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Cirrus Vision SF50

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"SF50" redirects here. For the US government form, seeStandard Form 50.

Vision SF50
The SF50 is a small business jet with a single aft-mounted turbofan, here with gear and flaps extended
General information
TypeVery light jet
National originUnited States
ManufacturerCirrus Aircraft
StatusIn production
Number built514 delivered (as of December 2023)[1][2]
History
ManufacturedDecember 2016–present
First flightFirst prototype: 3 July 2008
Conforming prototype: 24 March 2014
First production: 5 May 2016

TheCirrus Vision SF50,also known as theVision Jet,is a single-enginevery light jetdesigned and produced byCirrus AircraftofDuluth, Minnesota,United States.

After receiving deposits starting in 2006, Cirrus unveiled an aircraft mock-up on 28 June 2007 and a prototype on 26 June 2008. It made itsmaiden flighton 3 July 2008. Development slowed in 2009 due to lack of funding. In 2011, Cirrus was bought byCAIGA,a Chinese enterprise that funded the project a year later. The first conforming prototype subsequently flew on 24 March 2014, followed by two other prototypes that same year. The test flying program resulted in the USFederal Aviation Administrationawarding atype certificateon 28 October 2016. Deliveries started on 19 December 2016, and by July 2020, 200 jets had been delivered. From 2018 through 2023, it has been the most-deliveredbusiness jet.

Powered by aWilliams FJ33turbofan, the all-carbon fiber,low-wing, seven-seat Vision SF50 ispressurized,cruises at 300 knots (560 km/h; 350 mph) and has a range of over 1,200 nautical miles (2,200 km; 1,400 mi). For emergency uses, it has both awhole-airframe ballistic parachuteandautolandsystem.

Reviews have compared its performance to high-performance single-turbopropaircraft. In 2018, the Vision Jet was awarded theCollier Trophyfor the "greatest achievement in aeronautics or astronautics in America" during the preceding year, being the first certified single-engine civilian jet.

Development

[edit]
The Vision SF50 was inspired by Cirrus' first model, the 1988pusher propellerhomebuiltVK-30(pictured),[3]from which a turboprop prototype was developed, theST-50.[4]

Naming

[edit]

From June 2006 to July 2008, the design was developed under the project name "The Jet",[5]or "The-Jet by Cirrus".[6]On 9 July 2008, Cirrus announced the marketing name of "Vision SJ50", with "V" for the V-tail and "SJ" for "single-jet".[7]By March 2009, the aircraft was re-designated "Vision SF50", as it uses a single-fanjetengine.[8] By April 2016, Cirrus was calling it the "Vision Jet"[9]and on 28 October 2016, it was certified by the FAA under the name "Model SF50".[10]

Early development

[edit]

The company began initial development on the jet in 2003, led by Cirrus founders theKlapmeier brothersand their vice president of advanced development Mike Van Staagen, at an offsite Duluth, Minnesota location they called the "Moose Works”, a parody on Lockheed Martin's Advanced Development Programs dubbed the "Skunk Works".[3][4][11]

The jet was announced by Cirrus in June 2006 at the Cirrus Owners and Pilots Association meeting.[6] At the October 2006NBA AConvention, Cirrus detailed its single jet program to solicitUS$100,000 deposits from potential customers, targeting a price below $1 million and a 2010 certification, for a 300 kn (560 km/h) cruise speed around 25,000 ft (7,600 m) with aWilliams FJ33and a whole-airplaneparachuterecovery system.[12] Cirrus described it as the "slowest, lowest, and cheapest jet available."[13]

Original Vision Jet mock-up in July 2007

In early 2007 the company gave deposit holders a drawing of the aircraft in the form of ajigsaw puzzle,one piece at a time. On 27 June 2007, the puzzle was completed and the aircraft mock-up was unveiled the following day.[14]Starting at this time it became described as a "personal jet".[15]

In September theL-3 SmartDeckavionicspackage was selected for the jet development.[16] On 27 December,Cirrus Designleased a 189,000 sq ft (17,600 m2) formerNorthwest Airlineshangar atDuluth International Airportin which to build the design.[17]

By 22 May 2008, the company had 400 refundable deposits of US$100,000.[5] The prototype was first shown publicly at the annual Cirrus Owners and Pilots AssociationCirrus Migrationon 26 June 2008.[18]

Initial flight tests

[edit]

The Vision Jet was first flown on 3 July 2008 at the Duluth airport.[19][20][21]It was then flown atAirVenture Oshkoshlater that month.[22][23]

By 3 December, the prototype had flown 120 hours, exploring the wholecenter of gravityenvelope, testing engine in-flight shut-down and restart andaerodynamic stallcharacteristics.[24][25]The right side door was replaced by an emergency egress hatch to save weight on production aircraft. Based on test flights and computer models, the aerodynamic design was modified to increase performance and improve the engine thrust angle. The production aircraft was planned to have a more pointed nose, larger belly section, redesigned wing-root fairing, reduced tail sweep and a larger or dual ventral fin.[24]

The aircraft's payload was planned to be 1,200 or 400 lb (540 or 180 kg) with full fuel, based on an expectation of owners often flying long trips solo.[24]Range was targeted for 1,100 nmi (2,037 km) and maximum cruise speed for 300 kn (556 km/h).[24]AnFAAtype certificate was to be applied for by mid-December 2008, withEASAcertification delayed by uncertainty over positioning in the European market.[24][26]It was decided by the company that pilot training would be required in the aircraft type certificate, like theEclipse 500.[24]However, this was not written into the final type certificate.[10]The aircraft's base price was US$1 million in 2008[24]and its equipped price was anticipated to be US$1.25 million for 2011 deliveries.[26]

An early concept mock-up of the flightdeck

On 31 March 2009, Cirrus confirmed that theGarmin G1000avionics had been selected for the SF50 production aircraft.[27]In mid June 2009,L-3 Communicationssued Cirrus for US$18M over the cancellation of its previously selected avionics.[28]

Financing difficulties

[edit]

In 2009, during the height of theGreat Recession,progress on the program slowed significantly. By the end of June, Cirrus co-founder and former CEO Alan Klapmeier proposed buying the project from the company and its major shareholderArcapita,to speed up development and produce it under a new company, which would be advised byMerrill Lynch.[29][30][31]

On 26 July, Alan's brother and fellow Cirrus co-founder Dale Klapmeier came out in support of his efforts and said that Alan was the only person Cirrus would consider letting take over the jet program.[32] Cirrus stated that financing the project was necessary to complete certification and commence production, either at the company or with Alan Klapmeier.[33] However, on 31 July, Alan announced that the offer did not meet Arcapita's or Cirrus’ expectations.[34][35]In August, he left the company while Dale remained, effectively ending the formal 25-year business partnership between the Klapmeier brothers.[36]

By July 2009, 200 hours of flight tests had been completed and the resulting design changes had been incorporated, including anX-tail,simpler and lighterflaps,and handling changes to induce a pitch up when applyingthrust.[citation needed]Although some deposits had been refunded during the economic recession, Cirrus still had nearly 400 orders and anticipated first deliveries in 2012, subject to capital funding.[33]On 2 September, Cirrus announced its price: US$1.39M for deposit holders, equipped similar to aCirrus SR22GTS, US$1.55M with a US$100,000 deposit before the end of the year, and US$1.72M after that, with a US$50,000 deposit.[37][38]In November 2009, following additional test flights, development slowed again due to the lack of capital, delaying deliveries past 2012.[39]Cirrus’ leased space in the ex-Northwest hangar in Duluth closed around this time as well, caused by shrinking sales.[40]

SF50 prototype landing in 2010

By January 2010, the prototype had accumulated 236 hours, while the certification and delivery timeline was reliant on cash flow, as 428 orders were backlogged and growing by one or two per week.[41]By early June, the then-US$1.72M jet had 431 orders, with deposits becoming non-refundable at the beginning of that year. A conforming prototype was expected to be completed by the end of 2010 and fly by the end of 2011, targeting a mid-2013 certification date, while developing the "high-risk" full-aircraftparachute system.[42]

CAIGA investment

[edit]

In April 2012, Cirrus's new ownerCAIGAinvested enough in the project to secure its development, previously estimated at $150 million.[43]By July 2012, the prototype had flown 600 hours in almost 600 flights and the company was ready to build the composite construction tooling required for a conforming prototype, expected to fly in late 2013 for type certification testing.[44]

By February 2013 the company was hiring staff to produce the aircraft, now priced atUS$1.96M.[45]In April, the new prototype roll-out date was announced for 2013.[46]Certificationflight testing was scheduled to start in 2014.[47]In October 2013, three test aircraft were under construction, the first deliveries were scheduled for 2015 and the order book now held 500 deposits.[48]By then the first conforming aircraft was to fly in early 2014.[49]

Final flight tests

[edit]

By February 2014, 800 hours of test flying had been completed.[50]On 24 March 2014, the first conforming prototype flew.[51]The prototype was displayed at theOshkosh Airshowthat summer.[52]Pre-orders of the $1.96 million jet then numbered 550 and Cirrus intended to produce up to 125 aircraft per year.[53][54]The second conforming test aircraft flew in November 2014.[55]The third and final conforming test aircraft made its first flight on 20 December 2014.[56]

In February 2015 the city ofDuluth, Minnesotacommitted US$6M and had asked the state ofMinnesotato contribute US$4M to build a US$10M factory that would be leased to Cirrus to produce the jet, to avoid the company moving the manufacturing operation elsewhere.[57]In April 2015, confident the certification would be on schedule and no modifications needed, Cirrus started production of the first of its 550 orders for the design.[58]In September, the Cirrus Perspective Touchglass cockpitbyGarminwas finalized, featuring oneprimary flight displayand onemulti-function display,with three smaller touchscreen controllers located underneath.[59]

First production Vision SF50, displayed at the 2016EAA AirVenture Oshkoshconvention

By January 2016, certification had been delayed from 2015 to the first half of 2016 due to in-flightballistic parachutetesting.[60]In March, it was announced that in-flight parachute deployment tests were not required by theFederal Aviation Administrationfor certification.[61]

On 5 May 2016, the first production aircraft flew and certification was then forecast for June.[62]TheWilliams FJ33-5A engine was approved by the FAA on 6 June 2016.[63]Certification was then planned for the end of the same month.[64]By July, the SF50 had over 600 orders, the four flight test aircraft had flown more than 1,700 hours and certification had been delayed to the fourth quarter of the year.[65]

On 28 October, after a ten-year development process marked with myriad technical and financial challenges, the SF50 earned itstype certificatefrom the FAA.[66]The design became the first civilian, single-engine jet to be type certified.[67]

Production

[edit]

The first customer Vision SF50 was delivered on 19 December 2016, against 600 outstanding orders.[68]The first customer delivery ceremony was held in the new $16 million, 70,000 sq ft (6,500 m2) finishing center in Duluth, where Cirrus employs more than 750 people.[69]

By April 2017, Cirrus planned to deliver 25 to 50 aircraft that year and 75 to 125 in 2018.[70]A production certificate was awarded on 2 May, to produce more with no individual inspections.[71]As 15% of its orders are intended for the European market, Cirrus receivedEASAcertification at the May 2017EBACE.[72]A video of theCirrus Airframe Parachute System(CAPS) being tested in-flight with a piloted SF50 prototype was published byBusiness Insiderin May 2017.[73]By July 2017, seven customer aircraft had been delivered and one per week were being produced.[74]

On 19 December 2018, Dale Klapmeier announced that he would leave his position as CEO of the company in the first half of 2019.[75] By the end of 2018, 88 aircraft had been delivered, including 63 that year, while 540 orders were backlogged.[76] Cirrus increased production to over 80 aircraft in 2019 and plans to produce 100 in 2020.[76][77] By October 2019, the US market represented 85% of deliveries, but that was predicted to drop to 75% in 2020, as the number of international deliveries continues to grow.[78]

Since August 2020, Cirrus has offered an optionalemergency autolandsystem byGarmin,which the company introduced in October 2019. It initiates at the push of a button and is built into theG3000integrated avionics for the new G2 model. The system is the 3rd certified ingeneral aviation(and 1st ever on a jet), along with thePiper M600[79]andSocata TBM940. Cirrus calls the technology "Safe Return".[80] Offered for $170,000 including extra equipment, it allows landing on runways over 5,836 ft (1,779 m).[81]

By 4 April 2023, 439 Vision Jets were on the USFederal Aviation Administrationregistry.[82]

As of December 2023, the Vision SF50 has been the most-deliveredbusiness jetevery year since 2018.[83][84][85][86][87][2]

Design

[edit]
Cirrus Vision SF50 with cabin door open, at the 2019European Business Aviation Convention
Rear view of the aircraft's V-tail and engine outlet
Interior showing cabin seating

The Vision SF50 is a low-wing cantilevermonoplanepowered by a singleWilliams FJ33-4A-19turbofan, producing 1,900 lbf (8,500 N), mounted above the rear fuselage. It has aV-tailand retractable tricycle landing gear. The design is made entirely ofcomposite material,a first for a production jet. The enclosedcabinis 5.1 ft (1.56 m) wide and 4.1 ft (1.24 m) high. It can seat up to seven occupants.[10]The cockpit, second and third rows each seats two and an extra seat slides between the second and third row, but the third row is only large enough to accommodate children.[88] It has a 300 kn (560 km/h) cruise speed.

Access to the cabin is through a clamshell door on the left hand side of thefuselage.[89]The SF50 is designed for a life limit of 12,000 flight hours.[90]This is not a type certification limit.[10] The SF50 is the first jet to come with a whole-aircraftballistic parachute,[67]the company'sCAPS,deploying from the aircraft's nose.[66][91]

The SF50 is intended to be a step-up aircraft for pilots who have flown theCirrus SR20,SR22and other high-performancelight aircraft,[91]and was developed initially forpersonal useand not for thecorporateorair taxiindustries.[24]However, by 2019, the jet wasFAR part 135approved for air taxi operators.[92]

Early versions were certified for 28,000 ft (8,534 m) and later ones to 31,000 ft (9,449 m). The design has urethanedeicing bootsand an optionallavatory,a single-piece carbon shell will containcabin pressurizationand it should fit in a usual US 40 ft (12 m)Tee hangar.[10][41]

Thewing sparis made of purepre-pregcarbon fiber plies, cured in a high-pressure, high-temperatureautoclave,while most of the other majorairframeparts are made of low-pressure, low-temperature cured carbon fibersandwich construction,around ahoneycombcore, including hand layup of outer pre-pregcarbon fiberplies. High-strengthmetal alloysare used for thelanding gearand other concentrated stress areas, while the primaryflight control surfacesandwing flapsarealuminum,with mechanicalflight controls.Thestallspeed at MTOW with landing gear and flaps down is 67 kn (124 km/h) IAS, while theVsois 64 kn (119 km/h) IAS at the 5,550 lb (2,520 kg) max landing weight, withVrefat 83 kn (154 km/h) IAS or lower, similar to an SR22. The aircraft has a 14.7:1glide ratio,allowing it to glide 75 nmi (139 km) from its FL 310 ceiling to sea level.[93]

In August 2020, the Vision SF50 received FAA approval for the installation of its Safe Return autoland system by Garmin, the first jet aircraft to do so.[94]The system is activated with a cabin-ceiling switch and will determine the nearest safe airport, navigate to it, complete a landing and stop, all without human input.[95]

Reviews

[edit]

AVwebdescribes the Vision Jet as both a great airplane and a significant one by how well "the design resonates with the intended buyer". At FL270 and ISA +15 °C it cruises at 270 kn (500 km/h) and consumes 57 US gal/h (216 L/h).[96] At the same FL270, ISA +15 °C, a review inFlightglobalreported a fuel consumption of 59 US gal/h (223 L/h) at Mach 0.46, 287 kn (532 km/h) and 45 US gal/h (170 L/h) at Mach 0.38 and a 235 kn (435 km/h) long-range cruise speed.[97]

Aviation Week & Space Technologynotes Cirrus has succeeded in producing the “lowest, slowest and least expensive” jet and noted that high-lift airfoils emphasize low-speed performance over top-end speed with a turboprop-likeVMOof 250 kn (463 km/h)IASor a 0.53MMOand aFL280 ceiling. This review reported a 68 US gal (257 L)/h - 456 lb (207 kg)/h fuel burn at its 307 kn (569 km/h)TASmaximum cruise speed (at 5,575 lb (2,529 kg), FL280, ISA+6 °C) and 49 US gal (185 L)/h fuel burn at 270 kn (500 km/h). Like an early 1970sCitation 500,aerodynamic draglimits it to VMOin a 300–500 ft/min (1.5–2.5 m/s)descents,for which it is held at max continuous thrust, unlike most current jets.[98]The publication also states that the large wraparound windshields and sloping nose provide excellent forward visibility and a spacious cabin, although the engine noise is quite prominent, requiring activenoise-cancelling headphonesfor all occupants. Approach speeds are reported to be comparable to the single-engineturboprops,but cruise and range are below some of them. The FJ33'sFADEClessens pilot workload, but changing thrust produces considerablepitchcoupling, due to the engine's location.[98]

Aviation International Newsreported a 60 US gal (227 L)/h fuel burn at 293 kn (543 km/h) TAS (FL280, ISA +12 °C). The author reported that it can carry two people and baggage over 1,000 or 1,200 nmi (1,900 or 2,200 km) at 300 or 240 kn (560 or 440 km/h) TAS ( NBA A IFR range). Upgrading from a single-engine piston aircraft meant either a piston twin, like theBeechcraft BaronorPiper Seneca;aPiper Meridian,SOCATA TBMorPilatus PC-12high-performance single-engine turboprops; or avery light jet.The $2.3 million typically-equipped SF50 benefits from its operating simplicity and roomy cabin compared to the $2.25 million Piper M500/M600, the fast TBMs and theEpic E1000,or the nearly $5 million, larger capacity aircraft, such as thePilatus PC-12orCessna Denali.[99]

Awards

[edit]

In April 2018, the design was named the 2017 winner of theRobert J. Collier Trophyfor the "greatest achievement in aeronautics or astronautics in America" in the past year. The trophy was awarded for "designing, certifying, and entering-into-service the Vision Jet — the world's first single-engine general aviation personal jet aircraft with a whole airframe parachute system".[100] Other accolades received by the aircraft include: theFlyingEditors' Choice Award 2017,[101]de:FliegermagazinBest Plane of the Year 2017,[102]Plane & PilotPlane of the Year 2017,[103]Popular Science100 Greatest Innovations of 2017,[104]Flying'sInnovation Award 2018,[105]and the 2023Edison AwardsGold prize in Air Mobility.[106]

Operational history

[edit]

On April 16, 2019, Cirrus issued a mandatoryService Bulletinto replace theangle of attack(AOA) vane within five flight hours after three reported incidents where stall warnings andstick shakerswere activated by automated systems in normal flight. After similar problems led to theBoeing 737 MAX groundings,the FAA felt that this was serious enough to issue anAirworthiness Directivegrounding the entire SF50 fleet on April 18.[107]Unlike the 737 MAX, theelectronic stability controlsystem in the Vision Jet could be overridden with pilot inputs, and all three reported incidents resulted in safe landings. On April 22, Cirrus was shipping new corrected AOA hardware sensors to operators for replacement.[108]The screws securing the potentiometer shaft to the AoA vane shaft were not properly torqued, and by May 2019, the fleet of over 100 had been returned to service.[109]

Cirrus again issued a mandatory service bulletin on 7 February 2020 and the FAA grounded all SF50 jets on 14 February, after a cabin fire occurred on the ramp ofSanta Monica Airporton 27 December 2019. Cirrus determined that the fire's probable cause came from one of the plane's 12 audio amplifier circuit cards overheating. No injuries were reported and the issue had already been addressed with 97% of the fleet of over 170 at the time of the grounding.[110]

Variants

[edit]
The 2019 G2 Vision Jet has a higher ceiling for improved speed and range, and updated avionics.
G2 Vision Jet

On January 8, 2019, the improvedG2was announced, addingRVSMallowing a ceiling of 31,000 ft (9,400 m) and improving range to over 1,200 nmi (2,200 km), or allowing 150 lb (68 kg) more payload over 800 nmi (1,500 km).[111]It is fitted with anautothrottle,an updated flight deck and upgrades to the aircraft cabin. The cruise speed is increased from 304 to 311 kn (563 to 576 km/h) and its base price is raised to $2.38 million, reaching $2.75 million with options.[112]

The second generation production starts with serial number 94.Cabin pressurizationis raised from 6.4 to 7.1 psi (0.44 to 0.49 bar) and improved insulation cutscabin noiseby 3 dB. At FL 310, ISA and 5,457 lb (2,475 kg), fuel flow is 60 US gal (230 L)/h at 309 kn (572 km/h) TAS.[93]

2021 G2+ Cirrus Vision Jet
G2+

On July 20, 2021, Cirrus announced the G2+ variant of the Vision Jet, with a 20-percent increase in takeoff performance andGogoInflight WiFi. The model also has a slightly longer range and increased payload.[113]In 2023, its equipped price was $3.25M.[114]

All current G2+ models and later G2 models include the Cirrus Safe Return emergency autoland system byGarmin.[113][115]

Operators

[edit]

In July 2008,SATSair,an air taxi company that was 25% owned by Cirrus, ordered five Cirrus Vision SF50s, intending to add them to its fleet ofCirrus SR22piston aircraft.[116][117]SATSair subsequently ceased operations on 24 October 2009, prior to taking delivery of any SF50s.[118]Florida-based charter company Verijet operates a fleet of ten G2 Vision Jets, with a total of 25 SF50s expected by the end of 2022.[119]

Other air taxi operators have expressed an interest in potentially using the Vision SF50 and some industry experts have suggested that the jet could help revive theair taxiindustry.[120][121]

Accidents and incidents

[edit]

As of November 2022,there had been two separate SF50Cirrus Airframe Parachute System(CAPS) deployments, resulting in ground impacts and four survivors: one person with no injuries, two with minor injuries and a fourth person with serious though "non-life-threatening" injuries.[122][123][124][125]

Specifications (G2 model)

[edit]

Data fromCirrus[126]

General characteristics

  • Crew:one
  • Capacity:six passengers
  • Length:30 ft 11 in (9.42 m)
  • Wingspan:38 ft 9 in (11.8 m)
  • Height:10 ft 11 in (3.32 m)
  • Empty weight:3,550 lb (1,610 kg)
  • Gross weight:6,000 lb (2,722 kg)
  • Fuel capacity:2,000 pounds (910 kg)
  • Cabin width × height:5.1×4.1 ft (1.56×1.24 m)
  • Max payload:1,328 lb (602 kg)
  • Powerplant:1 ×Williams FJ33-5A turbofan, 1,846 lbf (8.21 kN) thrust

Performance

  • Maximum speed:311 kn (358 mph, 576 km/h) maximum cruise speed
  • Cruise speed:305 kn (351 mph, 565 km/h)
  • Stall speed:67 kn (77 mph, 124 km/h) with flaps
  • Range:600 nmi (690 mi, 1,100 km) with 1,200 lb (544 kg) payload at max cruise to 1,200 nmi (2,222 km; 1,381 mi) with 200 lb (91 kg) payload at economical cruise[9]
  • Service ceiling:31,000 ft (9,400 m)
  • Mach maximum operating:Mach 0.53[127]
  • Fuel consumption:50g/hr, 462 lb (210 kg)/h at maximum cruise, 315 lb (143 kg)/h at economical cruise[127]
  • Takeoff:621 metres (2,036 ft) roll, 973 metres (3,192 ft) over 15 m (50 ft) obstacle
  • Landing:496 metres (1,628 ft) ground roll

Avionics

See also

[edit]

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References

[edit]
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