitageconsecrated to a religious figure honored in that day's feast. Besides attending religious services andprocessions,the pilgrims may also engage in social events like singing, feasting and dancing.

One of the most famous examples of a pilgrimage is that ofNuestra Señora del Rocío,in which the faithful move to the Sanctuary of the Virgen del Rocío in the village of the Rocío, inAlmonte,Huelva.TheRomeria of Sant John of the Mountain,celebrated inMiranda de Ebro,is the second most important romeria inSpainbehind El Rocío with more than 25,000romeros.

Another one of the most representative examples is theRomería de la Virgen de la Cabeza(Andújar,Jaén), which is considered the oldest pilgrimages of Spain, and consists of the displacement of the travellers coming from all over the country to the Sanctuary of the Virgen de la Cabeza, through 33 km of Andújar, in the heart of Sierra de Andujar natural park. This celebration is held the last Sunday of April and is considered of national tourist interest.

TheRomería de la Virgin de Navahonda,celebrated in spring in theMadrilenianmunicipality ofRobledo de Chavelais representative of this tradition.

There are also pilgrimages in the Canary Islands. An example isLa Romería de Santiago Apostol,inGáldar. Instead of focusing on Jesus, the floats usually praise the Virgin Mary with pictures and statues.

Lourdes, France

Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes

According to believers, theBlessed Virgin Maryappeared toSaint Bernadette Soubirouson a total of eighteen occasions atLourdes(Lorda in her local Occitan language). As a result, Lourdes became a major place ofRoman Catholicpilgrimageand ofmiraculous healings.Today Lourdes receives up to 5,000,000touristsevery season. With about 270 hotels, Lourdes has the second greatest number of hotels per square kilometer inFranceafterParis.Some of the deluxe hotels likeGrand Hotel Moderne,Hotel Grand de la Grotte, Hotel Saint Etienne, Hotel Majestic and Hotel Roissy are located here.

Maastricht-Aachen-Kornelimünster, Germany and Netherlands

Relics being shown from thedwarf galleryof theBasilica of Saint ServatiusinMaastricht,ca. 1460 (left) and from the tower gallery ofAachen Cathedralin 1622

Further information:Pilgrimage of the Relics, Maastricht

Combined septennial pilgrimages in the Dutch-German towns ofMaastricht,AachenandKornelimünsterwere held at least since the 14th century. TheGermanwordHeiligtumsfahrtmeans "journey to the holy relics". In all three places important relics could be seen: in Maastricht relics of theTrue Cross,the girdle of Mary, the arm ofSaint Thomasand various relics ofSaint Servatius;in Aachen the nappy and loin cloth of Jesus, the dress of Mary, the decapitation cloth ofJohn the Baptist,and the remains ofCharlemagne;and in Kornelimünster the loincloth, thesudariumand the shroud of Jesus, as well as the skull ofPope Cornelius.In Maastricht some relics were shown from thedwarf galleryofSt Servatius' Churchto the pilgrims gathered in the square; in Aachen the same was done from the purpose-built tower gallery between the dome and thewestworktower ofAachen Cathedral.The popularity of the Maastricht-Aachen-Kornelimünster pilgrimage reached its zenith in the 15th century when up to 140,000 pilgrims visited these towns in mid-July.After a break of about 150 years, the pilgrimages were revived in the 19th century. The Aachen and Kornelimünster pilgrimages are still synchronised but the Maastricht pilgrimage takes place 3 years earlier. In 2011 the Maastricht pilgrimage drew around 175,000 visitors;Aachen had in 2014 around 125,000 pilgrims.

Fátima, Portugal

Further information:Fátima, Portugal;Sanctuary of Fátima;Cova da Iria;andChapel of the Apparitions

Marian apparitions are also responsible for millions of tourists worldwide.

Canterbury, England

A typical street in Canterbury with the cathedral in the background.

After the murder of the ArchbishopThomas Becketat the cathedral in 1170,Canterburybecame one of the most notable towns in Europe, as pilgrims from all parts of Christendom came to visit his shrine.This pilgrimage provided the framework forGeoffrey Chaucer's 14th-century collection of stories,The Canterbury Tales.Canterbury Castle was captured by theFrenchPrince Louisduring his 1215 invasion of England, before the death ofJohncaused his English supporters to desert his cause and support the youngHenry III.

During theDissolution of the Monasteries,the city'spriory,nunneryand threefriarieswere closed. St Augustine's Abbey, the 14th richest in England at the time, was surrendered to the Crown, and its church andcloisterwere levelled. The rest of the abbey was dismantled over the next 15 years, although part of the site was converted to a palace.Thomas Becket's shrine in the cathedral was demolished and all the gold, silver and jewels were removed tothe Tower of London,and Becket's images, name and feasts were obliterated throughout the kingdom, ending the pilgrimages.

Latin America

Latin America has a number of pilgrimage sites, which have been studied by anthropologists, historians, and scholars of religion.InMesoamerica,some predate the arrival of Europeans and were subsequently transformed to Christian pilgrimage sites.

Aparecida, Brazil

View of the walkway and the Basilica of Our Lady of Aparecida

Our Lady Aparecidais thepatroness saintofBrazil.Veneratedin the Catholic Church, Our Lady Aparecida is represented by a smallterracottaimage of Our Lady of theImmaculate Conception.Historical accounts state that the statue was originally found by three fishermen who miraculously caught many fish after invoking the Blessed Virgin Mary. The statue is currently housed in theBasilica of Our Lady of Aparecida,located in the city ofAparecida, São Paulo.Every year the Basilica receives over 12 million worshipers and pilgrims.

There are six main routes that are usually taken.The largest one, The Path of Faith (O Caminho da Fé),is composed of approximately 970 km, of which approximately 500 km cross the Mantiqueira Mountains by dirt road, tracks, woods and asphalt, providing moments of reflection and faith, physical and psychological health and integration of man with the nature.

Guadalupe, Mexico

TheHill of Tepeyacnow holding theBasilica of Our Lady of GuadalupeoutsideMexico City,said to be the site of the apparition of theVirgin of Guadalupe.

Our Lady of Zapopan, Mexico

Neo-classical Guadalajara Cathedral

InMexico,pilgrims walk to theOur Lady of Zapopan,which this considered the third most important peregrination in the country, after the one of theVirgin of Guadalupe,and the Virgin of San Juan de los Lagos. The Pilgrimage of the Virgin of Zapopan consists of a route 8 km in length, from theGuadalajara Cathedralto theBasilica of Our Lady of Zapopan.It is made every 12 October, and figure of the virgin goes accompanied by more than 3,000,000 people.

El Quinche, Ecuador

The Shrine of El Quinche.

Located 28 km east of the capital city,Quito,the pilgrimage takes place every 21 November at midnight. More than 800,000 pilgrims walk down a steep slope of 780 metres over theGuayllabamba Riverand uphill again to the Shrine of Our Lady of the Presentation of El Quinche, located at 2,680m.a.s.larriving at 6 a.m. Pope FrancisvisitedEl Quincheon 8 July 2015 and spoke toRoman Catholicclergy.

El Cisne, Ecuador

A lookout point on the way to El Cisne parrish. The white basilica can be seen in the distance.

El Cisneis a town in the southern region ofEcuador.Representatives of the city in 1594 requested sculptorDiego de Roblesto build the statue of theVirgin of El Cisnewhich he carved from the wood of a cedar tree. Each year on 17 August, thousands of pilgrims gather in El Cisne to carry the statue about 74 km (46 mi) in a procession to the cathedral ofLoja,where it is the focus of a great festival on 8 September upon with yet another procession taking place to return it to El Cisne.

Quyllurit'i, Peru

According to the Catholic Church, the festival is in honor of the Lord of Quyllurit'i (Quechua:Taytacha Quyllurit'i,Spanish:Señor de Quyllurit'i) and it originated in the late 18th century. The young native herder Mariano Mayta befriended amestizoboy named Manuel on the mountainQullqipunku.Thanks to Manuel, Mariano's herd prospered, so his father sent him to Cusco to buy a new shirt for Manuel. Mariano could not find anything similar, because that kind of cloth was sold only to the archbishop.Learning of this, the bishop of Cusco sent a party to investigate. When they tried to capture Manuel, he was transformed into a bush with an image of Christ crucified hanging from it. Thinking the archbishop's party had harmed his friend, Mariano died on the spot. He was buried under a rock, which became a place of pilgrimage known as the Lord ofQuyllurit'i,or "Lord of Star (Brilliant) Snow." An image of Christ was painted on this boulder.

Panoramic view of the festival, with sanctuary church of Sinaqara in background

The Quyllurit'i festival attracts thousands of indigenous people from the surrounding regions, made up ofPaucartambogroups (Quechua speakers) from the agricultural regions to the northwest of the shrine, andQuispicanchis(Aymara speakers) from the pastoral (herders) regions to the southeast, near Bolivia. Bothmoietiesmake an annual pilgrimage to the feast, bringing large troupes of dancers and musicians. Attendees increasingly have included middle-class Peruvians and foreign tourists.

The culminating event for the indigenous non-Christian population takes place after the reappearance ofQullqain the night sky; it is the rising of the sun after the full moon. Tens of thousands of people kneel to greet the first rays of light as the sun rises above the horizon. Until 2017, the main event for the Church was carried out byukukus,who climbed glaciers overQullqipunkuat 5,522m.a.s.l.But due to the neardisappearance of the glacier,there are fears that the ice may no longer be carried down.The ukukus are considered to be the only ones capable of dealing with the cursed souls said to inhabit the snowfields. The pilgrimage and associated festival was inscribed in 2011 on theUNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists.

Copacabana, Bolivia

Copacabana's Basilica of Our Lady of Copacabana

Before 1534,Copacabanawas an outpost ofIncaoccupation among dozens of other sites inBolivia.The Incas held it as the key to the very ancient shrine and oracle on theIsland of Titicaca,which they had adopted as a place of worship. In 1582, the grandson of Inca rulerManco Kapac,struck by the sight of the statues of theBlessed Virginwhich he saw in some of the churches atLa Paz,tried to make one himself, and after many failures, succeeded in producing one of excellent quality, placing it in Copacabana as the statue of thetutelarprotectress of the community.

During theGreat Indigenous Uprising of 1781,while the church itself was desecrated, the "Camarin", as the chapel is called, remained untouched. Copacabana is the scene of often boisterous indigenous celebrations. The Urinsayas accepted the establishment of the Virgin Mary confraternity, but they did not acceptFrancisco Tito'scarving, and decided to sell it. In La Paz, the picture reached the priest of Copacabana who decided he would bring the image to the people. On 2 February 1583, the image of the Virgin Mary was brought to the area. Since then, a series of miraclesattributed to the icon made it one of the oldestMarian shrinesin the Americas, On 2 February and 6 August, Church festivals are celebrated with indigenous dances.

Costa Rica

InCosta Rica,it is traditional to make a pilgrimage toCartagoon 2 August to make requests and give thanks to theVirgen de los Ángeles(the Lady of the Angels), nicknamedla Negritadue to the dark green color of the statue representing her; the statue located inside theBasilica of Our Lady of the Angels.People all over the country and even otherCentral Americancountries participate on foot or horseback. In 2009, due toAH1N1spreading risks, it was officially cancelled, but the statue was taken on a tour to cities instead.

Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception, Washington

See also

• Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society
• HCPT – The Pilgrimage Trust
• List of Christian pilgrimage sites
• List ofpilgrimage churches

Further reading

• Ralf van Bühren,Lorenzo Cantoni, and Silvia De Ascaniis (eds.),Special issue on "Tourism, Religious Identity and Cultural Heritage",inChurch, Communication and Culture3 (2018), pp. 195–418
• Crumrine, N. Ross and E. Alan Morinis,Pilgrimage in Latin America,Westport CT 1991
• Christian, William A,Local Religion in Sixteenth-Century Spain,Princeton 1989
• Brown, Peter,The Cult of the Saints: Its Rise and Function in Latin Christianity,Chicago 1981
• Turner, Victor and Edith TurnerImage and Pilgrimage in Christian Culture: Anthropological Perspectives,New York 1978

Sources

• Godfrey-Faussett, Thomas Godfrey(1878),"Canterbury (1.)",in Baynes, T. S. (ed.),Encyclopædia Britannica,vol. 5 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, pp. 28–30
• Lyle, Marjorie (2002),Canterbury: 2000 Years of History,Tempus,ISBN978-0-7524-1948-0

External links

• Database of Shrines and Pilgrimage in the Netherlands
• Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913)."On Pilgrimages".Catholic Encyclopedia.New York: Robert Appleton Company.
• Romeria de El Rocío - Hda. de Las Americas de Nstra. Sra. del Rocío