Close front unrounded vowel
| Close front unrounded vowel | |
|---|---|
| i | |
| IPA Number | 301 |
| Audio sample | |
| Encoding | |
| Entity(decimal) | i |
| Unicode(hex) | U+0069 |
| X-SAMPA | i |
| Braille |  |
| IPA:Vowels | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Legend:unrounded•rounded |
Theclose front unrounded vowel,orhigh front unrounded vowel,[1]is a type ofvowelsound that occurs in most spokenlanguages,represented in theInternational Phonetic Alphabetby the symboli.It is similar to the vowel sound in theEnglishwordmeet—and often calledlong-einAmerican English.[2]Although in English this sound has additionallength(usually being represented as/iː/) and is not normally pronounced as a pure vowel (it is a slightdiphthong), some dialects have been reported to pronounce the phoneme as a pure sound.[3]A pure[i]sound is also heard in many other languages, such asFrench,in words likechic.
The close front unrounded vowel is the vocalic equivalent of thepalatal approximant[j].Theyalternatewith each other in certain languages, such asFrench,and in thediphthongsof some languages,[i̯]with the non-syllabic diacritic and[j]are used in differenttranscriptionsystems to represent the same sound.
Languages that use theLatin scriptcommonly use the letter⟨i⟩to represent this sound, though there are some exceptions: inEnglish orthographythat letter is usually associated with/aɪ/(as inbite) or/ɪ/(as inbit), and/iː/is more commonly represented by⟨e⟩,⟨ea⟩,⟨ee⟩,⟨ie⟩or⟨ei⟩,as in the wordsscene,bean,meet,niece,conceive;(seeGreat Vowel Shift).Irish orthographyreflects both etymology and whether preceding consonants are broad or slender, so such combinations as⟨aí⟩,⟨ei⟩,and⟨aío⟩all represent/iː/.
Features[edit]
- Itsvowel heightisclose,also known as high, which means the tongue is positioned close to the roof of the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as aconsonant.
- Itsvowel backnessisfront,which means the tongue is positioned forward in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as aconsonant.
- It isunrounded,which means that the lips are not rounded.
Occurrence[edit]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afrikaans[4] | dief | [dif] | 'thief' | SeeAfrikaans phonology | |
| Arabic | Standard[5] | دين/diin | [d̪iːn] | 'religion' | SeeArabic phonology |
| Catalan[6] | sic | [ˈsik] | 'sic' | SeeCatalan phonology | |
| Chinese | Mandarin[7][8] | Bảy/qī | 'seven' | SeeStandard Chinese phonology | |
| Chuvash | çип | [ɕ̬ip] | 'thread' | ||
| Czech[9][10] | bílý | 'white' | SeeCzech phonology | ||
| Dutch[11][12] | biet | 'beet' | SeeDutch phonology | ||
| English[13] | Most dialects | free | 'free' | Depending on dialect, can be pronounced as[ɪi].SeeEnglish phonology | |
| Australian[14] | bit | [bit] | 'bit' | Also described as near-close front[ɪ̟].[15]SeeAustralian English phonology | |
| French[16][17] | fini | [fini] | 'finished' | SeeFrench phonology | |
| German[18][19] | Ziel | 'goal' | SeeStandard German phonology | ||
| Greek | Modern Standard[20][21] | κήπος/kípos | [ˈc̠ipo̞s̠] | 'garden' | SeeModern Greek phonology |
| Hebrew[citation needed] | Modern Standard | חשיבה | [χäʃivä] | 'thinking' | SeeModern Hebrew phonology |
| Hungarian[22] | ív | [iːv] | 'arch' | SeeHungarian phonology | |
| Italian[23] | bile | [ˈbiːle̞] | 'rage' | SeeItalian phonology | |
| Japanese[24] | Bạc/gin | 'silver' | SeeJapanese phonology | ||
| Khmer | លទ្ធិ/lôtthĭ | [lattʰiʔ] | 'doctrine' | SeeKhmer phonology | |
| Korean[25] | 아이/ai | [ɐi] | 'child' | SeeKorean phonology | |
| Kurdish[26][27] | Kurmanji (Northern) | şîr | [ʃiːɾ] | 'milk' | SeeKurdish phonology |
| Sorani (Central) | شیر/şîr | ||||
| Palewani (Southern) | |||||
| Lithuanian | vyras | [viːrɐs̪] | 'man' | SeeLithuanian orthography | |
| Malay | Malaysian Malay | ikut | [i.kʊt] | 'to follow' | SeeMalay phonology |
| Malayalam | ഇല | [ilɐ] | 'leaf' | SeeMalayalam phonology | |
| Polish[28] | miś | 'teddy bear' | SeePolish phonology | ||
| Portuguese[29] | fino | 'thin' | Also occurs as an unstressed allophone of other vowels. May be represented by⟨y⟩.SeePortuguese phonology | ||
| Romanian[30] | insulă | [ˈin̪s̪ulə] | 'island' | SeeRomanian phonology | |
| Rungus[31] | rikot | [ˈri.kot] | 'to come' | ||
| Russian[32] | лист/list | 'leaf' | Only occurs word-initially or afterpalatalizedconsonants. SeeRussian phonology | ||
| Serbo-Croatian[33] | виле/vile | [ʋîle̞] | 'hayfork' | SeeSerbo-Croatian phonology | |
| Spanish[34] | tipo | [ˈt̪ipo̞] | 'type' | May also be represented by⟨y⟩.SeeSpanish phonology | |
| Sotho[35] | ho bitsa | [huˌbit͡sʼɑ̈] | 'to call' | Contrasts close, near-close and close-mid front unrounded vowels.[35]SeeSotho phonology | |
| Swedish | Central Standard[36][37] | bli | [bliː] | 'to become' | Often realized as a sequence[ij]or[iʝ](hear the word:); it may also be fricated[iᶻː]or, in some regions, fricated and centralized ([ɨᶻː]).[37][38]SeeSwedish phonology |
| Tagalog | ibon | [ˈʔibɔn] | 'bird' | ||
| Thai[39] | กริช/krit | [krìt] | 'dagger' | ||
| Turkish[40][41] | ip | [ip] | 'rope' | SeeTurkish phonology | |
| Ukrainian[42] | місто/misto | ['misto] | 'city, town' | SeeUkrainian phonology | |
| Welsh | esi | [eːs iː] | 'I went' | SeeWelsh phonology | |
| Yoruba[43] | síbí | [síbí] | 'spoon' | ||
Notes[edit]
- ^While theInternational Phonetic Associationprefers the terms "close" and "open" forvowel height,many linguists use "high" and "low".
- ^Maddox, Maeve (18 September 2007)."DailyWritingTips: The Six Spellings of" Long E "".dailywritingtips.RetrievedJuly 20,2014.
- ^Labov, William; Sharon, Ash; Boberg, Charles (2006).The Atlas of North American English.Berlin: Mouton-de Gruyter. chpt. 17.ISBN978-3-11-016746-7.
- ^Donaldson (1993),p. 2.
- ^Thelwall (1990),p. 38.
- ^Carbonell & Llisterri (1992),p. 54.
- ^Lee & Zee (2003),p. 110.
- ^Duanmu (2007),pp. 35–36.
- ^Dankovičová (1999),p. 72.
- ^Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012),p. 228.
- ^Gussenhoven (1992),p. 47.
- ^Verhoeven (2005),p. 245.
- ^Roach (2004),p. 240.
- ^Cox & Palethorpe (2007),p. 344.
- ^Cox & Fletcher (2017),p. 65.
- ^Fougeron & Smith (1993),p. 73.
- ^Collins & Mees (2013),p. 225.
- ^Hall (2003),pp. 78, 107.
- ^Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015),p. 34.
- ^Arvaniti (2007),p. 28.
- ^Trudgill (2009),p. 81.
- ^Szende (1994),p. 92.
- ^Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004),p. 119.
- ^Okada (1999),p. 117.
- ^Lee (1999),p. 121.
- ^Thackston (2006a),p. 1.
- ^Khan & Lescot (1970),pp. 8–16.
- ^Jassem (2003),p. 105.
- ^Cruz-Ferreira (1995),p. 92.
- ^Sarlin (2014),p. 18.
- ^Forschner, T. A. (December 1994).Outline of A Momogun Grammar (Rungus Dialect)(PDF).Kudat. p. 6.Archived(PDF)from the original on 15 February 2020.
{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^Jones & Ward (1969),p. 30.
- ^Landau et al. (1999),p. 67.
- ^Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003),p. 256.
- ^abDoke & Mofokeng (1974),p.?.
- ^Engstrand (1999),p. 140.
- ^abRiad (2014),p. 21.
- ^Engstrand (1999),p. 141.
- ^Tingsabadh & Abramson (1993),p. 24.
- ^Zimmer & Orgun (1999),p. 155.
- ^Göksel & Kerslake (2005),p. 10.
- ^Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995),p. 4.
- ^Bamgboṣe (1966),p. 166.
References[edit]
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