Cimolesta
| Cimolesta | |
|---|---|
| |
| PalaeospinopafromWyomingEocene | |
Scientific classification
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Clade: | Eutheria |
| Order: | †Cimolesta McKenna 1975 |
| Subgroups | |
Cimolestais an extinctorderofnon-placentaleutherianmammals.[2]Cimolestans had a wide variety of body shapes, dentition and lifestyles, though the majority of them were small to medium-sized general mammals that bore superficial resemblances torodents,lagomorphs,mustelids,andmarsupials.
Several groups have previously been suggested to have descended from the Cimolesta: thePholidota(which would have been regarded as a suborder of Cimolesta), theCreodonta,and the Carnivora. The origins of the Enigma ticDinoceratahave been suggested to lie within the Cimolesta as well. However, recent studies have revealed that cimolestans are more likely to be basal, non-placental eutherians, with no living descendants.[2]
Some experts had placed thepangolinswithin Cimolesta, though the current consensus is that the pangolins should be placed within their own order, Pholidota, as a sister taxon toCarnivorawithinFerae.[3][4]Some have also placed the Enigma ticfamilyPtolemaiidaewithin Cimolesta, also due to similarities between dental and skull anatomies with those ofPantolesta.If the ptolemaiids were indeed cimolestids, then Cimolesta would have ranged from the LateCretaceousto the earlyMiocene,when the last ptolemaiid,Kelba,disappeared in EasternAfrica.However, more thorough studies suggest that the ptolemaiids were more probablyafrotheresrelated toaardvarks,tenrecsandgolden moles.[5] [6]If one ignores the ptolemaiids as afrotherians, then the last, unequivocal cimolestids, the pantolestidsGobiopithecusandKiinkerishella,died out during theLate Eoceneor earlyOligocene.
The cimolestidProcerberusmay have been closely related toTaeniodonta.[7][8][9][10][11]Procerberuswas the largest cimolestid and different species may be closer toconoryctidtaeniodonts and others tostylinodontinetaeniodonts. However,Procerberushas been found by cladistic analysis to be outside of a Taeniodonta +Alveugena carbonensis,withProcerberus grandisbeing closer to that clade than to otherProcerberusspecies.[8]
References[edit]
- ^"Cimolesta".paleobiodb.org.Retrieved2021-08-13.
- ^abRook, D.L.; Hunter, J.P. (2013). "Rooting Around the Eutherian Family Tree: the Origin and Relations of the Taeniodonta".Journal of Mammalian Evolution.21:1–17.doi:10.1007/s10914-013-9230-9.S2CID17074668.
- ^Murphy, Willian J.; O'Brien, SJ; et al. (2001-12-14). "Resolution of the Early Placental Mammal Radiation Using Bayesian Phylogenetics".Science.294(5550): 2348–2351.Bibcode:2001Sci...294.2348M.doi:10.1126/science.1067179.PMID11743200.S2CID34367609.
- ^Beck, Robin MD; Bininda-Emonds, Olaf RP; Cardillo, Marcel; Liu, Fu-Guo; Purvis, Andy (2006)."A higher-level MRP supertree of placental mammals".BMC Evolutionary Biology.6(1): 93.doi:10.1186/1471-2148-6-93.PMC1654192.PMID17101039.
- ^Cote S, Werdelin L, Seiffert ER, Barry JC (March 2007)."Additional material of the Enigma tic Early Miocene mammalKelbaand its relationship to the order Ptolemaiida ".Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.104(13): 5510–5.Bibcode:2007PNAS..104.5510C.doi:10.1073/pnas.0700441104.PMC1838468.PMID17372202.
- ^Seiffert, Erik R (2007)."A new estimate of afrotherian phylogeny based on simultaneous analysis of genomic, morphological, and fossil evidence".BMC Evolutionary Biology.7(1): 224.doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-224.PMC2248600.PMID17999766.
- ^Clemens, W. A. (2017).Procerberus(Cimolestidae, Mammalia) from the Latest Cretaceous and Earliest Paleocene of the Northern Western Interior, USA.PaleoBios,34,1-26.https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1dv645n5
- ^abEberle, J. J. (1999). Bridging the transition between didelphodonts and taeniodonts.Journal of Paleontology,73,936-944.
- ^Schoch, R. M. 1986. Systematics, functional morphology, and macroevolution of the extinct mammalian order Taeniodonta. Peabody Museum Bulletin, 42:1-307
- ^LILLEGRAVEN, J. A. 1969. Latest Cretaceous mammals of upper part of Edmonton Formation of Alberta, and review of marsupial-placental dichotomy in mammalian evolution. The University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, 50(Vertebrata 12), 122.
- ^MIDDLETON, M. D. 1983. Early Paleocene vertebrates of the Denver Basin, Colorado. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Colorado, Boulder, 404.
Sources[edit]
- McKenna, MC (1975). "Toward a phylogenetic classification of the Mammalia". In Luckett, WP; Szalay, FS (eds.).Phylogeny of the primates: a multidisciplinary approach (Proceedings of WennerGren Symposium no. 61, Burg Wartenstein, Austria, July 6–14, 1974.New York: Plenum. pp. 21–46.doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-2166-8_2.ISBN978-1-4684-2168-2.
- McKenna, M.C.; Bell, S.K. (1997).Classification of mammals above the species level.New York: Columbia University Press.ISBN978-0-231-11013-6.
- Rose, KD (2006).The beginning of the age of mammals.Baltimore: JHU Press.ISBN978-0801884726.
- Simons, EL; Bown, TM (April 11, 1995)."Ptolemaiida, a new order of Mammalia--with description of the cranium of Ptolemaia grangeri".PNAS.92(8): 3269–73.Bibcode:1995PNAS...92.3269S.doi:10.1073/pnas.92.8.3269.PMC42147.PMID11607526.
