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Civilisation(TV series)

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Civilisation
Title cardfrom Episode 1, "The Skin of Our Teeth"
Also known asCivilisation: A Personal View by Kenneth Clark
GenreDocumentary
Developed byDavid Attenborough
Presented bySir Kenneth Clark
ComposerEdwin Astley
Country of originUnited Kingdom
Original languageEnglish
No.of episodes13
Production
ProducersMichael Gill
Peter Montagnon
Running time650 minutes
Original release
Release23 February(1969-02-23)–
18 May 1969(1969-05-18)

Civilisation—in full,Civilisation: A Personal View by Kenneth Clark—is a 1969 Britishtelevision documentaryseries written and presented by the art historianKenneth Clark.

The thirteen programmes in the series outline the history ofWestern art,architectureandphilosophysince theDark Ages.The series was produced by theBBCand aired from February to May 1969 onBBC2.Then, and in later transmissions in Britain, the US and other countries it reached an unprecedented number of viewers for an art series. Clark's book of the same title, based on the series, was published in 1969. Its production standards were generally praised and set the pattern for subsequent television documentary series. TheNew Yorkermagazine described it as revelatory for the general viewer.

The BBC'sDVDissue in 2005 has remained in the catalogues, and Clark's accompanying 1969 book has never been out of print.

Background

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Clark had pioneered British television series about art, beginning in 1958, withIs Art Necessary?,an experimental series forAssociated Television,a commercial broadcaster. Over the next eight years Clark wrote and presented series and one-off programmes on the visual arts, ranging fromCaravaggiotoBruegel the Elder,Rembrandt,Goya,Van GoghandPicasso,and a co-production for commercial television and theBBC,Royal Palaces.[1]

In 1966David Attenborough,the controller of the BBC's new second television channel,BBC2,was in charge of introducing colour broadcasting to the UK, He conceived the idea of a series about great paintings as the standard-bearer for colour television, and had no doubt that Clark would be much the best presenter for it.[2]Clark was attracted by the suggestion, but at first declined to commit himself. He later recalled that what convinced him that he should take part was Attenborough's use of the word "civilisation" to sum up what the series would be about.[3]

I had no clear idea what "civilisation" meant, but thought it was preferable to barbarism, and fancied that this was the moment to say so.

Clark on the genesis ofCivilisation[4]

The series consists of thirteen programmes, each fifty minutes long, written and presented by Clark, covering western European civilisation from the end of the Dark Ages to the early twentieth century. As the civilisation under consideration excludes Graeco-Roman, Asian and other historically important cultures, a title was chosen that disclaimed comprehensiveness:Civilisation: A Personal View by Kenneth Clark.Clark later commented, "I didn't suppose that anyone would be so obtuse as to think that I had forgotten about the great civilisations of the pre-Christian era and the East. However, I confess the title has worried me. It would have been easy in the eighteenth century:Speculations on the Nature of Civilisation as illustrated by the Phases of Civilised Life in Western Europe from the Dark Ages to Present Day.Unfortunately, this is no longer practicable. "[3]Although the series focused chiefly on the visual arts and architecture, there were substantial sections about drama, literature, music, philosophy and socio-political movements. Clark wanted to include more about law and philosophy, but "I could not think of any way of making them visually interesting."[5]

After initial mutual antipathy, Clark and his principal director,Michael Gill,established a congenial working relationship. They and their production team spent three years from 1966 filming in a hundred and seventeen locations in thirteen countries.[6]The filming was to the highest technical standards of the day, and quickly went over budget; it cost £500,000 by the time it was complete.[7]Attenborough rejigged his broadcasting schedules to spread the cost, transmitting each episode twice during the thirteen-week run.[8]

Series outline

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1.The Skin of Our Teeth

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First page of theGospel of St Matthewin theLindisfarne Gospels

In this first episode Clark—travelling fromByzantineRavennato theCelticHebrides,from the Norway of theVikingstoCharlemagne'schapelatAachen—tells the story of theDark Ages,the six centuries followingthe collapseof theRoman Empire,and “how European thought and art were saved by 'the skin of our teeth'”.

Sections:[9]

(US broadcast title:The Frozen World.)[10]

2.The Great Thaw

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Chartres Cathedral

Clark tells of the sudden reawakening of European civilisation in the 12th century. He traces it from its first manifestations inCluny Abbeyto theBasilica of St Denisand finally to its high point, the building ofChartres Cathedralin the early 13th century.

3.Romance and Reality

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Giotto'sThe Kiss of Judas

Beginning at a castle in theLoireand then travelling through the hills ofTuscanyandUmbriato thecathedral baptistryatPisa,Clark examines the aspirations and achievements of the later Middle Ages in 14th century France and Italy.

4.Man: the Measure of all Things

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Botticelli'sThe Three Graces

VisitingFlorence,Clark argues that European thought gained a new impetus from its rediscovery of its classical past in the 15th century. He visits the palaces atUrbinoandMantuaand other centres of (Renaissance) civilisation.

5.The Hero as Artist

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Michelangelo'sDavid

Here Clark takes the viewer back to 16th century PapalRome—noting the convergence of Christianity and antiquity. He discussesMichelangelo,Raphael,andLeonardo da Vinci;the courtyards of theVatican;the rooms decorated for the Pope by Raphael;and theSistine Chapel.

6.Protest and Communication

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Portrait ofErasmusbyHolbein

Clark discusses theReformation—the Germany ofAlbrecht DürerandMartin Lutherand the world of the humanistsErasmus,Montaigne,andShakespeare.

7.Grandeur and Obedience

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Baldacchino,St Peter's Basilica,Rome

In the Rome of Michelangelo andBernini,Clark tells of the Catholic Church's fight—theCounter-Reformation—against the Protestant north and the Church's new splendour symbolised by the glory ofSt Peter's.

8.The Light of Experience

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Dome ofSt Paul's Cathedral,London

Clark tells of new worlds in space and in a drop of water—worlds that the telescope and microscope revealed—and the new realism in the Dutch paintings ofRembrandtand other artists that took the observation of human character to a new stage of development in the 17th century.

9.The Pursuit of Happiness

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MozartbyJoseph Lange

Clark talks of the harmonious flow and complex symmetries of the works ofBach,Handel,Haydn,andMozartand the reflection of their music in the architecture of theRococochurches and palaces ofBavaria.

10.The Smile of Reason

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VoltairebyJean-Antoine Houdon

Clark discusses theAge of Enlightenment,tracing it from the polite conversations of the elegant Parisian salons of the 18th century to subsequent revolutionary politics, the great European palaces ofBlenheimandVersailles,and finallyThomas Jefferson'sMonticello.

11.The Worship of Nature

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Constable'sThe Cornfield

Belief in the divinity of nature, Clark argues, usurped Christianity's position as the chief creative force in Western civilisation and ushered in the Romantic movement. Clark visitsTintern Abbeyand the Alps and discusses the landscape paintings ofTurnerandConstable.

12.The Fallacies of Hope

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Rodin'sThe Kiss

Clark argues that theFrench Revolutionled to the dictatorship ofNapoleonand the dreary bureaucracies of the 19th century, and he traces the disillusionment of the artists ofRomanticism—fromBeethoven's music toByron's poetry,Delacroix's paintings, andRodin's sculpture.

13.Heroic Materialism

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Isambard Kingdom BrunelbyRobert Howlett

Clark concludes the series with a discussion of thematerialismandhumanitarianismof the 19th and 20th centuries. He visits the industrial landscape of 19th century England and the skyscrapers of 20th centuryNew York City.He argues that the achievements of the engineers and scientists—such asBrunelandRutherford—have been matched by those of the great reformers likeWilberforceandShaftesbury.

The series was co-produced by Gill andPeter Montagnon;the cinematographer was Kenneth McMillan; original music was composed by Edwin Astley. Gill directed episodes 1, 3, 5, 8, 10, 12 and 13. Montagnon directed episodes 2, 6, 7, 9, and co-directed episode 11 with Ann Turner, who also directed episode 4.[11]

The series was replayed onBBC Fourand released in the Region 2DVDarea in 2005; a Region 1 set followed in 2006. The DVD release included a short interview with David Attenborough about the commissioning and production of the series.[12]

Reception

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Civilisationattracted unprecedented viewing figures for a high art series: 2.5 million viewers in Britain and 5 million in the US.[5]Clark's accompanying book has never been out of print, and the BBC issued the series on DVDs which continued to sell thousands of copies every year.[13]In 2016,The New Yorkerechoed the words ofJohn Betjeman,describing Clark as "the man who made the best telly you’ve ever seen".[14]The magazine's reviewer continued, "Scholars and academics had their understandable quibbles, but for the general public the series was something like a revelation. Art-museum exhibits in both England and the U.S. reported a surge of visitors following each episode."[14]

There have been complaints in recent times that by focusing on a traditional choice of the great artists over the centuries – all men – Clark had neglected women,[15]and presented "a saga of noble names and sublime objects with little regard for the shaping forces of economics or practical politics".[16]Hismodus operandiwas dubbed "the great man approach",[15]and he described himself on screen as a hero-worshipper and a stick-in-the-mud.[17]He commented that his outlook was "nothing striking, nothing original, nothing that could not have been written by an ordinary harmless bourgeois of the later nineteenth century":[18]

I hold a number of beliefs that have been repudiated by the liveliest intellects of our time. I believe that order is better than chaos, creation better than destruction. I prefer gentleness to violence, forgiveness to vendetta. On the whole I think that knowledge is preferable to ignorance, and I am sure that human sympathy is more valuable than ideology.[17]

Detail fromRaphael'sThe School of Athens,reproduced on the cover of the book and DVD versions ofCivilisation

The broadcasterHuw Weldonbelieved thatCivilisationwas "a truly great series, a major work... the first magnum opus attempted and realised in terms of TV."[19]There was a widespread view among critics, including some unsympathetic to Clark's selections, that the filming set new standards. The series was described as "visually stunning" by critics on both sides of the Atlantic, including Paul B. Harvey in the US andMary Beardin Britain.[15][20]In 2011 Jonathan Jones wrote inThe GuardianofCivilisation's"sheer visual beauty... the camerawork and direction... rise to the poetry of cinema".[21]

TheBritish Film Institutenotes howCivilisationchanged the shape of cultural television, setting the standard for later documentary series, fromAlastair Cooke'sAmerica(1972) andJacob Bronowski'sThe Ascent of Man(1973) to the present day.[16]

Sequel

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The BBC announced in 2015 that it was to make a ten-episode sequel to Clark's series, to be calledCivilisations(plural), with three presenters,Mary Beard,David OlusogaandSimon Schama.A co-production with PBS in the United States, it would not cover western European civilisation in the same detail, but would additionally cover Graeco-Roman and non-European cultures.[22]The series, reduced from the planned ten to nine episodes, was trailed in February 2018, with transmission starting on 1 March in the UK and 17 April in the US on PBS.[23]

See also

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References

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  1. ^Stourton pp. 284 and 288
  2. ^Stourton, pp. 319–320
  3. ^abClark (1969), p. xvii
  4. ^Hearn, p. 7
  5. ^abHearn, p. 16
  6. ^Hearn, p. 11
  7. ^Hearn, p. 14
  8. ^Hearn, p, 12
  9. ^Section headings from Hearn, pp. 20–32
  10. ^Civilisation, Part 1: The Frozen World
  11. ^Hearn, pp. 20–32
  12. ^Hearn, p. 32
  13. ^Stourton, p. 452
  14. ^abMeis, Morgan."The Seductive Enthusiasm of Kenneth Clark’sCivilisation"Archived27 July 2017 at theWayback Machine,The New Yorker,21 December 2016
  15. ^abcBeard, Mary,"Kenneth Clark by James Stourton: review"Archived21 May 2017 at theWayback Machine,The Guardian,1 October 2016
  16. ^abVahimagi, Tise."Clark, Sir Kenneth (1903–1983)"Archived8 November 2012 at theWayback Machine,British Film Institute, retrieved 22 June 2017
  17. ^abClark (1969), pp. 346–347
  18. ^Clark, (1977), p. 222
  19. ^Hearn, p. 15
  20. ^Harvey, Paul B."The Art of Being Civilised"Archived27 February 2018 at theWayback Machine,Archaeology,Vol. 59, No. 5 (September/October 2006), pp. 52–53.(subscription required)
  21. ^Jones, Jonathan."Why the BBC is right to bring us back to Civilisation"Archived6 October 2017 at theWayback Machine,The Guardian,24 January 2011
  22. ^Anthony, Andrew."Civilisations: Three presenters, 10 parts, one epic history of the world’s culture"Archived18 January 2018 at theWayback Machine,The Guardian,27 December 2015.
  23. ^Ling, Thomas"First look at BBC's epic new art history series Civilisations"Archived21 February 2018 at theWayback Machine,Radio Times,8 February 2018; and"What time is Civilisations on TV?"Archived27 February 2018 at theWayback Machine,Radio Times,22 February 2018

Sources

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  • Clark, Kenneth (1969).Civilisation: A Personal View.London: BBC and John Murray.OCLC879537495.
  • Clark, Kenneth (1977).The Other Half: A Self-Portrait.London: John Murray.ISBN978-0-7195-3432-4.
  • Hearn, Marcus (2005).Civilisation.London: BBC.OCLC778343652.
  • Stourton, James (2016).Kenneth Clark: Life, Art and Civilisation.London: Collins.ISBN978-0-00-749341-8.
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