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Clan Mackenzie

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Clan Mackenzie
Clann Choinnich[1]
Crest:A mount in flames Proper[2]
MottoLuceo non uro(I shine not burn)[2]
SloganTulach Àrd(The high hill or The high knoll or "The highhillock)
Profile
RegionHighland
DistrictRoss-shire
Plant badgevariegatedhollyor
deergrass
Chief
John Ruaridh Grant Mackenzie
5th Earl of Cromartie(Caber Feidh[3])
SeatCastle Leod[4]
Historic seatEilean Donan Castle
Redcastle
Septsof Clan Mackenzie
Charles,[5]Charleson,[5]Clunes,[5]Clunies,[5]Cross,[5]Iverach,[5]Iverson,[5]Ivory,[5]Kenneth,[5]Kennethson,[5]Kinnach,[5]Kynoch,[5]MacAulay,[6]Macaweeney,[5]MacBeolain,[5]MacBeath,[5]MacBeth,[5]MacConnach,[5]MacCure,[5]Maceur,[5]MacIver,[5]MacIvor,[5]MacKenna,[5]MacKenney,[5]MacKerlich,[5]MacKinna,[5]MacKinney,[5]MacKinnie,[5]MacLeay,[5]MacMurchie,[5]MacMurchy,[5]MacQueenie,[5]MacThearliach,[5]MacVanish,[5]MacVennie,[5]MacVinish,[5]MacVinnie,[5]MacWeeny,[5]MacWhinnie,Makiver,[5]Murchie,[5]Murchison,[5]Smart,[5]Tuach,[5]
Clan branches
Mackenzie of Kintail(historic chiefs)
Mackenzie of Seaforth(historic chiefs)
Mackenzie of Cromarty(current chiefs)
Mackenzie of Hilton (senior cadets)[A]
Mackenzie of Gairloch(senior cadets)[A]
Mackenzie of Achilty
Mackenzie of Allangrange (last agnatic chiefs)
Mackenzie of Applecross
Mackenzie of Ardloch
Mackenzie of Ardross and Dundonnel
Mackenzie of Ballone
Mackenzie of Belmaduthy
Mackenzie of Berkeley Square
Mackenzie of Brea
Mackenzie of Cleanwaters
Mackenzie of Coul
Mackenzie of Dailuaine
Mackenzie of Darien
Mackenzie of Davochmaluag
Mackenzie of Delvine
Mackenzie of Dolphinton
Mackenzie of Dundonnel (Old)
Mackenzie of Fairburn
Mackenzie of Fawley Court and Farr
Mackenzie of Findon and Mountgerald
Mackenzie of Flowerburn
Mackenzie of Glack
Mackenzie of Glenbervie
Mackenzie of Glen Muick
Mackenzie of Groundwater
Mackenzie of Gruinard
Mackenzie of Highfield
Mackenzie of Brae
Mackenzie of Kernsary
Mackenzie of Kilcoy
Mackenzie of Killichrist
Mackenzie of Kincraig
Mackenzie of Letterewe
Mackenzie of Lochend
Mackenzie of Loggie
Mackenzie of Mornish
Mackenzie of Mountgerald
Mackenzie of Muirton and Meikle Scatwell
Mackenzie of Ord
Mackenzie of Pitlundie and Culbo
Mackenzie of Portmore
Mackenzie ofRedcastle
Mackenzie of Royston
Mackenzie of Scatwell
Sliochd Alastair Chaim
Mackenzie of Suddie
Mackenzie of Tarbat
McKenzie of Torry
Mackenzie of Torridon
Mackenzie of Wedellsborg
Allied clans
Rival clans

Clan Mackenzie(Scottish Gaelic:Clann Choinnich[ˈkʰl̪ˠãũn̪ˠˈxɤɲɪç]) is aScottish clan,traditionally associated withKintailand lands inRoss-shirein theScottish Highlands.Traditional genealogies trace the ancestors of the Mackenzie chiefs to the 12th century. However, the earliest Mackenzie chief recorded by contemporary evidence isAlexander Mackenzie of Kintailwho died some time after 1471. Traditionally, during theWars of Scottish Independence,the Mackenzies supportedRobert the Bruce,but feuded with theEarls of Rossin the latter part of the 14th century. During the 15th and 16th-centuries the Mackenzies feuded with the neighboring clans of Munro and MacDonald. In the 17th century the Mackenzie chief was madeEarl of Seaforthin thepeerage of Scotland.During theScottish Civil Warof the 17th century the Mackenzies largely supported theRoyalists.During theJacobite rising of 1715the chief and clan of Mackenzie supported the Jacobite cause. However, during theJacobite rising of 1745the clan was divided with the chief,Kenneth Mackenzie, Lord Fortrose,supporting the British-Hanoverian Government and his relative,George Mackenzie, 3rd Earl of Cromartie,supporting the Jacobites.

History[edit]

Origins[edit]

Traditional origins[edit]

The surnameMackenzieinScottish GaelicisMacCoinneachwhich meansson of the fair bright one.[7]

The Mackenzies are believed to have the same ancestry as theMathesonand Anrias clans.[7]All three are said to be descended from Gilleoin of the Aird, aGaelicdynast who lived in the early 12th century.[7]Another theory is that all three are descended from the thirteenth centuryKermac Macmaghan.[8][9]The chiefs of the Clan Mackenzie are said to have been settled at their great stronghold onEilean Donanby 1297.[7]

All of the earliest traditional Clan Mackenzie histories claim descent from a Fitzgerald progenitor. These histories include those by John Mackenzie of Applecross (died c.1684/5), George Mackenzie first Earl of Cromarty (died 1714) and the unpublished Letterfearn, Ardintoul and Allangrange manuscripts.[10]It is believed that all of these histories ultimately derive from a single manuscript created by William MacQueen, Parson of Assynt in 1576, now lost.[11]Alexander Mackenzie[12]followed the Fitzgerald scheme for the first edition of his History of the Mackenzies in 1879, but abandoned it in his later 1894 edition based on the intervening publication of genealogies contained inMS 1467.[13]

MS 1467 was compiled 200 years before the earliest surviving Mackenzie traditional history. The Mackenzie and Matheson genealogies in MS 1467, which end c.1400, both derive from a Gilleoin of the Aird, but make no mention of Fitzgerald. The genealogies in MS 1467 have been interpreted as in part a census of the military resources available to Domhnall lord of the Isles in a period when he was seeking to make good his wife's claims to the earldom of Ross, culminating in the battle of Harlaw in 1411.[14]Based on MS 1467 and a series of charters associated with Beauly Priory, it has been suggested that the Mackenzies and Mathesons were junior branches of the Del Ard family, heirs to Gilleoin of the Aird.[15]The senior line of this family, prominent in the 13th and 14th centuries, terminated in the heiress Margaret del Ard, the Lady of Erchless, who married Alexander Chisolm of Cromer c. 1350.[citation needed]

In the 14th century during theWars of Scottish Independencethe Clan Mackenzie is said to have been among the clans who fought on the side ofRobert the Bruceat theBattle of Inverurie (1308)against the forces of theClan Comynwho were rivals to the throne.[16]Chief Iain Mac Coinnich is said to have led a force of five hundred Mackenzies at theBattle of Bannockburnin 1314 where the English were defeated.[16][17]

Later in the 14th century the Mackenzies are said to have become involved in battles against their powerful neighbour theEarl of Rossand his allies. This resulted in the capture and subsequent execution of chief Kenneth Mackenzie in 1346.[18]Soon after this it appears that his successor as chief of the clan Mackenzie was living in an island castle in Loch Kinellan near Strathpeffer in Easter Ross and it was from this base that the clan was to advance westward once again to Kintail.[18]

Recorded origins[edit]

The earliest likeness of aMackenzie- the effigy ofKenneth Mackenzie, 7th of Kintail(d. 1491/ 1492) located atBeauly Priory.

An early genealogy of the Mackenzies appears inMS 1467,but the earliest contemporary record of a living Mackenzie is ofAlexander Mackenzie of Kintail(Alexandro McKennye de Kintaill) who appeared in two supplications for papal dispensation in 1465 and 1466,[19]and was listed as a witness to a charter byJohn of Islay, Earl of Ross, and Lord of the Isleson 4 November 1471.[20]The earliest known likeness of a Mackenzie is that of Sir Kenneth Mackenzie (d. 7 February 1491/1492), whoseeffigycan be seen atBeauly Priory.[21]He is the firstMackenzieto be buried at Beauly Priory. There is no reliable evidence to support the traditional assertion that previous members of his family were buried atIona.[22]

15th century and clan conflicts[edit]

In 1452 a force of tribes loyal to Mackenzie of Kintail took hostage a relative of theEarl of Ross.This resulted in theBattle of Bealach nam Broigwhich was fought to the north-west ofBen Wyvis.[23][24]TheClan Munroand theirseptsthe Dingwalls rescued the Ross hostage but won a hollow victory, with a great loss of their own men.[23][24]

In 1488 the Clan Mackenzie fought at theBattle of Sauchieburnled byHector Roy Mackenziebut after the defeat of the King's forces there, Hector narrowly escaped, returning to Ross-shire where he tookRedcastlefrom theClan Rose,for the rebels.[25]

In 1491 theBattle of Blar Na Paircewas fought between the Mackenzies and the MacDonalds.[26][27]This was followed by theRaid on Rossalso in 1491 when the Clan Mackenzie clashed with a number of clans including theClan MacDonald of Lochalsh,Clan MacDonald of Clanranald,Clan Cameronand theChattan ConfederationofClan Mackintosh.[28]

In 1497Alexander MacDonald of Lochalshand his clan rebelled against the King. MacDonald invaded the fertile lands of Ross-shire where he was defeated in battle by the Mackenzies at theBattle of Drumchatt (1497),after which he was driven out of Ross-shire.[29]

16th century and clan conflicts[edit]

During theAnglo-Scottish WarsJohn Mackenzie, 9th of Kintailled the clan at theBattle of Floddenin 1513.[30]John escaped but many of his followers lost their lives. John Mackenzie also fought at theBattle of Pinkie Cleughin 1547 where he was captured by the English. However, his clan paid a ransom of cows for his release.[30]

The growing importance of the Clan Mackenzie was vividly demonstrated in 1544 when theEarl of Huntly,the Lieutenant of the North, commanded chief John Mackenzie to raise his clan againstClan Ranaldof Moidart.[31]The Mackenzie chief refused and Huntly's supporters, the Clan Grant, Clan Ross and Clan Mackintosh declined to attack the Mackenzies. From that time the Mackenzies were recognised as a separate and superior force in the north-west.[31]

On 13 December 1545 atDingwall,theEarl of Sutherlandentered into a bond ofmanrentwith John Mackenzie of Kintail for mutual defence against all enemies, reserving only their allegiance to the youthfulMary, Queen of Scots.[32]

At theBattle of Langsidein May 1568 the Mackenzies fought on the side of Mary, Queen of Scots, against the forces of her half-brotherJames Stewart, Earl of Moray.Their chief,Kenneth Mackenzie, 10th of Kintaildied the following month and was buried at Beauly.[33]

In 1570, a feud broke out with the Munros over theCastle Chanonry of Ross.Andrew Munro of Milntown defended it for 3 years against the Clan Mackenzie, at the expense of many lives on both sides. The feud was settled when the castle was handed over to the Mackenzies by an "Act of Pacification".[34][35][36]

In 1597, theBattle of Logiebridetook place between the Mackenzies and MacLeods of Raasay against the Munros and theBain familyofTulloch Castle.[37][38]

17th century and Civil War[edit]

Commemorative stone to the Mackenzies of Seaforth on theIsle of Lewis.The Mackenzie chief's title ofEarl of Seaforthtook its name fromLoch Seaforthbetween the Isles of Lewis and Harris

By the beginning of the 17th century the territory of the Mackenzies extended from theBlack Islein the east to theOuter Hebridesin the west.[7]They took over theIsle of Lewisfrom its formerClan MacLeod of Lewisrulers and alsoLoch Alshfrom the MacDonells.[7]TheBattle of Morarin 1602 was fought between the Clan Mackenzie andClan MacDonell of Glengarry.[39][40]

In 1623, the clan chiefColin Mackenziewas madeEarl of Seaforth,a title in thepeerageofScotland,taking his title from a sea loch on theIsle of Lewis.

In 1645, Lord Seaforth, fighting as aCovenanter,led a force against the royalistJames Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose,at theBattle of Auldearnwhere the Covenanters were defeated.[41]Montrose followed up his success by destroying many houses that belonged to people who had opposed the royalist cause, including that ofThomas Mackenzie of Pluscarden.[41]Later in 1649, Thomas Mackenzie of Pluscarden adopted the royalist cause and led his own uprising in theSiege of Inverness (1649).[41][42]

In 1672, the Mackenzies were granted a commission of "fire and sword"against theMacLeods of Assyntwho were a branch of the Clan MacLeod of Lewis and were seated atArdvreck Castle,which was attacked and captured by the Mackenzies, who took control of the lands ofAssynt.[4][43]

In 1688,Kenneth Mackenzie of Suddiewas killed leading a Government-backedIndependent Highland Companyin support of Mackintosh against theClan MacDonald of Keppochwho were supported by theClan Cameronat theBattle of Mulroy.[44]During theWilliamite War in Irelandthe Clan Mackenzie (led by their chiefKenneth Mackenzie, 4th Earl of Seaforth) are believed to have supported King James at theSiege of Derryand theBattle of the Boynein 1690.[7]

18th century and Jacobite risings[edit]

During theJacobite rising of 1715chiefWilliam Mackenzie, 5th Earl of Seaforthled the Clan Mackenzie in support of the Jacobite rebels.[45]However, during theJacobite rising of 1745the Clan Mackenzie was divided: The chief,Kenneth Mackenzie, Lord Fortrose,did not support the Jacobites and raised severalIndependent Highland Companiesfrom the Clan Mackenzie to support the British Government.[46]However, during the 1745 rising a large part of the Clan Mackenzie followed the chief's cousin,George Mackenzie, 3rd Earl of Cromartiewho was a Jacobite.[47]

1715 and 1719 Jacobite risings[edit]

In what is known as theSkirmish of Alnessin 1715 theEarl of Seaforth,chief of Mackenzie led a force of 3000 men that forced the retreat of a smaller force loyal to the British Government, which was commanded by theEarl of Sutherlandand included the clans Sutherland, Munro, Ross and Mackay. Much of the Ross's and Munro's lands were ravaged,[48]but they retaliated by raiding the Mackenzie lands in what is known as theSiege of Brahan.[49][50]

TheSiege of Inverness (1715)came to an end when the town, which was being held by the Mackenzies was surrendered to Simon Fraser of Lovat. Soon after this ColonelSir Robert Munro, 6th Baronetof Foulis marched into the town ofInvernesswith 400 Munros and took over control as governor from Fraser. Government troops arrived in Inverness towards the end of February, and for some months the process of disarming the rebels went on, led by a Munro detachment under George Munro of Culcairn.[51]

The clan rivalries which had erupted in rebellion were finding an outlet in local politics. The Mackenzie's position as Earl of Seaforth came to an end in 1716, and it seems to have been arranged that while theClan Rossheld the county seat the Munros would represent theTain Burghs.To secure the burghs, control of three out of the five was necessary. Ross ascendancy was secure in Tain, and from 1716 to 1745 the Munros controlledDingwall.

The Clan Mackenzie fought at theBattle of Glen Shielin 1719 where they were defeated by Government forces and the Mackenzie chief was wounded, afterwards retreating to the Western Isles and from there to the Continent.[52]In 1721 the Clan Mackenzie, led byDonald Murchison,defeated Government supporters from theClan Rossat theBattle of Glen Affric.[53]This was followed by theBattle of Coille Bhanwhere again, led by Donald Murchison and also his relative Kenneth Murchison, the Clan Mackenzie defeated Government forces.[54]General Wade's report on the Highlands in 1724, estimated the clan strength at 3,000 men.[55]

1745 Jacobite rising[edit]

George Mackenzie, 3rd Earl of Cromartieled the Jacobite Mackenzies at theBattle of Falkirk (1746)where they were victorious in helping to defeat British Government forces.[7]The Mackenzies then went on to lay waste to the lands of the Munros who supported the Government and burn downFoulis Castle.They also went on to lay waste to the lands of theClan Sutherlandand theEarl of Sutherlandwho also supported the Government, and capturedDunrobin Castle,although the Earl of Sutherland himself escaped through a back door.[56]However, soon after this as theEarl of Cromartieand his forces were travelling south to meetCharles Edward Stuartthey were attacked by the Mackay and Sutherland Independent Highland Companies who supported the British Government in what became known as theBattle of Littleferryand the Jacobite Mackenzies were prevented from joining the Jacobite army at theBattle of Culloden.[56]Soon after George Mackenzie, 3rd Earl of Cromartie and his son were captured atDunrobin Castle.The Earl of Cromartie's titles were then forfeited.

Other Mackenzies took the side of the British Government: the chief, Kenneth Mackenzie, Lord Fortrose had in fact raised threeIndependent Highland Companiesto support the British Government.[57]In one of the Independent Highland Companies under Captain Colin Mackenzie it is recorded at Shiramore in Badenoch in June 1746 and it included many of them from Kintail as well as more than sixty men from theClan MacRae.[58]

War, France, and India[edit]

A number of famous regiments have been raised from the Mackenzie clan, including the Highland Light Infantry (raised in 1777), the Seaforth Highlanders (raised in 1778), and the second battalion of the Seaforth Highlanders, known as the Ross-shire Buffs (raised in 1793). All those regiments wore the MacKenzietartan.Born in 1754, ChiefFrancis Mackenzie, 1st Baron Seaforth,the last Lord Seaforth raised a regiment for the British Army in 1778, the 72nd, and the clan produced another the 78th in 1793. Both had distinguished records fighting againstNapoleonand were later amalgamated into theQueen's Own Highlanders.

The 78th Regiment, as it was first called, was raised in 1778 from men on the Seaforth and other Mackenzie estates. The Earl of Seaforth, having raised his men, sailed with them to India in 1781, but died there a few months later. During the Wars in India,Colin Mackenzie(1754–1821) was Surveyor General of India, and an art collector and orientalist. He produced many of the first accurate maps of India, and his research and collections contributed significantly to the field of Asian studies. In 1799, he was part of the British force at theBattle of Seringapatam.He also fought in theNapoleonic Wars.

Modern history[edit]

Clan Mackenzie tent at the 2005 Bellingham, Northumberland, England, Highland Games

Throughout the 19th century Clan Mackenzie was without a chief that was recognised by theLord Lyon King of Arms.[59]In 1979, Roderick Grant Francis Blunt-Mackenzie, 4th Earl of Cromartie, legally changed his surname toMackenzieand was widely recognised as Chief of the clan (for example by Clan Mackenzie Societies around the Commonwealth). Although not descended from aMackenziein the male line (his father was born aBluntand later changed toBlunt-Mackenzieafter marrying Sibell Lilian Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, Countess of Cromartie), he inherited his titles andMackenziedescent through his mother (even she only claims aMackenziedescent as a great-great-great-great-granddaughter ofGeorge Mackenzie, 3rd Earl of Cromartie).[60]

On his death in 1990 his son John Ruaridh Mackenzie, 5th Earl of Cromartie succeeded as chief of Clan Mackenzie.[61]The Earl of Cromartie still owns lands inclan countryhowever, the largest remaining Mackenzie landowner by some margin is Mackenzie ofGairloch,with an estate which extends to over 50,000acres(like the clan chief, Mackenzie of Gairloch has inherited his clan name and lands through the female line).[21][62]The current chief is a member of theStanding Council of Scottish Chiefs.[59][63]

The current chief of Clan Mackenzie lives atCastle Leod,which is thought to date from the 16th century. The chief has leased the unoccupied old tower to the Clan Mackenzie Charitable Trust (CMCT) for 99 years.[64]In 1991 it was announced that the castle was planned to be restored. The restoration was to include a clan genealogical centre that would be open to the public.[65]During the 1990s there was extensive work done on the tower. In 2002 the Highland Buildings Preservation Trust (HBPT) was contacted, to carry out a feasibility study to investigate the potential for the re-use of the upper floor space of the tower, which deemed public funding to be sought to cover the costs of restoration. Because of concerns of physical and legal separation between the clan chief and the tower, the chief decided that the conditions of public funding were too onerous.[64]

AromanticisedVictorian-eraillustration of a Clan Mackenzie clansman byR. R. McIanfromThe Clans of the Scottish Highlandspublished in 1845.

Chief[edit]

Main article:Chiefs of Clan Mackenzie

Clan chief:John Ruaridh Grant Mackenzie,5th Earl of Cromartie(b. 1948), Viscount Tarbat of Tarbat, Baron Castlehaven, Baron MacLeod of Castle Leod, Chief of Clan Mackenzie.[66]Chiefs of Clan Mackenzie are titled asCaberféidh(translation from Scottish Gaelic: "Deer's antlers" ). This Gaelic title is derived from thestag'shead charge on the former chief, theEarl of Seaforth'scoat of arms.[21]

Castles[edit]

Castle owned by the Clan Mackenzie have included:

  • Eilean Donan Castlewas long held by the Mackenzies of Kintail and it may have been given to them after they helped to defeat the Norsemen at theBattle of Largsin 1263.[4]William Mackenzie, 5th Earl of Seaforth had the castle garrisoned with Spanish troops during the Jacobite rising of 1719, although the castle was battered into submission by three frigates, and it was then blown up from within with barrels of gunpowder.[4]The ghost of one of the Spanish soldiers who was killed is said to haunt the castle.[4]The castle was left very ruinous before being completely rebuilt in the twentieth century.[4]
  • Brahan Castle,about three miles south-west ofDingwallhas now been completely demolished except for one wall.[4]It was held by the Mackenzies of Brahan who were patrons of theBrahan Seer.[4]
  • Castle Leodwhich is a few miles west of Dingwall is an L-plan tower house that dates from the seventeenth century with later additions.[4]The current Castle Leod was built by Sir Roderick Mackenzie of Coigach in about 1610.[4]His descendant was George Mackenzie, 3rd Earl of Cromartie who was forfeited for his part in theJacobite rising of 1745after being captured atDunrobin Castle.[4]
  • Ardvreck Castlewas built by theMacLeods of Assyntbut it later passed to the Mackenzies who sacked the castle in 1672.[4]
  • Fairburn Towerwas built for Murdo Mackenzie in the 1540s.[67]It is a ruin and theLandmark Trustplans to restore it.
  • Kilcoy CastlenearMuir of Ord,Ross and Cromarty, is a Z-plan tower house that was held from 1618 by Alexander Mackenzie, son of the eleventh baron of Kintail, chief of the clan.[4]It was once ruinous but has now been restored and is still occupied.[4]
  • Redcastlenear Muir of Ord, near Ross and Cromarty, is a ruined L-plan tower house that was held by the Mackenzies from 1570 to 1790.[4]It was burned in 1649 and later passed to the Ballies of Dochfour.[4]The castle is now a shell.[4]
  • Tarbat Housewas erected byJohn Mackenzie, Lord MacLeodwith work starting in 1784. It was built on the site of a previous mansion which had been built forGeorge Mackenzie, 1st Earl of Cromartiein the late 17th century, replacingMilntown Castle.[68]When George Mackenzie bought the Milntown estate in 1656, he renamed itNew Tarbatafter Tarbat Castle, the family's original seat nearPortmahomack.[69]Some of the remains of George Mackenzie's mansion were incorporated into the new one. Concurrent with the construction of the new house, Lord MacLeod planted thousands of new forest and fir trees on the estate. Some of the final building work on the house was unfinished when he died in 1789 after a year-long illness. The remaining work was completed to his plans by his cousin and successor, Kenneth Mackenzie.[70]

Tartan[edit]

The Mackenzie dresstartanis a modern tartan.
The Mackenzie tartan, otherwise known as the regimental tartan of theSeaforth Highlanders.

Tartansassociated with the nameMackenzieinclude:

  • Mackenzie.[2]
  • The tartan is the regimental tartan of theSeaforth Highlanders,which was raised in 1778 by theEarl of Seaforth.The tartan is recorded in the Collection of theHighland Society of Londonin 1816.[71][72]The tartan is worn by members of theRoyal Military College of CanadaPipes and Drums band.
  • Mackenzie dress.[2]
  • Mackenzie hunting.[2]
  • Mackenzie Millennium,also known asMackenzie 78th Highlanders.[2]This tartan, according to the Clan Mackenzie Society of Scotland and the UK website, was recently "discovered"and recreated for the" Millennium Gathering ". The society currently sells this tartan.[71]

Origin of the name[edit]

The surnameMackenzieis of Scottish origin and derived fromGaelic.The name is anAnglicisedform of the GaelicMac Coinnich,which is apatronymicform of thepersonal nameCoinneachmeaning "comely" or "handsome".[73][74]Today personal nameCoinneachis generally Anglicised asKennethhoweverKennethwas originally used as an Anglicisation of different Gaelic personal name –Cionaodh.[74]

The AnglicisedMackenziehad originally been pronounced "Mackaingye"– with a modernEnglishYsound represented with the letteryoghȝ.[21]In the 18th century it became popular to write and pronounce the name with what is the equivalent of a modern EnglishZsound, because of the similarity of the letteryoghand letterZ.[21]There areLowland Scotswords and Scottish names that have been affected in a similar way (example: the surnameMenzies).[75]

In fiction[edit]

Fictional Mackenzies appear in theOutlanderseriesof books byDiana Gabaldon.

The Seat of the Clan Mackenzie,Castle Leodis widely considered to be the inspiration behind Castle Leoch, the home of the Clan Mackenzie, in Diana Gabaldon'sOutlanderseries. It was considered as a filming location for the TV series, however,Doune Castlewas selected due to its ease of location.

Diana Gabaldon told STV that "When the TV show began scouting locations, I suggested Leod as a possibility. It's entirely accurate as to period, of course, and has magnificent grounds, with a park of enormous, exotic trees planted by centuries of MacKenzies and their visitors. (Diana herself planted a" very modest "rowan,as her "own wee contribution" to the history).[76]

In theEmberverse seriesbyS.M. Stirling,otherwise known as the 'Change' world, the founder of the Clan Mackenzie, Juniper Mackenzie, is descended from this Scottish clan.

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^Mac an Tàilleir, Iain."Ainmean Pearsanta"(docx).Sabhal Mòr Ostaig.Archivedfrom the original on 17 July 2011.Retrieved15 October2009.
  2. ^abcdef"Clan Mackenzie Society of Scotland and the UK".Archived fromthe originalon 29 April 1999.Retrieved14 March2008.
  3. ^Fairrie, Angus (1998).Queen's Own Highlanders, Seaforth and Camerons.Northern Times. p. 2.ISBN0-9508986-2-7.
  4. ^abcdefghijklmnopqCoventry, Martin (2008).Castles of the Clans: The Strongholds and Seats of 750 Scottish Families and Clans.Musselburgh:Goblinshead. pp. 377–380.ISBN978-1-899874-36-1.
  5. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadaeafagahaiajakalamanaoap"Clan Mackenzie Septs".clanmackenziesociety.co.uk.Retrieved17 November2019.
  6. ^Thomas, F.W.L.(1879–1880)."Traditions of the Macaulays of Lewis"(PDF).Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland.14:383–384. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 11 June 2007.
  7. ^abcdefghWay, George of Plean;Squire, Romilly of Rubislaw(1994).Collins Scottish Clan & Family Encyclopedia.Glasgow:HarperCollins(for theStanding Council of Scottish Chiefs). pp. 226–227.ISBN0-00-470547-5.
  8. ^McDonald, R.A (1997).The Kingdom of the Isles: Scotland's Western Seaboard, c. 1100–c. 1336. Scottish Historical Monographs.Vol. 4. East Linton: Tuckwell Press. p. 106 n. 11.ISBN978-1-898410-85-0.
  9. ^Cowan, J(1990).Norwegian Sunset — Scottish Dawn: Hakon IV and Alexander III. In Reid, NH. Scotland in the Reign of Alexander III, 1249–1286.Edinburgh:John Donald Publishers.pp. 130 n. 70.ISBN0-85976-218-1.
  10. ^MacCoinnich, A (2003).Kingis rabellis "to Cuidich 'n' Righ; the emergence of Clann Choinnich, c. 1475-1508.Quoting: Boardman, S. and Ross, A. (eds)The Exercise of Power in Medieval Scotland, 1200-1500.Dublin:Four Courts Press.pp. 175-200
  11. ^Munro, Jean (1999).West Highland Notes and Queries.Vol. Series 2, no 19. pp. 12–17.
  12. ^Mackenzie, Alexander(1879).History of the Mackenzies.
  13. ^Skene, William Forbes(1890).Celtic Scotland: A history of Ancient Albyn.Vol. 3 vols (2nd ed.). Edinburgh.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  14. ^MacGregor, Martin (2000).Genealogies of the clans: contributions to the study of MS 1467.The Innes Review.Vol. 51. pp. 131–146.
  15. ^Sellar, David (1981).Highland Family Origins - Pedigree Making and Pedigree Faking, in The Middle Ages in the Highlands.Inverness Field Club.pp. 103–116.
  16. ^abMackenzie, Alan (2006)."2"(PDF).History of the Mackenzies.p. 17. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 5 June 2011.Retrieved7 June2013.
  17. ^"General History of the Highlands of Scotland - Disturbances in Moray and Caithness to 1266".Archived fromthe originalon 8 December 2006.Retrieved17 February2013.
  18. ^abMackenzie, Alan (2006)."3"(PDF).History of the Mackenzies.p. 37. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 5 June 2011.Retrieved7 June2014.
  19. ^MacCoinnich, A (2003).Kingis rabellis "to Cuidich 'n' Righ; the emergence of Clann Choinnich, c. 1475-1508.Four Courts.ISBN9781851827497.Archived fromthe originalon 29 October 2013.Quoting: Boardman, S. and Ross, A. (eds) The Exercise of Power in Medieval Scotland, 1200-1500. Dublin:Four Courts Press.pp.175-200
  20. ^MacKenzie, Alan."2".History of the Mackenzies.p. 11. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 13 April 2014.Quoting: A transcription of the charter that lists "Alexandro McKennye de Kintaill" can be found inAntiquities of the Shires of Aberdeen and Banff. Illustrations of the Topography and Antiquities of the Shires of Aberdeen and Banff.(volume 3).The Spalding Club,1857. pp. 526-527
  21. ^abcdeMoncreiffe of that Ilk, pp.150–154.
  22. ^Brydall, Robert.The Monumental Effigies of Scotland from the Thirteenth to the Fifteenth Century(PDF).Vol. 29 (1894–95).Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland.pp. 329–410. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 11 June 2007.
  23. ^abGordon, Robert(1813) [Printed from original manuscript 1580 - 1656].A Genealogical History of the Earldom of Sutherland.Edinburgh: Printed by George Ramsay and Co. for Archibald Constable and Company Edinburgh; and White, Cochrance and Co. London. p.36.
  24. ^abFraser, William, Sir, K.C.B(1876).The Earls of Cromartie; their kindred, country, and correspondence.Vol. 2. Edinburgh. pp.470–471.Fraser's 1876 book contains a transcript ofGeorge Mackenzie, 1st Earl of Cromartie's 17th centuryHistory of the Family of Mackenzie{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  25. ^Mackenzie, Alexander(1894).History of the Clan Mackenzie.Inverness:A. & W. Mackenzie. p.386.Retrieved8 March2019.
  26. ^"Site Record for Blar Na Pairce".Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland.
  27. ^Roberts, John L (1999).Feuds, Forays and Rebellions: History of the Highland Clans 1475-1625.Edinburgh University Press.p. 122.
  28. ^"Raid on Ross".clan-cameron.org.Archived fromthe originalon 15 June 2006.Retrieved12 October2013.
  29. ^Gregory, Donald(1836).History of the Western Highlands and Isles of Scotland from A.D. 1493 to A.D. 1625.London: Hamilton, Adams. p.92.Retrieved8 March2020.
  30. ^abMackenzie, Alan (2006)."Chapter 4"(PDF).History of the Mackenzies.p. 55. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 30 September 2007.
  31. ^abMackenzie, Alan (2006)."Chapter 5"(PDF).History of the Mackenzies.p. 60. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 24 September 2015.
  32. ^Mackenzie, Alexander(1894).History of the Mackenzies.Inverness, A. & W. Mackenzie. pp.140-141.Retrieved8 March2020.
  33. ^Mackenzie, Alexander(1894).History of the Mackenzies.Inverness, A. & W. Mackenzie. pp.146-149.Retrieved31 December2023.
  34. ^Mackenzie, Alan. FSA Scot. (2006)."5"(PDF).History of the Mackenzies.pp. 63–64.
  35. ^Gordon, Robert(1813) [Printed from original manuscript 1580 - 1656].A Genealogical History of the Earldom of Sutherland.Edinburgh: Printed by George Ramsay and Co. for Archibald Constable and Company Edinburgh; and White, Cochrance and Co. London. p. 155.
  36. ^Fraser, William, Sir, K.C.B(1876).The Earls of Cromartie; their kindred, country, and correspondence.Vol. 2. Edinburgh. pp. 500–503.Fraser's 1876 book contains a transcript ofGeorge Mackenzie, 1st Earl of Cromartie's 17th centuryHistory of the Family of Mackenzie{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  37. ^Gordon, Robert(1813) [Printed from original manuscript 1580 - 1656].A Genealogical History of the Earldom of Sutherland.Edinburgh: Printed by George Ramsay and Co. for Archibald Constable and Company Edinburgh; and White, Cochrance and Co. London. p. 236.
  38. ^MacPhail, James Robertson Nicolson (1914).Highland Papers.Vol. 2. Edinburgh:T. and A. Constablefor theScottish History Society.pp. 35–36.MacPhail's 1914 book contains a transcript of John Mackenzie of Applecross's 17th century MS History of the Mackenzies
  39. ^"The troubles betwixt the Lord Kintaile and the Laird of Glengarrie".The History of the Feuds and Conflicts among the Clans in the Northern Parts of Scotland and in the Western Isles.Glasgow:Printed by J. & J. Robertson forJohn Gillies,Perth. 1780 [Originally published in 1764 byFoulis press]. pp.70–71.Written from a manuscript wrote in the reign of James VI of Scotland (Sir Robert Gordon'sA Genealogical History of the Earldom of Sutherland).
  40. ^Conflicts of the Clans.Foulis press.1764. Archived fromthe originalon 5 July 2008.Published from a manuscript written in the reign of James VI of Scotland
  41. ^abcMackenzie, Alan (2006)."Chapter 9"(PDF).History of the Macknzies.pp. 101–102. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 30 September 2007.
  42. ^Roberts, John L (2000).Clan, King and Covenant. The History of the Highland Clans from the Civil War to the Glencoe Massacre.p. 149.ISBN0-7486-1393-5.
  43. ^"Ardvreck Castle - The MacNicols and Macleods of Assynt".caithness.org.Archived fromthe originalon 6 July 2008.Retrieved5 November2013.
  44. ^Simpson, Peter (1996).The Independent Highland Companies, 1603 - 1760.Edinburgh:John Donald Publishers.p. 72.ISBN0-85976-432-X.
  45. ^Mackenzie, Alexander(1894).History of the Mackenzies.Inverness, A. & W. Mackenzie. p.291.Retrieved31 December2023.
  46. ^Scobie, I. H Mackay (1941). "The Highland Independent Companies 1745–47".Journal of theSociety for Army Historical Research.Vol. 20. Society for Army Historical Research. p. 9.JSTOR44219908.
  47. ^Mackenzie, Alexander(1894).History of the Mackenzies.Inverness, A. & W. Mackenzie. p.555.Retrieved31 December2023.
  48. ^Sage, Donald (1899)."I: The Minister of Lochcarron and his Times".Memorabilia Domestica or Parish Life in the North of Scotland(2nd ed.).Wick, CaithnessandEdinburgh:W. Rae and J. Menzies. pp.3-5.Retrieved8 March2020.
  49. ^Mackay, Angus (1906).The Book of Mackay.Edinburgh: N. Macleod. p.180.Retrieved4 April2019.
  50. ^Mackenzie, Alexander (1898).History of the Munros of Fowlis.Inverness: A. & W, Mackenzie. p.99.Retrieved8 March2020.Quoting a contemporary manuscript written by MajorJames Fraser of Castle Leathers
  51. ^Mackenzie, Alexander (1896).History of the Frasers of Lovat, with genealogies of the principal families of the name: to which is added those of Dunballoch and Phopachy.Inverness: A. & W. Mackenzie. p.337.Retrieved8 March2020.
  52. ^Mackenzie, Alexander(1894).History of the Mackenzies: With Genealogies of the Principal Families of the Name.Inverness: A. & W. Mackenzie. pp.226.
  53. ^Mackenzie, Alan (2006)."Chapter 10"(PDF).History of the Mackenzies.pp. 143–144. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 28 October 2012.Retrieved12 October2013.
  54. ^Mackenzie, Alexander(1894).History of the Mackenzies: With Genealogies of the Principal Families of the Name.Inverness: A. & W. Mackenzie. pp.310-311.
  55. ^Johnston, Thomas Brumby;Robertson, James Alexander;Dickson, William Kirk(1899)."General Wade's Report".Historical Geography of the Clans of Scotland.EdinburghandLondon:W. & A.K. Johnston.p.26.Retrieved19 February2020.
  56. ^abMackay, Angus (1906).The Book of Mackay.Edinburgh: N. Macleod. p.191.Retrieved4 April2019.
  57. ^Simpson, Peter (1996).The Independent Highland Companies, 1603 - 1760.Edinburgh:John Donald Publishers.pp. 127–128 and 130.ISBN0-85976-432-X.
  58. ^"Clan Macrae History - The Independent Companies".clan-macrae.org.uk.Archived fromthe originalon 20 August 2009.Retrieved12 October2013.
  59. ^abTheStanding Council of Scottish Chiefswebsite. (link towebsite)Archived1 February 2014 at theWayback MachineRetrieved on 2008-03-17
  60. ^"Clan Mackenzie Box Chart".Archivedfrom the original on 28 August 2008.Retrieved19 March2008.
  61. ^McKenzie, Alan.History of the MackenziesArchived13 April 2014 at theWayback Machine,pp. 176–177. (link tochapter 11Archived30 September 2007 at theWayback Machine)
  62. ^Gairloch (Flowerdale & Shieldaig) & CononArchived2 December 2008 at theWayback Machine.Who Owns ScotlandArchived18 July 2017 at theWayback Machine.Retrieved on 2008-03-16 (The estate encompasses 53,625 acres (217.01 km2). The landownership in Scotland still in the hands of very few landowners. Note that of 97% of the total land in Scotland is rural, of this87.7% ownership of private interests. Of the land in private ownership one quarter of it is held by only 66 landowners; one third of it is owned by 120; one half is owned 343; two-thirds is owned by 1,252 landowners).
  63. ^"The 5th Earl of Cromartie (Mackenzie)".Archived fromthe originalon 9 May 2008.Retrieved17 March2008.
  64. ^abCastle LeodArchived20 November 2010 at theWayback Machine.Highland Buildings Preservation Trust (HBPT). Retrieved on 2008-03-17
  65. ^"A History of the Clan MacKenzie".Archived fromthe originalon 9 May 2008.Retrieved17 March2008.
  66. ^CROMARTIE, CHIEF OF MACKENZIEArchived24 May 2008 at theWayback MachineRetrieved 2008-03-14 (Tarbat in County Cromartie; Castlehaven in County Cromartie).
  67. ^Paul, James Balfour;Thomson, John Maitland (1883).Register Great Seal of Scotland: 1513-1546.Edinburgh:General Register House.p.606,no. 2632.
  68. ^Fraser, William(1876).The Earls of Cromartie; Their Kindred, Country, and Correspondence.Vol. 2. p.432.Retrieved8 March2020.
  69. ^Tarbat Castle in Portmahomack, which still exists as a ruin, is more commonly known asBallone Castle.SeeRCAHMS.Site Record: Ballone Castle
  70. ^Fraser, William(1876).The Earls of Cromartie; Their Kindred, Country, and Correspondence.Vol. 1. p.cclvii-cclviii.Retrieved8 March2020.
  71. ^ab"Tartans of the Clan Mackenzie".Archivedfrom the original on 9 March 2008.Retrieved14 March2008.
  72. ^"MacKenzie Clan Tartan WR267".Archivedfrom the original on 7 February 2008.Retrieved14 March2008.
  73. ^McKenzie Name Meaning and HistoryArchived13 April 2008 at theWayback MachineRetrieved 2008-03-14 (the website cites:Dictionary of American Family Names,Oxford University Press,ISBN0-19-508137-4).
  74. ^abKenneth Name Meaning and HistoryArchived4 March 2008 at theWayback MachineRetrieved on 2008-03-16 (the website cites:Dictionary of American Family Names,Oxford University Press,ISBN0-19-508137-4).
  75. ^Menzies Name Meaning and HistoryArchived14 March 2008 at theWayback MachineRetrieved on 2008-03-16 (the website cites:Dictionary of American Family Names,Oxford University Press,ISBN0-19-508137-4).
  76. ^"Latest North East & Tayside News".Archivedfrom the original on 26 November 2014.Retrieved7 April2015.
  77. ^Mackenzie (1894). pp. 385-386.

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